Contents

Fan Basics
-

Fans
Fan Laws
Velocity Profile in Straight Fan Outlet Duct
Dos and Dont

Duct Design
3
4
5
6

- Duct Sizing Methods

- Considerations for Duct Design
- Example Problem with Equal Friction Method
- Friction Chart
- Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts
- Friction of Rectangular Elbows
- Components of Ducting
- Types of Joints
- Plenum
- Plenum Design
- Grilles, Diffusers
- Grilles, Diffusers Selection
- Turning Vanes, Splitter Vanes
- Design of Transition Ducts
- Dos and Dont of Ducting

Duct Basics
-

What is Duct
Air Distribution System Components
Supply, Return and Fresh Air
Type of Pressure
Static Pressure
Total Pressure
Velocity Pressure
Aspect Ratio
Effect of Aspect Ratio
Advantages and Disadvantages of various Ducts
Velocity in Ducts

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Appendix
- Legend
- Recommended GI Sheet Metal Gauge
- Friction Chart

Good Installation Excellent Performance

22
23
25
28
33
36
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

55
56
57

Fan Basics

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Fans
A fan is a power driven rotary machine which causes
a continuous flow of air. A fan has rotating bladed
impeller. The blades exert force on the air, raising
its pressure and maintaining a continuous flow.

A fan may be directly driven or belt driven

Good Installation Excellent Performance

FanFan
System
Curve
Laws

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Fan Laws
Laws
Fan

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Velocity Profile in Straight Fan Outlet Duct

BLAST AREA

Baffle Plate
CUT OFF

OUTLET AREA

DISCHARGE
DUCT

25%

INLET
COLLER

50%
75%

FAN HOUSING
CENTRIFUGAL

Good Installation Excellent Performance

100% EFFECTIVE DUCT LENGTH

Dos and Dont of Ducting

Dont

Dos

An upward elbow just after the blower outlet

First Elbow should be after three times the

blower diameter

3xD
Fan Efficiency = 1/4 x ( 100% Normal Efficiency )

A downward elbow just after the blower outlet

If D = Blower Diameter

Fan Efficiency = 1/2 x ( 100% Normal Efficiency )

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dos and
and Dont
Dont

Dos
Flexible Connection

Flexible Connection
No Beam !!

IDU

IDU

Side View

IDU

Side View

Duct

IDU

Top View

Top View

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Duct

Duct Basics

Good Installation Excellent Performance

What is a Duct
A Duct can be described as a device used to provide an isolation path to carry an item
from one place to other place without bringing the product in contact with the
atmosphere before the delivery point.

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Air Distribution System Components

TRANSITION
FITTING

SUPPLY
GRILL
SUPPLY FAN

RETURN
AIR DUCT

COIL

FILTER

RETURN
AIR GRILL

FRESH
AIR DUCT

The major purpose of a duct is to carry the air from one point to the other without bringing
it in contact with the outside atmosphere. This can be either Supply Air or Return Air
Good Installation Excellent Performance

10

Supply, Return and Fresh Air

Supply Air

It is defined as the conditioned air being supplied from the air conditioner

outlet. This air is treated air & contains all the desired qualities as provided by the air
conditioning system

Return Air

It is defined as the air being supplied back to the air conditioner from the

air conditioned area. This air is returned back to the air conditioner after being circulated in
the conditioned area.

Return air path should be 1.25 to 1.5 times the Supply air path

Fresh Air

It is defined as the ambient air being supplied to the air conditioner

inlet from the outside atmosphere. This air is supplied to the air conditioner inlet from the
outside atmosphere after being initially treated.
Good Installation Excellent Performance

11

Type of Pressure

Total Pressure
Static Pressure
Velocity Pressure
TOTAL PRESSURE = STATIC PRESSURE + VELOCITY PRESSURE

Good Installation Excellent Performance

12

Type of Pressure

Static Pressure

Balloon filled with Air

and tied with thread

Static Pressure

Velocity Pressure

After opening the thread

Good Installation Excellent Performance

12

Static Pressure

+ve
-ve

Ps

Ps

Static Pressure is measured perpendicular to the direction of flow of the air.

