California's 22nd Congressional District election, 2024
Incumbent David G. Valadao (R) defeated Rudy Salas (D) in the general election for California's 22nd Congressional District on November 5, 2024. The election was a rematch from 2022, when Valadao defeated Salas 51.5% to 48.5%, becoming one of 14 Republicans to win in a district that President Joe Biden (D) won in 2020.
Valadao said he ran because the district needed strong and practical leadership in Congress. He said, “I’ll continue to be an independent member of Congress who will stand up to the divisive partisanship in Washington D.C., get things done to grow our local economy, and deliver more water for our farmers and communities.”[1] Valadao campaigned on providing clean water to the district, supporting farmers and ranchers, and protecting veteran services.[2]
Salas served in the California Assembly from 2012 to 2022. He campaigned on lowering drug costs, increasing public safety funding, clean water infrastructure, and expanding veterans’ and workers’ rights. Salas also focused on increasing Democratic voter turnout. “Our job now is to mobilize a coalition of our friends, families, and Valley neighbors who are ready for a member of Congress who fights and delivers for them,” he said.[3][4]
Based on third quarter reports filed with the Federal Election Commission, Valadao raised $4.6 million and spent $3.7 million and Salas raised $5.8 million and spent $5.2 million. To review all the campaign finance figures in full detail, click here.
Before the election, four major race ratings outlets rated this race as either Toss-up or Tilt Republican.
The outcome of this race affected the partisan balance of the U.S. House of Representatives in the 119th Congress. All 435 House districts were up for election.
At the time of the election, Republicans held a 220-212 majority with three vacancies.[5] As a result of the election, Republicans retained control of the U.S. House, winning 220 seats to Democrats' 215.[6] To read more about the 2024 U.S. House elections, click here.
In the 2022 election in this district, the Republican candidate won 51.5%-48.5%. Daily Kos calculated what the results of the 2020 presidential election in this district would have been following redistricting. Joe Biden (D) would have defeated Donald Trump (R) 55.3%-42.3%.[7]
For more information about the primaries in this election, click on the links below:
Candidates and election results
General election
General election for U.S. House California District 22
Incumbent David G. Valadao defeated Rudy Salas in the general election for U.S. House California District 22 on November 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | David G. Valadao (R) | 53.4 | 89,484 |
![]() | Rudy Salas (D) | 46.6 | 78,023 |
Total votes: 167,507 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Nonpartisan primary election
Nonpartisan primary for U.S. House California District 22
Incumbent David G. Valadao and Rudy Salas defeated Chris Mathys and Melissa Hurtado in the primary for U.S. House California District 22 on March 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | David G. Valadao (R) | 32.7 | 20,479 |
✔ | ![]() | Rudy Salas (D) | 31.3 | 19,592 |
Chris Mathys (R) | 22.0 | 13,745 | ||
![]() | Melissa Hurtado (D) | 14.0 | 8,733 |
Total votes: 62,549 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Voting information
- See also: Voting in California
Candidate comparison
Candidate profiles
This section includes candidate profiles that may be created in one of two ways: either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, or Ballotpedia staff may compile a profile based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements after identifying the candidate as noteworthy. For more on how we select candidates to include, click here.
Party: Republican Party
Incumbent: Yes
Political Office:
- U.S. House of Representatives (Assumed office: 2013)
- California State Assembly (2010-2012)
Biography: Valadao was born and raised in California, and his parents came to the U.S. from Portugal. Valadao received his diploma from Hanford High School and attended the College of the Sequoias. He worked as regional leadership council chairman for Land O'Lakes Inc. Valadao’s professional experience includes working on his family farm.
Show sources
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House California District 22 in 2024.
Party: Democratic Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office:
- California State Assembly (2012-2022)
- Bakersfield City Council (2010-2012)
Biography: Salas was born in Bakersfield, California. He earned bachelors' degrees in political science and history from the University of California, Los Angeles in 2000. His professional experience includes working as a counselor at California State University, Bakersfield, and as a campaign coordinator and district director for former state Sen. Dean Florez (D). He was a member of the California State Assembly, representing District 32 from 2012 to 2022.
