PHYSICS II

Final Consolidation Group 6

Scenario 5

Ohm's Law and RC Circuits

Presented by:
Andrea del Pilar Venegas Córdoba 100204608
Fabiola Figueredo Olmos 1421026202
Amin Antonio Álvarez Paternina 100260528
Iván Darío Ríos Acero 2010650079

Presented to:
Jairo Sánchez Luquerna

Politécnico Gran Colombiano University Institution

Virtual Undergraduate

November 2021.
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Content

RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................................ 4
INTRODUCTION5
OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................................... 6
Simulation Capacitance RC Circuit Capacitor #3....................... 7
2. Exportation Data Analysis................................................................................................. 7
2.1.Current vs Time graph.................................................................................................. 8
2.2. Constant experimental of the Texp circuit............................................................................. 9
2.3. Constant theoretical time Tteo......................................................................................... 9
2.4. Percentage of error................................................................................................................. 9
3. Describe from the analysis of the electrical circuit, the theoretical functions for the charging of the
capacitor related to the charge and the current in the capacitor......................................................... 10
4. Analysis of linear regression....................................................................................................... 14
4.1. Analysis simple linear regression15
CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................................. 16
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES17
3

Illustration 1 Capacitance Simulation with Capacitor #9...................................................... 7

Illustration 2 Current versus Time Graph. ...................................................................... 8
Illustration 3 Color code chart for resistors....................................................... 8
Illustration 4 RC Circuit .................................................................................................................... 10
Illustration 5 Load and Unload Graph ......................................................................................... 10
Illustration 6 Simple circuit.............................................................................................................. 13
Illustration 7 Data table ........................................................................................................... 14
Illustration 8 Correlation data graph ............................................................... 14
Illustration 9 Simple linear regression analysis table ............................................................... 15
Illustration 10 Adjusted regression graph .................................................................................... 15

Table 1 Simulation Data. ..................................................................................................... 7

Table 2 Initial datas ....................................................................................................................... 10
Table 3 Results ............................................................................................................................ 10
4

SUMMARY

The development of this work is carried out in order to execute

a series of experimental procedures from the electrical physics laboratory,
where it will be sought to analyze through different research methods
understand the value and behavior of electric current, the flow of
electrons through the circuit, the function of resistors, capacitance, the
experimental and theoretical time constants, statistical analysis through
simple linear regression, in addition to the ability how different ones were executed
data series to analyze them in a linear and potential function. Through the law
Ohm explains in detail how certain values are calculated.
like the current intensity, resistance, or voltage in a circuit, furthermore
through the recording of certain variables and constants.
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INTRODUCTION

Ohm's law is one of the fundamental laws of electrodynamics, and applicable

to any electrical circuit to find voltage or tension values whose unit
It is the Volt (V) and Current intensity that is given in Amperes (A). Ohm's law.
It is called that in honor of the German physicist and mathematician Georg Simon Ohm.

the execution of this laboratory allows us to learn about the use of various
tools used in measuring currents in a circuit and the source of
nutrition, the work also presents tables used to tabulate the results
found alongside the necessary equations to provide clarity to the data
found in the laboratory process.

In the development of this project, a laboratory practice will be carried out, which
will allow knowledge about RC circuits through theoretical foundations and
experimental. Solutions will also be provided to different uncertainties regarding the load and

discharge of electric capacitors, through the application of different

formulas, as well as information about resistances and their function will also be obtained
in RC circuits
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OBJECTIVES

General

Identify and solve the laws of Ohm through virtual laboratory practices.
RC circuits, along with some statistical analyses, to analyze the
behavior of its variables and parameters.

Specific

• Study the charging and discharging processes of a capacitor in circuits

RC.
• Know the basic aspects of RC circuits
• Recognize the charging and discharging processes of a capacitor regarding the
time.
• Obtain the relationship between I vs t.
• Determine the time constant for discharge processes.
• Perform statistical analysis of the obtained data
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1. Capacitance simulation RC circuit Capacitor #3

Illustration 1 Simulation of Capacitance with Capacitor #9

2. Data Export and Analysis

At this point, data organization and graph analysis are carried out.
behavior of the current in Amperes (A) over a certain period
time (s).
Information of the
Simulation
t(s) I(A)
1,1 3,87
2.19 2.35
3.29 1.42
4.39 0.86
5.49 0.52
6.58 0.32
7.67 0.19
8.77 0.12
9.86 0.07
Voltage: 14V
Capacitor: 1000µF
Table 1 Simulation data.
8

2.1.Current vs Time Graph

Illustration 2 Current versus Time Graph.

Through the analysis of the obtained graph, we can determine the function of the
slope y = -0.3788x + 3.1567
According to the IEC 60062: 2004 standard (Marking codes for resistors and)
specifies marking codes for resistors and capacitors
indices for the dielectric material and the electrodes of paper capacitors
and plastic film.
We have that for the selected resistor the values are 2.2K Ohm or 2200
Ohm 5%, 14 V, 0.07 A.