May be +ve or -ve
Good Installation Excellent Performance

13

Total Pressure

Total Pressure - Static Pressure = Velocity Pressure

Good Installation Excellent Performance

14

Velocity Pressure

The Pressure due to velocity of the air flowing in a duct is termed as Velocity
Pressure. It is always +ve & always exerted in the direction of flow.
Good Installation Excellent Performance

15

Aspect Ratio

h
idt

Height

Aspect Ratio = Long Side / Short Side

= Width of the duct / Height of the duct
Best Aspect Ratio is 1 : 1
Maximum permissible aspect ratio is 4 : 1

Good Installation Excellent Performance

16

Effect of Aspect Ratio

In rectangular ducts the best aspect ratio is 1:1

i.e. 1, as the aspect ratio increases

the friction per running feet of the duct increases due to increase in surface area
Aspect Ratio 1 : 1

1 Feet

et

4F

Aspect Ratio 4 : 1

4 Feet

1 Feet

16 Feet

t
ee

2 Feet

8F

20 Feet

1F

1F
8F
For 1 Feet Length of the Duct

4F
For 1 Feet Length of the Duct
Surface Area of the Contact between duct and air

Surface Area of the Contact between duct and air

= 16 x 1 = 16 Sq. Feet

Good Installation Excellent Performance

2F

= 20 x 1 = 20 Sq. Feet

17

More Area !!
More Friction !!

Advantages and Disadvantages of various Ducts

Round Duct

Square Duct

Rectangular Duct

Advantages :

Advantages :

Advantages :

> Lowest Friction

> Less Friction as compare to

rectangular duct

> Height Required to install the

rectangular duct is less.

> Less material required for

fabrication as compared to
rectangular duct.

> Easy to fabricate at site.

Disadvantages :

> Friction is more in rectangular duct

as compared to round and square
duct.

> Less material required for

fabrication.
Disadvantages :
> Height Required to install round
Duct is more.
> Fabrication time is more.

> Height Required to install square

Duct is more as compared to
Rectangular Duct.

Good Installation Excellent Performance

18

Disadvantages :

Velocity in Ducts
Supply Air Duct Velocities

Application

Commercial Comfort Air

Conditioning

Low Velocity

800 fpm to 1600 fpm

High Velocity

Above 1800 fpm

Return Air Duct Velocities

Application

Commercial Comfort Air

Conditioning

Low Velocity

800 fpm to 1600 fpm

High Velocity

Above 1800 fpm

Grill Velocities
Max. Permissible grill velocity

Good Installation Excellent Performance

19

450 fpm

Velocity
in Ducts
Ducts
Velocity in
Recommended Maximum Duct Velocities for Low Velocity Systems
Controlling Factor Duct Friction
Application

Controlling Factor
Noise Generation
Main Ducts

Main Ducts
Supply

Return

Branch Ducts
Supply

Return

Residences

600

800

640

600

500

Apartments, Hotel Bedrooms, Hospital

Bedrooms

1000

1000

800

900

700

Private Offices, Directors Rooms, Libraries

1200

1400

1100

1200

1000

Theatres, Auditoriums

800

800

650

800

600

General Offices, High Class Restaurants, High

Class Stores, Banks

1500

1600

1300

1200

1000

Average Stores, Cafeterias

1500

1800

1400

1400

1100

Good Installation Excellent Performance

20

Duct Design

Good Installation Excellent Performance

21

Duct
Sizing
Ducts
SizingMethods
Methods
Velocity Reduction

Not used as it requires broad background of duct design

experience.

Equal Friction

In this method ducts are sized for a constant pressure loss

per unit length.