Show sources
Sources: The Bakersfield Californian, "Rudy Salas announces bid for Congress," October 18, 2021The Bakersfield Californian, "Candidates color outside partisan lines in purple district," May 14, 2022Facebook, "Rudy Salas for Congress," June 25, 2022; Official website for Assemblymember Rudy Salas, "Biography," accessed Septembre 5, 2022Rudy Salas for Congress, "Meet Rudy," accessed February 5, 2024Ballotpedia, "Rudy Salas," accessed February 5, 2024
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House California District 22 in 2024.
Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses
Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.
No candidate in this race completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey.
Campaign ads
David Valadao
Ballotpedia did not come across any campaign ads for David G. Valadao while conducting research on this election. If you are aware of any ads that should be included, please email us.
Rudy Salas
March 29, 2024 |
March 29, 2024 |
March 29, 2024 |
View more ads here:
Election competitiveness
Polls
- See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
Polls are conducted with a variety of methodologies and have margins of error or credibility intervals.[8] The Pew Research Center wrote, "A margin of error of plus or minus 3 percentage points at the 95% confidence level means that if we fielded the same survey 100 times, we would expect the result to be within 3 percentage points of the true population value 95 of those times."[9] For tips on reading polls from FiveThirtyEight, click here. For tips from Pew, click here.
The links below show polls for this race aggregated by FiveThirtyEight and RealClearPolitics, where available. Click here to read about FiveThirtyEight's criteria for including polls in its aggregation.
Race ratings
- See also: Race rating definitions and methods
Ballotpedia provides race ratings from four outlets: The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and DDHQ/The Hill. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:
- Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
- Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
- Lean ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.[10]
- Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.
Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[11][12][13]
Race ratings: California's 22nd Congressional District election, 2024 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Race tracker | Race ratings | ||||||||
November 5, 2024 | October 29, 2024 | October 22, 2024 | October 15, 2024 | ||||||
The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter | Toss-up | Toss-up | Toss-up | Toss-up | |||||
Decision Desk HQ and The Hill | Toss-up | Toss-up | Toss-up | Toss-up | |||||
Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales | Toss-up | Tilt Republican | Tilt Republican | Tilt Republican | |||||
Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball | Lean Republican | Toss-up | Toss-up | Toss-up | |||||
Note: Ballotpedia reviews external race ratings every week throughout the election season and posts weekly updates even if the media outlets have not revised their ratings during that week. |
Endorsements
Click the links below to see official endorsement lists published on candidate campaign websites for any candidates that make that information available. If you are aware of a website that should be included, please email us.
Election spending
Campaign finance
Name | Party | Receipts* | Disbursements** | Cash on hand | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
David G. Valadao | Republican Party | $4,912,595 | $4,915,499 | $45,536 | As of December 31, 2024 |
Melissa Hurtado | Democratic Party | $84,532 | $84,163 | $370 | As of November 25, 2024 |
Rudy Salas | Democratic Party | $6,515,960 | $6,323,925 | $206,443 | As of December 31, 2024 |
Chris Mathys | Republican Party | $338,675 | $337,367 | $1,808 | As of December 31, 2024 |
Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2024. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee." |
Satellite spending
- See also: Satellite spending
Satellite spending describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[14][15][16]
If available, this section includes links to online resources tracking satellite spending in this election. To notify us of a resource to add, email us.
By candidate | By election |
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District analysis
Click the tabs below to view information about voter composition, past elections, and demographics in both the district and the state.
- District map - A map of the district in place for the election.
- Competitiveness - Information about the competitiveness of 2024 U.S. House elections in the state.
- Presidential elections - Information about presidential elections in the district and the state.
- State party control - The partisan makeup of the state's congressional delegation and state government.
Below was the map in use at the time of the election. Click the map below to enlarge it.

This section contains data on U.S. House primary election competitiveness in California.