Illustration 3 Color code chart for resistors.

9

2.2. Experimental constant of the Texp circuit

To find the experimental constant of the circuit, we know the value of the slope.
obtained from the graph where the value of x = -0.3788
1 1
So the slope is =− = − 2.20-0.45
1 −1
=− We then replace, = − 0.45= 2.22

The experimental constant of the circuit is then:

= 2.22

2.3. Theoretical time constant Tteo

The formula to find the theoretical time constant:
=
Where:
R = 2.2K Ohms = 2200 Ohms
C = 1000 µF = 1000x10⁻⁶ F
So:

= 2200 1000x10⁻⁶
= .

2.4. Percentage of error

−
% =( ) ∗ 100

2.22− 2.20
% =( ) ∗ 100
2.20
0.02
% = ( ) ∗ 100
2.20
% (= 0.009
) *100
% = 0.9%
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3. Describe from the analysis of the electrical circuit, the theoretical functions
for the charging of the capacitor regarding the charge and the current in the
capacitor.

INITIAL DATA

We 14 V
R 2200Ω
C 1000 µF
Table 2 Initial Data

Illustration 4 RC Circuit

RESULTS

RC Time Constant 0.0022s

Energy 0.098 J
Max. Current 6,364 A
Table 3 Results

Illustration 5 Load and Unload Graph

At the zero moment, we close the switch indicated in the diagram in red, in this
At this moment, the capacitor, which was initially uncharged, starts to receive
electric charges and the intensity is maximum, it could be considered that the
the capacitor behaves like a perfect conductor (the initial current will be Ii=
Vi/R, as if the capacitor did not exist). However, that situation cannot
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to maintain, as the capacitor begins to increase its charge, the

intensity decreases progressively, until, for a time
theoretically infinite, the intensity would be null.

In the case of tension, the opposite happens; at the initial moment we can
consider that the voltage at the terminals of the capacitor is zero, since
we have said that at that moment it behaves like a perfect conductor and therefore
it is as if I were not there. When an infinite amount of time has passed, given
that the current cancels out, there is no voltage drop across the resistance and the
The voltage of the capacitor is the same as that of the power supply.

Equations: The instantaneous values of current and voltage are given by the
following expressions:

I=Vi/Rxe(−t/RC)

V=Vix(1−e(−t/RC))

Time Constant (RC): The charging time of the capacitor is proportional

the value of R and C. Multiplying the value of the resistance by the capacitance
we obtain what is called the time constant, designated by the letter τ or by
RC.

t=RxC

This constant is just a reference to be able to compare how long it takes.

a capacitor charging. It is considered that for five times the value of the
time constant (5τ) the capacitor is fully charged (more than
99%)

RC circuits are circuits that are composed of a resistor and a

capacitor. It is characterized by the fact that the current can vary over time.
When time is equal to zero, the capacitor is discharged, at the moment
12

As time begins to pass, the capacitor starts to charge up since there is

a current in the circuit. Due to the space between the capacitor plates, in
the circuit does not carry current, that is why a resistor is used.

When the capacitor is fully charged, the current in the circuit is equal
to zero.

Kirchhoff's second rule says: V = (IR) - (q/C)

Where q/C is the potential difference in the capacitor.
At a time equal to zero, the current will be: I = V/R when the capacitor is not
has loaded.
When the capacitor is fully charged, the current is zero and the
charge will be equal to: Q = CV

CHARGE OF A CAPACITOR

It is already known that the variables depending on time will be I and q. And the current I.
is replaced by dq/dt (variation of charge depending on the variation of time):

(dq/dt) R = V - (q/C) dq/dt = V/R - (q/(RC))

This is an equation

Differential. They can dq/dt = (VC–q) /(RC)

Separate variable dq/ (q–VC) = - dt/(RC)

When integrating, one has ln [ - (q–VC) / VC)] = -t / (RC)

Solving for q q dt = C V [(1–e-t/RC)] = q (1- e-t/RC)

The voltage will be Vc (t) = V e^(1/rc)

DISCHARGE OF A CAPACITOR

Due to the fact that the potential difference across the capacitor is IR = q/C, the reason for

charge change in the capacitor will determine the current in the circuit, so
thus, the equation resulting from the relationship between the change in the amount of charge
depending on the change in time and the current in the circuit, it will be given
replacing I = dq/dt in the potential difference equation in the capacitor:
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q = Q e^{-t/RC}
Where Q is the maximum charge

The current as a function of time will result from deriving this equation.
regarding time:

I = Q/(RC) e^(-t/RC)

It can be concluded then that the current and the charge decay in a way
exponential. The RC circuit is called the series combination of a capacitor and a
resistor. This circuit can represent any combination of resistors.
and capacitors whose equivalent is a single resistor in series with a single capacitor.