(Generally Used
Method)

Static Regain

For rectangular duct the recommended unit friction rate is

0.08 to 0.1 in. Aq for 100 feet length of the duct. The
Maximum limit is 0.12 in. Aq for 100 feet length of the duct.
The objective of static regain method is to obtain the same
static pressure at diverging flow junctions by changing
down stream duct sizes.

Good Installation Excellent Performance

22

Considerations
DuctDesign
Design
Considerations for
for Duct
1.

AVAILABLE SPACE

2.

EVEN DISTRIBUTION IN ALL PARTS OF ROOM

3.

SOUND LEVEL - QUIET

4.

NO DRAFTS / SUFFOCATION

5.

APPEARANCE

6. ADJUSTABLE
7.

NO MOISTURE CONDENSATION / DRIPPING

8.

HEAT GAIN AND LEAKAGE LOSSES

9.

FRICTION LOSS

10. FIRST COST

Good Installation Excellent Performance

23

Equal Friction Method

Good Installation Excellent Performance

24

Example Problem
Problem : The supply ductwork and air quantities for each diffuser for an office space is shown
in figure on next page.
Size the ductwork by the equal - friction method and Calculate the pressure drop.
The maximum height of the duct can be 16 inches ( the distance between the true
ceiling and false ceiling is 24 inches )
Assume the Terminal Pressure loss of 0.1 in Aq.

Good Installation Excellent Performance

25

Example
Problem
Example Problem
Solution : -

5 Ft.

3400 CFM

5 Ft.

5 Ft.

10 Ft.
1700 CFM

1700 CFM

5 Ft.

1
10 Ft.

5
1300 CFM

10 Ft.

1300 CFM

FAN
3400 CFM

2
Total Air Quantity

3400 cfm

Assume Initial Velocity

1300

Friction Rate

0.1 inch wg per 100 Ft.

of equivalent Length

10 Ft.

6
900 CFM

10 Ft.

3
10 Ft.

900 CFM

7
500 CFM

10 Ft.

500 CFM

Diffuser with 500 CFM

Diffuser with 400 CFM

Good Installation Excellent Performance

26

Friction Chart

Good Installation Excellent Performance

27

AIR QUANTITY (CFM)

Friction Chart
FRICTION LOSS FOR ROUND DUCT

AIR QUANTITY (CFM)

How to Size the Duct

Step 1 : Assume Velocity in main section.
Step 2 : Find the intersection of Air Flow ( CFM ) and
Velocity Line.

Step 4 : The diameter line passing through the intersection point

gives round duct diameter.

IN

22
3400
CFM

3400
CFM

13

00

FP

13

00

Step 3 : Vertical line from the point of intersection will give

the unit friction rate line which is constant for
whole length of the duct.

3400
CFM

Step 5 : The diameter at any other section can be calculated by

intersection point of particular CFM and constant friction
line.

IN

22

3400
CFM

FP

13

00

FP

Good Installation Excellent Performance

IN

22

13

00

FP

29

Example Problem
Step 6 : Find the Round Duct Diameter at each section.
Step 7 : Convert the round duct size to rectangular duct by using Table 3,4 & 5.
Table 1 :

Duct Section

Air Qty. CFM

Round Duct
Size ( in.)

* Rectangular
Duct Size ( in.)

** A - B

** B - C

3400

22

26 x 16

C-D

D-5

1700

17

16 x 16

1700

17

16 x 16

C -1
1-2

5-6

1300

15.2

16 x 12

2-3

6-7

900

13.3

16 x 9

3-4

7-8

500

10.8

16 x 6

Notes :* :- The sizes which are calculated are inside sizes of duct .
** :- For the initial 3m length of the duct the acoustic lining of 1 inch thickness is recommended.
So for section A - B and B - C increase the size by one inch in all sides ( 28 x 18 ), to accommodate
acoustic lining.