California U.S. House primary competitiveness, 2014-2024 | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Office | Districts/ offices |
Seats | Open seats | Candidates | Possible primaries | Contested top-two primaries | % of contested primaries | Incumbents in contested primaries | % of incumbents in contested primaries | |||||
2024 | 52 | 52 | 7 | 241 | 52 | 42 | 80.8% | 36 | 80.0% | |||||
2022 | 52 | 52 | 5 | 272 | 52 | 52 | 100.0% | 47 | 100.0% | |||||
2020 | 53 | 53 | 4 | 262 | 53 | 47 | 88.7% | 32 | 64.0% | |||||
2018 | 53 | 53 | 2 | 244 | 53 | 41 | 77.4% | 39 | 76.5% | |||||
2016 | 53 | 53 | 4 | 202 | 53 | 40 | 75.5% | 36 | 73.5% | |||||
2014 | 53 | 53 | 6 | 209 | 53 | 38 | 71.7% | 32 | 68.1% |
Post-filing deadline analysis
The following analysis covers all U.S. House districts up for election in California in 2024. Information below was calculated on 1/16/2024, and may differ from information shown in the table above due to candidate replacements and withdrawals after that time.
Two-hundred forty-one candidates filed to run for California's 52 U.S. House districts in 2024, including 125 Democrats, 88 Republicans, and 28 independent or minor party candidates. That’s 4.63 candidates per district. In 2022, the first election after the number of congressional districts in California decreased from 53 to 52 following the 2020 census, 5.2 candidates filed per district. In 2020, when the state still had 53 Congressional districts, 4.94 candidates filed per district. In 2018, 4.6 candidates filed.
The 241 candidates who ran in California in 2024 were the fewest total number of candidates since 2016, when 202 candidates ran. Forty-five incumbents—34 Democrats and 11 Republicans—ran for re-election. That was fewer than in 2022, when 47 incumbents ran. Six districts were open, one more than in 2022, and the most since 2014, when six districts were also open.
Incumbents Barbara Lee (D-12th), Adam Schiff (D-30th), and Katie Porter (D-47th) ran for the state’s open U.S. Senate seat. Incumbent Sen. Laphonza Butler (D) didn't run for re-election. Incumbents Grace Napolitano (D-31st), Tony Cárdenas (D-29th), and Anna Eshoo (D-16th) retired from public office. One incumbent—Rep. Kevin McCarthy (R-20th)—left Congress before the end of his term. A special election was held to fill his seat before the general election.
Fifteen candidates—12 Democrats, two Republicans, and one nonpartisan—ran in the open 30th district, the most candidates running for a seat in 2024.
Forty-two primaries were contested, the fewest since 2018, when 41 were contested. All 52 primaries were contested in 2022, and 47 were in 2020. In California, which uses a top-two primary system, a primary is contested if more than two candidates file to run.
Incumbents ran in 35 of the 42 contested primaries. That’s lower than 2022, when 47 incumbents ran in contested primaries, but higher than every other year since 2014. In 2020, 32 incumbents faced contested primaries. Thirty-nine incumbents did so in 2018, 36 in 2016, and 32 in 2014.
Democratic candidates ran in every district. Republican candidates ran in every district except one—the 37th. Two Democrats, including incumbent Sydney Kamlage-Dove, one nonpartisan candidate, and one Peace and Freedom Party member ran in that district.Partisan Voter Index
Heading into the 2024 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was D+5. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 5 percentage points more Democratic than the national average. This made California's 22nd the 164th most Democratic district nationally.[17]
2020 presidential election results
The table below shows what the vote in the 2020 presidential election would have been in this district. The presidential election data was compiled by Daily Kos.
2020 presidential results in California's 22nd based on 2024 district lines | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Joe Biden ![]() |
Donald Trump ![]() | |||
55.3% | 42.3% |
Inside Elections Baselines
- See also: Inside Elections
Inside Elections' Baseline is a figure that analyzes all federal and statewide election results from the district over the past four election cycles. The results are combined in an index estimating the strength of a typical Democratic or Republican candidate in the congressional district.[18] The table below displays the Baseline data for this district.