The figure shows an RC circuit connected to a continuous voltage source.

The switch is intended to charge and discharge the capacitor.

Illustration 6 Simple Circuit

The process starts when the switch is set to position 'a' at time t=0.
and it is considered that the capacitor is discharged. Applying
Kirchhoff's law to the mesh.
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4. Linear regression analysis

The tool we use to perform linear regression analysis is Excel, to

Hello, the first thing we must determine is whether there is a correlation in the data between
the time and current variables. For this, we analyze in a scatter plot
whether it exists or not.

The result is as follows:

Simulation Information
t(s) I(A)
1,1 3,87
2.19 2.35
3.29 1.42
4.39 0.86
5.49 0.52
6.58 0.32
7,67 0.19
8.77 0.12
9.86 0.07
Voltaje: 14V
Capacitor: 1000µF
Illustration 7 Data chart

Illustration 8 Data correlation graph

In this graph, we can realize that there is a correlation between the

variables, because as the values of the variable 'X' increase
the independent variable decreases in the variable 'Y' which is the variable
dependent.
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4.1. Simple linear regression analysis

Resumen

Regression statistics
Multiple correlation coefficient 0.885194893
Coefficient of determination R^2 0.783569998
Adjusted R^2 0.752651426
Typical error 0.638507859
Observations 9

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Grados de libertad Suma de cuadrados Promedio de los cuadrados F Critical value of F
Regression 1 10,332154 10,332154 25,34302057 0.001506275
Waste 7 2,853846004 0.407692286
Total 8 13,186

Coefficients Typical error t statistic Probability Inferior 95% Superior 95%

Interception 3.156651595 0.46418059 6.800481671 0.000253096 2,059038915 4,254264276
t(s) -0.378797413 0.075245029 -5.034185194 0.001506275 -0.556723634 -0.200871192
Illustration 9 Simple linear regression analysis table

Fitted regression curve

5
4 I(A)
3
2 Forecast I(A)
1
0 Linear (Forecast
-1 0 5 10 15 I(A))
t(s)

Illustration 10 Fitted regression graph

In this result that the linear regression analysis gives us, we can
determine that:
• The coefficient of determination R^2 tells us what percentage degree it will have
change the dependent variable given the changes in the variable
independent. That is to say, if there is a modification in the values of the
independent variable, the dependent variable will change by 78.3%.
• The global significance of the model tells us that the critical value of F (P value)
is 0.001506275, and since the P value is less than 0.05 then it is
significant. Therefore, we would be concluding that the model has
statistical significance.
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CONCLUSIONS

Through this module, virtual laboratory practices were applied where it was used
laws and principles of electric physics to analyze the behavior of the
circuits. In the analyses with the simulator, it can be observed that as long as
There is a capacitor and a resistor in series, this behaves like an RC circuit.
If the capacitor is being charged, its voltage increases and the potential difference
the resistance decreases just as the current does; obviously the charge increases;
In reverse, it happens with the current as it tends to zero. When discharging the
In a capacitor, what increases is its current and the charge decreases.

Its behavior is the same when the capacitor is charged, the current increases.
and the load decreases, All this happens during an instant of time (RC).

We check the properties of RC circuits that are very important in the

real application, RC circuits were seen as an essential part of electronics
modern and for its properties is very useful in current electronic devices, not
All these circuits are the same since each one of them has a property.
specify that Tteo is the time constant of that circuit.

• Capacitors have many applications that utilize their capacity to

store load and energy
• When charging or discharging a capacitor, one might encounter a situation where
that currents, voltages, and powers do change over time.
• Resistors are important for regulating the current, as
also to allow or interrupt the flow in the circuit.
• The capacitor is an element that can store energy or charges in
rest or static compared to common batteries which store
energy, but it is also capable of generating that energy.
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

• Moore, T. A. (2021).Física Volumen 2. McGraw-Hill Interamericana.https://www-ebooks7-

24-com.loginbiblio.poligran.edu.co/?il=16379

• Giancoli, D. C. (2002). Physics for University Students. Pearson Education.https://www-ebooks7-

24-com.loginbiblio.poligran.edu.co/?il=4392

• Pérez Montiel, H. (2015). Física 2 (2nd ed.). Patria Editorial Group.

https://elibro.net/es/lc/poligran/titulos/39500

• (S/f). Edu.mx. Recovered the 29 of November of 2021, of

http://cidecame.uaeh.edu.mx/lcc/mapa/PROYECTO/libro16/28_rc_circuits_resistance_in
_capacitor.html

• (S/f). Herramientasingenieria.com. Retrieved on November 29, 2021, from

https://www.herramientasingenieria.com/