Good Installation Excellent Performance

30

Example
Problem
Example Problem
Step 8 : Add the length of the longest run.
Step 9 : Convert elbows to equivalent length using table 6 & 7 .
Step 9 : Add the length of the longest duct run and equivalent length for elbows.
Table 2 :

Duct Section

Item

Length ( ft.)

AB

Duct

Add. Equiv
Length ( ft.)

Elbow

10

BC

Duct

CD

Duct

10

Elbow

D5

Duct

56

Duct

10

6-7

Duct

10

78

Duct

10

TOTAL

55

TOTAL EQUIVALENT LENGTH

Good Installation Excellent Performance

19

74

31

Example
Problem
Example Problem
Total Air Quantity

= 3400 CFM

Assuming operating pressure for all terminals = 0.1 in. Aq.

Friction Rate

= 0.1 in. Aq. Per 100 Feet of equivalent length

Total friction Loss

= Total Equivalent Length x unit Friction Rate

= 74 x 0.1 /100 = 0.074 in. Aq.

Velocity in Initial Section

= 1300 FPM

Velocity in last Section

= 805 FPM

Assuming a regain coefficient of

= 60 %

Regain

Regain Coefficient / 100 x( ( Velocity in initial Section / 4000 )

60 / 100 x( ( 1300 / 4000 )

- ( Velocity in last Section / 4000 )

- ( 805 / 4000 ) 2)

0.60 ( 0.106 - 0.040 )

0.039 in. Aq.

`
Total static pressure required at the fan discharge

Good Installation Excellent Performance

= duct friction + Terminal Pressure - Regain

= 0.074 + 0.1 - 0.039
= 0.13 in. Aq.

32

2)

Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts

Table 3 : Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts For Equal Friction and Capacity
Side
Rectangular
Duct
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50

30

Side
Rectangular
Duct

32.8
33.8
34.8
35.8
36.7
37.6
38.6
39.5
40.3
41.2
42.0

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50

Dimensions in Inches
6
6.6
7.1
7.5
8.0
8.4
8.8
9.1
9.5
9.8
10.1
10.4
10.7
11.0
11.2
11.5
12.0
12.4
12.8
13.2
13.6
14.0
14.4
14.7
15.0
15.3
15.6
15.9
16.2
16.5
16.8

7
7.7
8.2
8.6
9.1
9.5
9.9
10.3
10.7
11.0
11.4
11.7
11.9
12.2
12.5
13.1
13.6
14.1
14.5
14.9
15.3
15.7
16.1
16.4
16.8
17.1
17.5
17.8
18.1
18.4

8.8
9.3
9.8
10.2
10.7
11.1
11.5
11.8
12.2
12.5
12.9
13.2
13.5
14.1
14.6
15.2
15.6
16.1
16.5
17.0
17.4
17.8
18.2
18.5
18.9
19.2
19.6
19.9

9.9
10.4
10.8
11.3
11.8
12.2
12.6
13.0
13.4
13.7
14.1
14.4
15.0
15.6
16.2
16.7
17.2
17.7
18.2
18.6
19.0
19.4
19.8
20.2
20.6
20.9
21.3

10

10.9
11.4
11.9
12.4
12.9
13.3
13.7
14.1
14.5
14.9
15.2
15.9
16.6
17.2
17.7
18.3
18.8
19.3
19.8
20.3
20.7
21.1
21.5
21.9
22.3
22.7

11

12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.4
14.9
15.3
15.6
15.9
16.7
17.5
18.1
18.7
19.3
19.8
20.4
20.9
21.4
21.9
22.3
22.7
23.2
23.6
24.0

12

13.1
13.6
14.2
14.6
15.1
15.5
16.0
16.4
16.8
17.6
18.3
19.0
19.6
20.2
20.8
21.4
21.9
22.5
23.0
23.4
23.9
24.3
24.8
25.2

13

14.2
14.7
15.3
15.7
16.1
16.6
17.1
17.5
18.3
19.1
19.8
20.5
21.1
21.8
22.4
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.4