Inside Elections Baseline for 2024 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic Baseline ![]() |
Republican Baseline ![]() |
Difference | ||
51.8 | 47.8 | D+4.1 |
Presidential voting history
California presidential election results (1900-2020)
- 15 Democratic wins
- 15 Republican wins
- 1 other win
Year | 1900 | 1904 | 1908 | 1912 | 1916 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1940 | 1944 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winning Party | R | R | R | P[19] | D | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Congressional delegation
The table below displays the partisan composition of California's congressional delegation as of May 2024.
Congressional Partisan Breakdown from California | |||
---|---|---|---|
Party | U.S. Senate | U.S. House | Total |
Democratic | 2 | 43 | 45 |
Republican | 0 | 9 | 9 |
Independent | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vacancies | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 2 | 52 | 54 |
State executive
The table below displays the officeholders in California's top four state executive offices as of May 2024.
State executive officials in California, May 2024 | |
---|---|
Office | Officeholder |
Governor | ![]() |
Lieutenant Governor | ![]() |
Secretary of State | ![]() |
Attorney General | ![]() |
State legislature
California State Senate
Party | As of February 2024 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 32 | |
Republican Party | 8 | |
Other | 0 | |
Vacancies | 0 | |
Total | 40 |
California State Assembly
Party | As of February 2024 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 62 | |
Republican Party | 18 | |
Independent | 1 | |
Other | 0 | |
Vacancies | 0 | |
Total | 80 |
Trifecta control
The table below shows the state's trifecta status from 1992 until the 2024 election.
California Party Control: 1992-2024
Nineteen years of Democratic trifectas • No Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Governor | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Senate | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Assembly | D | D | D | S | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Election context
Ballot access requirements
The table below details filing requirements for U.S. House candidates in California in the 2024 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in California, click here.
Filing requirements for U.S. House candidates, 2024 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | Office | Party | Signatures required | Filing fee | Filing deadline | Source |
California | U.S. House | All candidates | 40-60 | $1,740.00[20] | 12/8/2023 | Source |
District history
The section below details election results for this office in elections dating back to 2018.
2022
Regular election
General election
General election for U.S. House California District 22
Incumbent David G. Valadao defeated Rudy Salas in the general election for U.S. House California District 22 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | David G. Valadao (R) | 51.5 | 52,994 |
![]() | Rudy Salas (D) | 48.5 | 49,862 |
Total votes: 102,856 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Nonpartisan primary election
Nonpartisan primary for U.S. House California District 22
Rudy Salas and incumbent David G. Valadao defeated Chris Mathys and Adam Thomas Medeiros in the primary for U.S. House California District 22 on June 7, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Rudy Salas (D) | 45.2 | 25,337 |
✔ | ![]() | David G. Valadao (R) | 25.6 | 14,331 |
Chris Mathys (R) ![]() | 23.4 | 13,111 | ||
![]() | Adam Thomas Medeiros (R) ![]() | 5.8 | 3,250 |
Total votes: 56,029 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- William Tarasevic (Independent)
- Andreas Borgeas (R)
- Jorge Sanchez Hernandez (D)
Special election
General election
Special general election for U.S. House California District 22
Connie Conway defeated Lourin Hubbard in the special general election for U.S. House California District 22 on June 7, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Connie Conway (R) | 62.1 | 71,720 | |
![]() | Lourin Hubbard (D) ![]() | 37.9 | 43,701 |
Total votes: 115,421 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Nonpartisan primary election
Special nonpartisan primary for U.S. House California District 22
The following candidates ran in the special primary for U.S. House California District 22 on April 5, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Connie Conway (R) | 35.1 | 30,559 | |
✔ | ![]() | Lourin Hubbard (D) ![]() | 19.4 | 16,905 |
