Topics in Contemporary Physics

Basic concepts 3

Luis Roberto Flores Castillo

Chinese University of Hong Kong

Hong Kong SAR

January 16, 2015
PART 1 Brief history

Basic concepts

Colliders & detectors

From Collisions to
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The Higgs discovery

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15 Ldt =
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s= 8 800
600
10 Prelimin
ary
400 ATLAS
200
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20 0 m100 [GeV
150 V]
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150 0 130
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Data
120
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BSM

MVA Techniques
The future
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last time: Basic concepts 2

Review of units & particle dynamics

Feynman diagram examples
Decays and conservation laws
A word on Unification

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Reminder: interactions
QED:

QCD:

Weak:

W/Z: W/Z/:

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Reminder: adding possible histories

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A few key concepts
Formally, the W boson can only link
up-type quarks (u,c,t) into the
corresponding down-type (d,s,b).
However, experimentally, some times it
mixes generations

Solution: the weak force sees slightly

rotated versions of the down quarks:

Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix
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About unification
Electricity + Magnetism
Glashow, Weinberg and Salam: EM + Weak = EW
Chromodynamics + EW ?
The running of the coupling constants hints at it

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Todays outline

Relativistic Kinematics
Symmetries

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Relativistic Kinematics

9
Lorentz transformations

S moves with velocity v wrt S

Along the common x/x axis
t = t = 0 when x = x = 0.

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Lorentz transformations

An event occurs at (x,y,z) and time t

in S; coordinates in S:
x' (x vt) x (x' vt)
y' y y y'
z' z z z'
v v
t' t 2 x t t' 2 x
c c

1

1 v2 / c2

Inverse transformation: v-v

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Consequences

Relativity of simultaneity:
events A and B, at the same time in S, but in different
locations, do not occur at the same time in S:
v
t' A t' B 2 (xB xA )
c
Lorentz contraction:
a stick at rest in S, from x=0 to L; size in S?
its ends at the same time in S (t=0): x=0, x = L/ (from LT)
Length = L/
> 1, so moving objects are shortened by a factor

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Consequences

Time dilation:
Clock at x=0 ticks at t=0, t=T; interval in S?
from t=0 to (t=T, x=0), so t=T
T = T ; clocks in S mark a longer interval
Moving clocks run slow

All processes are affected

Including the internal clock of elementary particles
Moving particles lasts longer by a factor of
Examples:
Muons from the upper atmosphere
B mesons in our HEP detectors

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A few quick examples

v beta gamma
130 km/h
14,000 km/h
0.5 c
0.99 c
? 6,500

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Four-vector notation
Position-time four-vector:

x ct, x x, x y, x z
0 1 2 3

Lorentz transformations take a nicely symmetrical form:

v
t' t 2 x x0 ' (x0 x1 )
c
x1 ' (x1 x0 )
x' (x vt)
y' y x ' x
2 2

z' z x3 ' x3 v

c
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Four-vector notation
This can be written as:
3
x ' x

( 0,1, 2, 3)
v0
with

Einsteins summation convention:

x ' x
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Four-vector notation
Very concise, and allows generalizations.
It works also for transformations not along the x axis

From S to S, coordinate values change, but the following

combination remains the same:

I (x0 )2 (x1 )2 (x2 )2 (x3 )2

(x ') (x ') (x ') (x ')
0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2

3
To express it as sum
x
x

0
we need to change the sign of the spatial components.

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Four-vector notation
We can do it by introducing:

so that

We can also define

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Four-vector notation
So that, now

I x x x x
This expresses the invariant in a very simple expression.

Too much trouble just to include those minus signs?

It generalizes to non-Cartesian coordinates and to GR.

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Four-vector notation
Other quantities also transform as the position-time four-
vector x.
a ' a
contravariant

We define a four-vector as any object that transforms like

this when we go from one inertial system to another.

We can always define a corresponding vector with negative

signs in the spatial components:

a g a covariant

(which is easy to convert back: a g a )

[ formally, g are the elements of g-1, but its its own inverse ]

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Four-vector notation
For any two four-vectors, their scalar product is

a b a b a b a b a b a b
0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3

It is also invariant. ab a b
ab a0 b0 ab
a2 aa (a0 )2 a2
Four vectors are called
timelike if a2>0
spacelike if a2<0
lightlike if a2=0

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Energy and momentum
When two reference frames are considered, the dt
proper time advances by a smaller amount d

This is also an invariant (all observers agree on the proper
time of a given particle, satellite or space traveler).

dx
A related quantity, similar to velocity v
dx dt
is the proper velocity:
d v
Useful because, under a LT, only the numerator transforms
(and as a four-vector); this is indeed a four-vector too.
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Energy and momentum
Components:
(c, vx, vy, vz )
In this case, the invariant is:
2 (c2 vx2 vy2 vz2 ) 2 c2 (1 v2 / c2 ) c2

How should we define momentum?

mv or m ?
Better use , because then, if momentum is conserved in
one system, it will also be in all others.

p m

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Energy and momentum
Proper velocity is a four-momentum, so also is p
p0 mc
p m

mv
p mv
1 v2 / c2
We define the relativistic energy as
mc2
E mc 2

1 v2 / c2
So, the 0-th component of the four-momentum is E/c.

E
p , px, py, pz
c
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Energy and momentum

Computing the invariant pp:

From the definition:

p p (m )(m ) m2 m2 c2

From its components:

2
E
p p 2 p2
c E2
2
p mc
2 2 2

E 2 m2 c4 p2 c2

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Energy and momentum
Energy:
1
E mc2 mc2 1 1 v22 3 v44 ...
1 cv2
2
2 c 8 c

mc mv m ...
2 1
2
2 3
8
v4
c4

Rest energy Relativistic kinetic energy

T mc ( 1)
2

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Energy and momentum
What if m=0?
Would the energy/momentum necessarily be 0?
mv mc2
p
2 2
E
1 v / c 1 v2 / c2
not if v=c !!

The equation E mc p c
2 2 4 2 2

can still hold.

Hence: v = c, E = |p| c

And E = hv
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Collisions
Classical
Mass is conserved: mA+mB=mC+mD
Momentum is conserved: pA+pB=pC+pD
Kinetic energy may or may not be conserved:
Sticky (kinetic energy decreases): TA+TB > TC+TD
Explosive (kinetic energy increases): TA+TB < TC+TD
Elastic (kinetic energy decreases): TA+TB = TC+TD

Relativistic
Energy is conserved: EA+EB=EC+ED pA pB pC pD
Momentum is conserved: pA+pB=pC+pD
Kinetic energy may or may not be conserved
Sticky (T decreases): rest energy and mass increase
Explosive (T increases): rest energy and mass decrease
Elastic (T is conserved): rest energy and mass are
conserved CUHK
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Collisions
In general, mass is not conserved: 0 +
Elastic: same particles come out as went in

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Example 1
Two lumps of clay, each of mass m, collide head-on at 3c/5; they
stick together. What is the mass M of the fnal composite lump?

Conservation of momentum: trivial. p1 + p2 = pM = 0

Conservation of Energy:

2mc2 5 5 2
Mc 2Em
2
(2mc2 ) M mc
1 (3 / 5)2 4 2
Notice that M > m1 + m2
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Example 2
A particle of mass M, initially at rest, decays into two
pieces, each of mass m. What is the speed of each piece
as it flies off?

Conservation of momentum: equal and opposite speeds

Conservation of energy:

2m
Mc2 2 mc2
1 v2 / c2
2
v c 1 (2m/ M ) Only if M>2m
For M=2m, v=0
For M>>2m, vc

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