Good Installation Excellent Performance

14

15.3
15.8
16.3
16.8
17.3
17.8
18.2
19.1
19.8
20.6
21.3
22.0
22.7
23.3
23.9
24.5
25.1
25.6
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.6

15

16.4
16.9
17.4
17.9
18.4
18.8
19.7
20.6
21.4
22.1
22.9
23.6
24.2
24.8
25.4
26.0
26.6
27.2
27.7
28.2
28.7

16

17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.4
21.3
22.1
22.9
23.7
24.4
25.1
25.8
26.4
27.0
27.6
28.2
28.7
29.2
29.8

33

17

18.6
19.1
19.6
20.1
21
21.9
22.8
23.6
24.4
25.2
25.9
26.6
27.3
27.9
28.5
29.1
29.7
30.2
30.8

18

19.7
20.2
20.7
21.7
22.6
23.5
24.4
25.2
26.0
26.7
27.4
28.1
28.8
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.2
31.8

19

20.8
21.3
22.3
23.2
24.1
25
25.9
26.7
27.5
28.3
29.0
29.7
30.4
31.0
31.6
32.2
32.8

20

21.9
22.9
23.9
24.8
25.7
26.7
27.5
28.3
29.0
29.8
30.5
31.2
31.9
32.5
33.1
33.7

22

24.1
25.1
26.1
27.1
28.0
28.9
29.7
30.5
31.4
32.1
32.8
33.5
34.2
34.9
35.5

24

26.2
27.2
28.2
29.3
30.1
31.0
32.0
32.8
33.6
34.4
35.2
35.9
36.6
37.3

26

28.4
29.5
30.5
31.4
32.3
33.0
34.2
35.1
35.9
36.7
37.4
38.2
38.9

28

30.6
31.6
32.6
33.6
34.6
35.5
36.4
37.3
38.1
38.9
39.7
40.4

Circular
Equivalents of Rectangular
Ducts
Circular
Equivalents
Rectangular
Ducts
Table 4 : Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts For Equal Friction and Capacity
Side
Rectangular
Duct
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
96

Dimensions in Inches
6
17.0
17.3
17.6
17.8
18.1
18.3
18.6
18.8
19.0
19.2

7
18.7
19.0
19.3
19.5
19.8
20.1
20.3
20.6
20.8
21.0

8
20.2
20.5
20.9
21.1
21.4
21.7
22.0
22.3
22.5
22.8

9
21.6
22.0
22.4
22.7
23.0
23.3
23.6
23.9
24.2
24.5

10
23.1
23.4
23.8
24.2
24.5
24.8
25.2
25.5
25.8
26.1

11
24.4
24.8
25.2
25.5
25.8
26.2
26.5
26.9
27.3
27.6

12
25.6
26.1
26.5
26.9
27.3
27.6
27.9
28.3
28.7
29.1

13
26.8
27.3
27.7
28.2
28.7
29.0
29.3
29.7
30.1
30.4

Good Installation Excellent Performance

14
28.1
28.5
28.9
29.3
29.8
30.2
30.6
31.0
31.4
31.8

15
29.2
29.7
30.1
30.5
31.0
31.4
31.8
32.2
32.6
33.1

16
30.3
30.8
31.2
31.7
32.2
32.6
33.1
33.5
33.9
34.3

34

17
31.4
31.9
32.4
32.9
33.4
33.8
34.2
34.7
35.1
35.6

18
32.4
32.9
33.4
33.9
34.5
35.0
35.5
35.9
36.3
36.8

19
33.4
33.9
34.5
35.0
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.0
37.5
37.9

20
34.3
34.9
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.1
37.6
38.1
38.6
39.1
39.6
40.0
40.5
40.9
41.3
41.8
42.2
42.6
43.0
43.4
43.8
44.6

22
36.2
36.8
37.4
38.0
38.6
39.2
39.7
40.2
40.7
41.3
41.8
42.3
42.8
43.3
43.8
44.2
44.6
45.0
45.4
45.9
46.3
47.2