Matt Stoll (R) ![]() | 16.2 | 14,075 | ||
![]() | Eric Garcia (D) | 14.4 | 12,556 | |
![]() | Michael Maher (R) ![]() | 8.7 | 7,619 | |
Elizabeth Heng (R) | 6.2 | 5,391 |
Total votes: 87,105 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Nathan Magsig (R)
2020
General election
General election for U.S. House California District 22
Incumbent Devin Nunes defeated Phil Arballo in the general election for U.S. House California District 22 on November 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Devin Nunes (R) | 54.2 | 170,888 |
Phil Arballo (D) | 45.8 | 144,251 |
Total votes: 315,139 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Nonpartisan primary election
Nonpartisan primary for U.S. House California District 22
Incumbent Devin Nunes and Phil Arballo defeated Bobby Bliatout, Dary Rezvani, and Eric Garcia in the primary for U.S. House California District 22 on March 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Devin Nunes (R) | 56.1 | 94,686 |
✔ | Phil Arballo (D) | 25.0 | 42,218 | |
![]() | Bobby Bliatout (D) | 13.1 | 22,078 | |
![]() | Dary Rezvani (D) ![]() | 3.1 | 5,273 | |
![]() | Eric Garcia (No party preference) ![]() | 2.7 | 4,515 |
Total votes: 168,770 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Heman Hill (Independent)
2018
General election
General election for U.S. House California District 22
Incumbent Devin Nunes defeated Andrew Janz in the general election for U.S. House California District 22 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Devin Nunes (R) | 52.7 | 117,243 |
![]() | Andrew Janz (D) | 47.3 | 105,136 |
Total votes: 222,379 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Nonpartisan primary election
Nonpartisan primary for U.S. House California District 22
The following candidates ran in the primary for U.S. House California District 22 on June 5, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Devin Nunes (R) | 57.6 | 70,112 |
✔ | ![]() | Andrew Janz (D) | 31.7 | 38,596 |
![]() | Bobby Bliatout (D) | 4.9 | 6,002 | |
![]() | Ricardo Franco (D) | 3.6 | 4,365 | |
![]() | Brian T. Carroll (Independent) ![]() | 1.3 | 1,591 | |
![]() | Bill Merryman (L) | 0.9 | 1,137 |
Total votes: 121,803 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Jose Sigala (D)
- Mallory Kremer (D)
- Paul Vargas (D)
Republican-held U.S. House district that Biden won
This is one of 19 U.S. House districts Republicans were defending that President Joe Biden (D) won in 2020. The map below highlights those districts. Hover over or click a district to see information such as the incumbent and the presidential vote counts.
2024 battleground elections
- See also: Battlegrounds
This was a battleground election. Other 2024 battleground elections included:
- North Carolina Attorney General election, 2024 (March 5 Democratic primary)
- United States House election in Delaware, 2024 (September 10 Democratic primary)
- Vermont State Senate elections, 2024
See also
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ ‘’Valadao for Congress,’’ “News,” accessed February 9, 2024
- ↑ ‘’David Valadao for Congress,’’ “Issues,” accessed February 9, 2024
- ↑ ‘’Rudy Salas for Congress,’’ “Meet Rudy,” accessed February 9, 2024
- ↑ Fresno Bee, "David Valadao, Rudy Salas advance to close California congressional election rematch," March 13, 2024
- ↑ A majority in the U.S. House when there are no vacancies is 218 seats.
- ↑ These figures include the seat of Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.), who resigned on Nov. 13, 2024, after winning re-election.
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2020 presidential results by congressional district, for new and old districts," accessed September 15, 2022
- ↑ For more information on the difference between margins of error and credibility intervals, see explanations from the American Association for Public Opinion Research and Ipsos.
- ↑ Pew Research Center, "5 key things to know about the margin of error in election polls," September 8, 2016
- ↑ Inside Elections also uses Tilt ratings to indicate an even smaller advantage and greater competitiveness.
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ National Review.com, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," December 12, 2021
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed January 10, 2024
- ↑ Inside Elections, "Methodology: Inside Elections’ Baseline by Congressional District," December 8, 2023
- ↑ Progressive Party
- ↑ 2,000 signatures can be provided in lieu of the filing fee
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