INDEX
S.NO TOPIC PAGE.NO
1 AIM
2 INTRODUCTION
3 APPARATUS
4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5 PROCEDURE
6 OBSERVATION
7 CONLUSION
8 PRECAUTION
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM
To study various factors on which the internal
resistance\EMF of a cell depends
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic
appliances and the use is increasing every day. Thus, the
batteries need to be made more powerful so that their
potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the
factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can
increase the potential difference across it, and hence make it
more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE:
Internal resistance refers to the opposition to the flow of
current offered by the cells and batteries themselves
resulting in the generation of heat. Internal resistance is
measured in ohms. The relationship between internal
resistance (r) and emf (e) of cells given by
e=I (r + R)
where e=EMF i. e electromotive force
(Volts) ,I=current(A),R=load resistance, and r is the internal
resistance of cell measured in ohms
On rearranging the above equation we get
e=V + Ir
In the above equation, V is the potential difference (terminal)
across the cell when the current (I) is flowing through the
circuit
APPARATUS
A potentiometer
A battery
Three one way keys
A rheostat of low resistance(rh)
A galvanometer
A high resistance box
A fractional resistance box
An ammeter
A voltmeter
A voltaic cell
Electrolytes of different concentrations
A jockey
A setsquare
Connecting wires
Sand paper
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper
and make tight connections according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the EMF Of the battery and of the cell and make
sure that EMF Of the battery is more than that of the cell,
otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation:
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 сm
5. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat so
that a null point is obtained on the last wire of the
potentiometer.
6. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a
set square and measure the balancing length (11) between
the null point and the end P.
7. Now plug in plugs in both keys. At the same time, take
out a small resistance (1-5 W) from the shunt resistance box
connected in parallel with the cell.
8. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the
null point.
9. Measure the balancing length from end P. Record these
observations.
10. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.Then remove the
plugs of keys and and repeat steps the steps from 5-9
11. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart.Now record the set
of observations
To study variation of internal resistance with area of
electrodes:
12. Keeping all factors unchanged, to increase the area of
electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the
electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
13.Again repeat the steps 5-9. Record the readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with concentration
of electrolyte:
14. Keeping all factors unchanged, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for
different observations.
15. Again repeat the steps 5-9. Record your readings.
OBSERVATION
1.INTERNAL RESISTANCE:
POSTION OF NULL
POINT
S.NO AMMETER SHUNT INTERNAL
READING WITH R WITHOUT RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
R
1 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51
2. EFFECT OF SEPERATION BETWEEN ELECTRODES:
SEPERATION BALANCING
BETWEEN POINT
S.NO INTERNAL R/D
ELECTRODES RESISTANCE
D(CM)
I1 I2
1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
3.Effect of temperature:
S.N TEMPERATU I1 I2 RESISTANC INTERNAL Tr
O RE E RESISTAN
CE
1 40 325 12 1 0.96 301.4
4
2 32 552 23.6 1 0.95 291.9
6
3 27 660.5 35.5 1 0.94 283.8
7
CONCLUSION
1.Internal resistance of a cell increase with increase in
distance between the electrodes
2.Internal resistance increases with decrease in common area
of electrodes immersed in the electrolyte
3.Internal resistance increases with decrease in concentration
of the electrolyte
PRECAUTION
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and E2
should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the
wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat
for this purpose.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.slideshare.net/HarshSolanki22/factors-on-
which-the-internal-resistanceemf-of-a-cell-depends
https://www.slideshare.net/HarshSolanki22/factors-on-
which-the-internal-resistanceemf-of-a-cell-depends
https://knowledgecycle.in/different-factors-on-which-
internal-resistance-emf-of-a-cell-depends-physics-
investigatory-pdf/
https://byjus.com/internal-resistance-formula/
https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php