24
28.0
38.7
39.3
39.8
40.4
41.0
41.6
42.2
42.8
43.3
43.8
44.4
44.9
45.5
46.0
46.4
46.9
47.4
47.9
48.3
48.7
49.5

26
39.6
40.3
41.0
41.7
42.3
42.9
43.5
44.1
44.7
45.3
45.9
46.4
47.0
47.5
48.0
48.6
49.2
49.6
50.1
50.6
51.1
52.0

28
41.2
42.0
42.7
43.4
44.0
44.7
45.4
46.0
46.6
47.2
47.8
48.4
49.0
49.5
50.1
50.6
51.1
51.6
52.2
52.8
53.4
54.4

30
42.8
43.6
44.3
45.0
45.8
46.5
47.2
47.8
48.4
49
49.7
50.3
50.8
51.5
52.0
52.6
53.2
53.7
54.3
54.8
55.4
56.3

Side
Rectangular
Duct
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
96

Circular
Equivalents of Rectangular
Ducts
Circular
Equivalents
Rectangular
Ducts
Table 5 : Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts For Equal Friction and Capacity
Side
Rectangular
Duct
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96

Dim ensions in Inches

32
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
39.9
40.8
41.7
42.6
43.5
44.3
45.0
45.8
46.6
47.3
48.0
48.7
49.5
50.2
50.9
51.5
52.1
52.7
53.3
53.9
54.5
55.1
55.7
56.3
56.9
57.4
57.9
58.4

34
37.2
38.2
39.2
40.2
41.1
42.0
43.0
43.9
44.8
45.7
46.5
47.3
48.1
48.9
49.7
50.4
51.1
51.8
52.5
53.2
53.9
54.6
55.2
55.8
56.4
57.0
57.6
58.2
58.8
59.4
60.0
60.5

36

39.4
40.4
41.4
42.4
43.4
44.3
45.2
46.1
47.1
48.0
48.8
49.6
50.4
51.2
52.0
52.8
53.5
54.2
54.9
55.6
56.3
57.0
57.6
58.2
58.9
59.5
60.1
60.7
61.3
61.9
62.4

38

41.6
42.6
43.6
44.6
45.6
46.5
47.4
48.3
49.2
50.1
51.0
51.8
52.6
53.4
54.2
55.0
55.8
56.5
57.2
57.9
58.6
59.3
60.0
60.7
61.3
62.0
62.6
63.2
63.8
64.6

40

43.8
44.8
45.8
46.8
47.8
48.8
49.7
50.6
51.5
52.4
53.3
54.2
55.0
55.8
56.6
57.3
58.0
58.8
59.5
60.3
61.0
61.7
62.4
63.0
63.7
64.4
65.0
65.6
66.2

42

45.9
46.9
47.9
48.9
49.8
50.8
51.8
52.7
53.7
54.6
55.5
56.4
57.2
58.0
58.8
59.6
60.4
61.2
62.0
62.7
63.4
64.1
64.8
65.4
66.0
66.8
67.5
68.2

44

48.1
49.1
50.2
51.2
52.2
53.2
54.1
55.0
55.9
56.8
57.7
58.6
59.5
60.3
61.1
61.9
62.7
63.4
64.1
64.9
65.7
66.4
67.0
67.8
68.5
69.2
69.8

Good Installation Excellent Performance

46

50.3
51.3
52.3
53.3
54.3
55.3
56.2
57.1
58.0
59.0
59.9
60.8
61.7
62.6
63.3
64.1
64.9
65.7
66.5
67.3
68.0
68.7
69.4
70.1
70.8
71.5

48

52.6
53.6
54.6
55.6
56.5
57.5
58.5
59.4
60.3
61.2
62.1
63.0
63.9
64.8
66.6
66.4
67.2
68.0
68.8
69.5
70.3
71.1
71.8
72.5
73.2

