Group members:-

Muhammad Tanseer BSME01163127

Haris bin hamid BSME01163240
Abdullah awan BSME01163177

THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

FANS AND DUCTS:-
CONTENTS:-

 FANS INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 EARLY CENTURY FANS
 FANS TYPES
 APPLICATIONS
 DUCTS INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 DUCTS TYPES
 IMPORTANCE OF FAN AND DUCTS
 FAN AND DUCTS IN HVAC
 SAFETY OF FAN AND DUCTS
FANS:-

A fan is a powered machine used to

create flow within a fluid, typically a
gas such as air.

A fan consists of a rotating

arrangement of vanes or blades which
act on the air. The rotating assembly
of blades and hub is known as an
impeller, a rotor, or a runner.
HISTORY OF FANS:-

HANDLE FANS:-
A handheld fan may be any broad, flat surface
that is waved back-and-forth to create an
airflow. hand fan was used in ancient Greece
at least since the 4th century BC and was
known under the name rhipis.
The Chinese were among the first to mechanize the fan.
During the Han Dynasty, Ding Huan, a Chinese
craftsman, invented a rotary fan which could be
operated by a single man and cool larger spaces.
STEAM FAN:-

 With the advent of practical steam

power, fans could finally be used for
ventilation.
 In 1837 William Fourness of England
installed a steam-driven fan
at Leeds. In 1849 a 6 m radius steam
driven fan, designed by William
Brunton.
ELECTRIC FANS:-

Between 1882 and

1886 Schuyler Wheeler
invented a fan powered by
electricity , after the
introduction of electric power
his design consist on a motor
with two propellers.
Types of fans:-

There are three main types of fans used

for moving air,
Axial flow fans
centrifugal flow fans(also called radial)
cross flow fans(also called tangential).
Axial flow fans:-

Axial-flow fans have blades that force air

to move parallel to the shaft about which
the blades rotate.
Applications of axial flow fans:
Table fan
Ceiling fan
Computer fan
Exhaust fan
Axial flow fans types:-

Tube axial fans

Vaneaxial fans
Propeller axial fans
Tube axial fans:-

A fan consisting of a disk-

type wheel within acylinder;may be eith
er beltdriven or connected directly to a
motor.
It is used in exaust applications.
Vane axial fans:-

A fan consisting of a disktype wheel

within a cylinder, with a set of guide
vanes locate
either before or after the wheel;may
be either beltdriven or connected dir
ectly to a motor.
Propeller axial flow
fans:-

It have two or more blades that

generate very high air flow.
It circulate air within a space or
ventilation through walls without
ducts.
Centrifugal fans:-
Centrifugal fan has a moving
component (called an impeller) that
consists of a central shaft about
which a set of blades that form
a spiral or ribs, are positioned.
 Centrifugal fans blow air at right
angles to the intake of the fan, and
spin the air outwards to the outlet (by
deflection and centrifugal force). The
impeller rotates, causing air to enter
the fan near the shaft
move perpendicularly from the shaft
to the opening in the scroll-shaped
fan casing.
Applications of
centrifugal fans:

leaf blowers
Blowdryer
Climate control

Types of Centrifugal Fans:-

Forward curved fan
Backward Inclined fans
Radial blade fans
Forward curved
fans:-

The forward curved centrifugal fans are

also called as 'squirrel cage' fans because
the wheel type used in this fan is of squirrel
cage wheel. The impeller has forward
blades which are relatively smaller, curved
in direction of wheel rotation.
Backward inclined
fans:-

 The blades are generally heavier and

larger than forward curved and move
away from the direction of wheel
rotation. They produce relatively
medium to high airflow at static
pressures.
The backward inclined fans are
typically used in low pressure, high
volume applications such as heating,
ventilation and air conditioning
systems
Radial blade fans:-

Radial blade centrifugal fans also

called as paddle wheel fans, consists of
an impeller with multiple equally
spaced flat blades that are extending
perpendicular to the direction of wheel
rotation.
Cross flow fans:-

A cross flow fan, is a

centrifugal fan in which the air
flows through the fan, rather than
through an inlet. The rotor of
a cross flow fan is covered to
create a pressure differential.
When used in
household fans, cross flow
fans have smaller opening on one
side and a larger opening on the
other.
It is used extensively in
the HVAC industry.
Applications of cross
flow fans:-

Cross flow fans are used for cooling

circuit boards .