50

54.7
55.8
56.8
57.8
58.8
59.8
60.7
61.6
62.5
63.4
64.3
65.2
66.1
67.0
67.9
68.7
69.5
70.3
71.1
71.8
72.6
73.3
74.1
74.3

52

56.9
57.9
58.9
60.0
61.0
62.0
62.9
63.9
64.8
75.7
66.6
67.5
68.4
69.3
70.1
71.0
71.8
72.6
73.4
74.2
74.9
75.6
76.3

35

56

61.3
62.3
63.3
64.3
65.3
66.3
67.3
68.3
69.2
70.1
71.0
71.8
72.7
73.6
74.5
75.4
76.3
77.1
77.9
78.7
79.4

60

75.7
66.7
67.7
68.7
69.7
70.7
71.7
72.7
73.6
74.5
75.4
76.3
77.2
78.1
79.0
79.9
80.8
81.7
82.6

64

70.0
71.1
72.1
73.1
74.1
75.1
76.1
77.1
78.1
79.0
79.9
80.8
81.6
82.5
83.4
84.3
85.2

68

74.4
75.4
76.4
77.4
78.4
79.4
80.4
81.4
82.4
83.3
84.2
85.1
86.0
86.9
87.8

72

78.8
69.9
80.9
81.8
82.8
83.8
84.8
85.8
86.8
87.8
88.7
89.6
90.5

76

83.2
84.2
85.2
86.2
87.2
88.2
89.2
90.2
91.2
92.1
93.0

80

87.5
88.6
89.6
90.6
91.6
92.6
93.6
94.6
95.6

84

88

91.9
92.9
93.9 96.3
94.9 97.3
95.9 98.3
96.9 99.3
97.9 100.3

Side
Rectangular
Duct
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96

Components of Ducting

Good Installation Excellent Performance

38

Types of Joints
Types
Joints

A DRIVE SLIP

B S SLIP

C INSIDE GROOVE
SEAM

E SLIDING SEAM

D PITTSBURGH SEAM

Good Installation Excellent Performance

39

Plenum
Plenum
Supply

Supply Plenum

Supply

Volume Control Damper

Plenum is used to convert turbulent flow
to laminar Flow.
It is to distribute the air.
By using plenum noise will also reduce.

Good Installation Excellent Performance

40

Plenum
Plenum Design
Design
Generally for Low Velocity Application
Flexible Connection

Velocity in Plenum = 800 fpm

D
D = Depth of the plenum
= 2.5 x Blower Diameter

IDU

Q=AxV
=WxHxV

Supply

Side View

Where : W = Width of the plenum

H = Height of the plenum
V = Velocity in fpm
Q = Air Flow in CFM

IDU

ex : - Take an example of 8.5 Ton.

Assume height ( H ) as 1.5 feet

Plenum

3400 = A x 800 = W x 1.5 x 800

W = 3400 / 800 x 1.5 = 2.83 Feet

Top View
Supply

D = 2.5 x 11 *= 27.5 inches

* 11 inches is the blower diameter for 8.5 ton

Good Installation Excellent Performance

41

Supply

Grilles ,, Diffusers
Diffusers
Grilles
Grilles

Diffusers

Grilles are preferred for side throw.

Diffusers are preferred for downward

throw.
It may be Round or Square

Good Installation Excellent Performance

42

Grilles, Diffusers Selection

Grilles Selection

Diffusers Selection

Generally in case of Grilles,

Generally in case of Diffusers,

Free Area is 55% of Total Area of grilles

Velocity of Air at grill is 450 fpm

Free Area is 75% of Total Area of diffusers

Velocity of Air at diffusers is 450 fpm

Q= AxV

Q= AxV

cfm = 0.55 x A x 450

cfm = 0.75 x A x 450

Ex : - For a 12 inch ( 1 Feet ) by 12 inch
( 1 Feet ) diffuser

cfm = 0.75 x 1 x 450

= 337.5

Where ,
Q = Flow Rate ( cfm )
A = Area of the grill ( ft x ft )
V = Velocity of air at the grill ( fpm )

Good Installation Excellent Performance

43

TurningVanes
Vanes , Splitter
Turning
SplitterVanes
Vanes
Turning Vanes

Turning Vanes are used to reduce air pressure

loss.

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Splitter Vanes

Number of splitter depends on the width of the

elbow.

44

W ( mm )

Number of
Splitters

Upto 500

Upto 1000

Over 1000

Design of Transition Duct (Transformation Pieces)

30 ~ 45 Degree

30 Degree

Transition Ducts are part of main duct which are used to connect duct of one size
or shape to another size or shape.

Good Installation Excellent Performance

45

Dos and Dont of Ducting

Dont

Dos

Usually we take care of Supply Ducting or

Supply path,

Wall

How about return ducting or return path

Machine

Front View

Wall

Minimum Clearance H
Disadvantages :
> Cooling Efficiency of machine will decrease.
Top View

> High Noise, Also poor access for service.

Good Installation Excellent Performance

If H is height of the machine

46

Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont

Dos

Duct With No Cross Braking

Cross Braking after every 4 Feet

Cross Braking

4 Feet

Breathing of the Duct - Results in Noise

Good Installation Excellent Performance

4 Feet

No Breathing Noise

47

Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
No Bracing and width of the duct is more than
750mm.

Dos
Bracing should be done all around the duct from
outside when width of the duct is more than 750mm
to provide strength to the duct.
MS Bracing

8 Feet

4 Feet
T
B
A

Breathing of the Duct - Results in Noise

Good Installation Excellent Performance

48

Width of the Duct ( mm )

4 Feet
A (mm)

B (mm)

T (mm)

From 700 to 1200

25

25

Above 1200

40

40

No Breathing Noise

Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont

Dos

No insulation between Duct and Support

Neoprene pad insulation Between Duct and

Support

Duct

Duct

MS Angle
Support

MS Angle
Support

Neoprene Pad Insulation

No Insulation

Metal to Metal contact may lead to Noise

Good Installation Excellent Performance

No metal to metal contact so less noise

49

Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont

Dos
MAIN SUPPLY DUCT

MAIN SUPPLY DUCT

Grill

FRONT VIEW

Grill

FRONT VIEW

MAIN SUPPLY DUCT

MAIN SUPPLY DUCT

2 or 3 inch duct
connection

TOP VIEW

Grill
TOP VIEW

Very high Noise

Grill

Good Installation Excellent Performance

50

Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont

Dos

Collar

Collar
Shoe Piece
H

45

Air Flow

Air Flow

Duct

Non Uniform Air Flow

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Duct

Maximum Duct Size

(W)

Maximum Shoe Height

(H)

Upto 600 mm

100 mm

Above 600 mm

150 mm

Uniform Air Flow

51

Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont

Dos

4 in.
Grill

Grill

4 in.
Very Less Air

More Air

Non Uniform Air Flow

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Uniform Air Flow

52

Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont

Dos

6 in.

Non Uniform Air Flow

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Uniform Air Flow

53

Dos and Dont of Ducting

Dont

Dos
FAIR
POOR

BEST

POOR

FAIR
FAIR

POOR

POOR

Air Throw should be from front

Air Throw should not be from Back or from bottom

Good Installation Excellent Performance

54

LEGEND

Good Installation Excellent Performance

55

Recommended GI Sheet Metal Gauge

Rectangular Duct
Size ( mm )

Gauge

Sheet Thickness
( mm )

Upto 750

24

0.63

750 to 1500

22

0.80

1500 to 2250

20

1.00

more than 2250

18

1.25

For Plenum

18

1.25

Good Installation Excellent Performance

56

AIR QUANTITY (CFM)

Friction Chart
FRICTION LOSS FOR ROUND DUCT

AIR QUANTITY (CFM)