Cross flow fans deliver wide, uniform

air flow.These fans provide right-angle
air flow and a rectangular shape,
allowing for installation in corners and
space saving.
DUCTS:-
Ducts:-

A tube or passageway in a building or

machine for air, liquid, cables, etc.
 Ducts are conduits or passages used
in heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and
remove air. The needed airflows
includes supply air, return air,
and exhaust air.
History of ducts:-

Where did these air ducts come

from and when did people start
using them?
The modern ductwork we use began as the creation of
flues and chimneys used by the Chinese and Greek in
the 7th century. These helped to keep a building warm
without filling it with smoke, but the first recorded
central heating came from the Romans. Around 300
B.C. the Romans used a series of vertical tubes
underneath a tile floor to heat a room. The vertical
tubes were connected to a central wood furnace, and
the warm air was then sent through ducts into the
room being warmed.
In 1906 the invention of the atomized sprayer,
which is a group of water filled ducts that spray
a mist that subsequently cools the air through
evaporation, was developed to cool the air
inside textile manufacturing plants. This
lowered the temperature during the hot
summer months and made the yarn easier to
spin, and gave birth to the name ‘air
conditioning’.
Types of ducts:-

 Flexible ducts :-
Flexible ducts are typically tube-shaped,
made of a wire coil covered with a
bendable, durable plastic, and
surrounded by insulation. This kind of
ducting is best in tricky spaces where
rigid ducts are just not possible to install.
In 1930 Freon was developed and began being
produced, where it was used in air conditioners
to evaporate and condense, drawing the heat
and moisture out of the air and blow the cool air
back into the building.
Installation
requirements:-
For example, flexible ductwork needs to
be secured and supported properly,
ensuring little sagging or snaking. Kinks,
bends, and turns also need to be
minimized – these reduce air flow and
could hamper the efficiency and
effectiveness of the air conditioner.
Rigid ducts work:-

They come in a variety of materials and

sizes, and can be either cylindrical or
rectangular. They are also often insulated.
They are hardy, enduring, and reliable.
The most common types of rigid ductwork
are:
 Sheet metal ducts
 Fiberboard ducts
 Fiberglass lined ducts
Sheet metal ducts:-

Galvanized steel and

aluminum are the most
common materials for sheet
metal ducts. Aluminum in
particular is relatively light
and easy to install.
Fiber glass lined
ducts:-

These are sheet metal ducts that have

internal or external fiberglass lining. This
type of duct is common in office and
commercial buildings, as it dampens the
sound of the air conditioner unit.
Health Effects of
Fiber Glass Fibers:
However, the fiberglass in these
ducts can deteriorate and
eventually release fiberglass
particles into the air – this is a
major health concern, especially
with long-term exposure
Fiberglass, at a minimum, is an
acute physical irritant to the
skin, eyes, and upper respiratory
tract.
How Can Fiberglass
Air Ducts Be
Repaired?

If caught in the early stages of

deterioration the internal fiberglass duct
liner can be repaired. Fiberglass duct
liner can be resurfaced with an
encapsulate specifically designed for
HVAC systems.
Fiber board ducts:-

Fiberboard is made from fiberglass strands

that have been compressed and bonded with
a resin, and then covered with a sheet of foil
laminate to protect them from moisture.
This type of duct is good for cooling and
heating systems because it is well insulated
by itself.
Your duct system has two main air-transfer systems—
supply and return. The supply side delivers the
conditioned air to the home
The return side withdraws inside air and delivers it to
the air handler of your central system
Typical air-duct systems lose 25 to 40% of the heating or
cooling energy put out by the cooling and heating
system
Importance of duct:-

In many homes, heating and cooling is provided

by a furnace and air conditioning unit situated in
the basement or other convenient location and
distributed through ducting.
If ducting systems are poorly configured, they
can waste a significant percentage of your
energy. Some experts say poor ductwork can be
attributable to losses as high as 40 percent. As
such, proper duct sizing and design is very
important to ensure home comfort.
Capacity of ducting:-

Duct sizing is the most important factor to

be considered as the circulation fan blows air
to every room at low pressure through the
ducts from your indoor blower of your
furnace or air handler.
If your ducts are too small, the reduced air
flow will be unacceptably low making it
difficult to maintain equipment performance
and comfortable temperatures in your
home.
AIR DISTRIBUTION:-

The next important aspect you need to consider is

how to make sure each room gets sufficient air. The
duct sizing, shape, number of bends, take-off length
and overall layout all affect the flow of air.
This is not a simple exercise and in order to get it
right your ducting should be designed by a
professional.
Insulation:-

Ducts are often placed out of the way in attic, wall

voids or crawl spaces that are not well-insulated or
not insulated at all.
 These ducts should be properly insulated to avoid
heat loss in winter and, conversely, heat gain in
summer.
APPLICATIONS:-

 Help your residents breathe easier:-

Air quality, energy efficiency and temperature depends on the
ventilation system of a building, whether from a heat recovery
system or an air-conditioning system. Proper insulation of ducts
is crucial to proper system operation. Without it, the air
temperature in the duct will differ from the surrounding
temperature. Properly insulated ducts also contribute
significantly to noise reduction.
 Insulation of air ducts of an air conditioning
system:-
Our robust, long-life, vapour-tight insulation material guarantees
long-lasting condensation protection and energy saving.
Sustainability is also a central condition of what we offer. It allows
designers and owners to achieve green building certifications
such as LEED and BREEAM.
SAFETY OF DUCTS:-
You should only use the highest quality air filter recommended by the
manufacturer of your building’s heating and cooling system in order to
boost efficiency.
Make sure you regularly change the filters.
In case the filters get clogged easily, make sure you change them more
frequently.
During a heating and cooling procedure, always remember to ask the
service provider to clean the drain pans and cooling coils.
Try to remove dust by vacuuming regularly using a high efficiency
vacuum cleaner (HEPA), or the highest quality filter bags that your
vacuum cleaner can take.
In case your heating system includes in-duct humidification
requirements, make sure you operate and maintain the humidifier as per
the instructions provided by the manufacturer.
Air ducts essential function to
your HVAC system:

If the air ducts in a home or building become dirty or

contaminated, it can lead to a variety of issues for
occupants with allergies and respiratory disorders such
as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma.
Also, poorly maintained air ducts suggest that you will
most likely experience indoor air that is of poor quality.
IMPORTANCE OF FANS:-

The electric fan was one of the most important electric

inventions of all time. The fan is a building block of other more
advanced technologies. Fans are necessary in computers, lasers,
large LED lights, petrol and electric automobiles, the space
station and countless other things. The fan as used in HVAC
systems allows humans to build giant or underground buildings.
It would be hard to imagine a world without the electric fan.
The electric fan has blades similar to a
water or steam turbine.A DC or AC motor
drives a rotating shaft. Sizes of fans have
gotten much smaller and lighter over the
years. As engineers improved the electric
motor and blade design they figured out
how to get more performance out of a
design that uses less copper and steel.
Applications:-

 Housed Fan:-
The most common fan used in the HVAC industry is
the housed centrifugal fan. This design is comprised
of a blower wheel and the surrounding scroll, often
referred to as the fan housing. The fan housing
controls the flow of air in a desired path, exiting at a
discharge as shown in Housed centrifugal fans utilize
either FC or AF type wheels.
Plenum Fan:-

Another fan arrangement used in HVAC equipment is the

plenum fan. Plenum fans are fans without housings that
discharge freely into a plenum space. They discharge air in all
directions rather than having flow directed as with a housed
fan. These fans have traditional BI or AF type blades and are
almost always of the single-width, single-inlet (SWSI) type. The
fans are employed directly in a discharge space, or plenum, and
pressurize this plenum during operation. By pressurizing the
plenum or cabinet, plenum fans create static pressure at the
discharge openings of the plenum, eliminating the requirement
for uninterrupted duct run to achieve optimal flow.
HAZARDS OF FANS:-

 Contact with rotating blades :-

An operating fan poses a significant risk of injury by contact

with the propeller, and must be treated with vigilance and
care. Indirect contact can also occur with blowing dust/dirt.
This is particularly hazardous to eyes and respiratory
system.
 Fan Blade/component failure during
initial start up :-

Fan failure on startup is generally a rare event, but

sometimes it happens. Fans travel long distances
on flatbed trailers. They encounter vibration,
bumps, and weather. It is not uncommon to find
loose components on arrival at the job site so
thorough inspection of each fan on arrival is
important.
 Contact with hot motor surface:-

Don’t forget that even when de-energized and

locked out, fan motors have significant mass. They
will retain heat for extended periods. 220 degree F
and higher temperatures are possible. Let the unit
have a cool down period before starting work.
REFERENCES:-

 https://www.air-n-water.com/electric-fan-guide.htm
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_fan
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/axial-flow-fan
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct
 https://www.sobieskiinc.com/blog/understanding-different-types-ducts
 https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-importance-of-the-ducts-in-air-
conditioning-system
 https://www.houselogic.com/organize-maintain/home-maintenance-
tips/booster-fans/