LLCTNCAL ENGG:
MODULE II
I. DCMOTORS
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR:
The machine which converts de
power into mechanical power is called a de motor.
The basic principle of a dc motor
is that when a current
field the conductor carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic
experiences mechanical force.
a
Mobon
N
Beiery
Conducto
Prncipie of Motor
i e force F= BIL newton
where B flux dencity
IF currnet through the conductor
L length of conductor
The direction of the force is given by Fleming's left hand rule
FLEMING'SLEFT HAND RULE:
Fleming's left hand rule says that when we strutch the fingures of left hand in mutually perpendicular
to each other, then
the thump inducate the direction of force
t h e forefinger indicates the direction of current and
the middle finger indicates the direction of magnetic field
VV V vv V V
N
iN
CLASSIFICATION OF DC MOTORS BASED ON FILED CONNECTION
Classification of DC machines
seperately excited
self excited
Compound wound
series wound shunt wound
long shunt short shunt
electricaleasy.com
classified into three types
connection the dc motors are
On the basis of type of field
d e Shunt motor
d c series motor
dc compound motor
DCSHUNT MOTOR:
armature
connected in parallel with
In de Shunt motor field winding is
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG
MODULE I
DCSERIES MOTOR:
armature
I n dc series motor the field winding is connected in series with the
DCCOMPOUND MOTOR:
h
(a)
Short shunt (b) Longshunt
The dc compound motor consist both series and shunt winding, Ther are two types of compound
motor connections,
is called short shunt
When the shunt field is directly connected across the armature terminals -it
connection.
to the series connection of series field and armature- it
When the shunt iiejas is connected in parallel
is called long shunt connection.
VV Y VV
.
STATOR:
t consist a steel frame which encloses a hollow
This
cylindrical core
core is made up of thin laminated silicon steel
The laminations is provided for avoiding eddy current and hysteresis loss
A number of slots
The
are
provided on the inner periphery
insulated conductors are placed in these slots and which forms balanced star or delta connected
three phase winding ted
The terminals of these windings are brought out and connected to three phase supply
ROTOR:
The rotor mounted on a shaft
I t is a hollow
laminated
having core slots the
The winding is
placed in these slots
on
outer periphery
According to the type of winging rotor may be two
types
i.
Squirel cage rotor
ii. Wound rotor
SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR:-
Rolor Skewed
Shah Rotor Slots
EnG-Rung
Ba
Boarings
It consists of a laminated
>The copper or Aluminiumcylindrical
core
bars are
having parallel slots on the
All these bars are placed in each slot outer
periphery
joined at each
This forms a permanent short
end by metal ring called
end rings
circuited winding
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KMCT PTC KOZHIKODE
MODULE ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG:
The entire construction resembles a squirrel cage and hence the name
The induction motor employs these type of rotor called squirrel cage induction motor
wOUND ROTOR:
Sator
Slip
Ring
Rolor-
Starting
Resistance
It consist a laminated cylindrical core and slots on the outer periphery
T h e three phase winding is uniformly distributed in these slots
The open ends of the rotor winding are brought out and joined to three brushes are connected to three
phase star connected rheostat
During starting the external resistance are included in the rotor cireuit and gives large starting torque
These resistances gradually reduced to zero when the motor runs up to speed.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
Stalor Stulor Sal
Rotor RoLOr
Bo
Relaive
Moion
a (b)
magnetic field is produced
phase supply is given to the stator winding rotating hence it is called
a
When a three
around the stator, rotating
These poles of this field are shifting their position
magnetic field
field revolves is called Synchronous speed
The speed at which the rotating magnetic
I t depends up on the frequency and number poles
i e ,Synchronous speed Ns= 120f/P r.p.m
where f frequency in Hz
P- Number of poles
and cuts the stationary rotor conductors
This field passes through the air gap
rotating magnetic
flux and stationary rotor an emf induces in
the rotor
Due the relative speed between the rotating
conductor
short -circuited, current start to flowing through it.
Since the rotor conductors are
2019-20
KMCT DTC KO7LUKODr
Now the current carrying rotor conductor in the stator magnetic field ,then a mechanical force act on
the rotor conductors.
The sum of mechanical forces on the all rotor conductors produce a torque tends to rotates the rotor
in the direction of rotating magnetic field.
SLIP
The difference between the synchronous speed of rotating magnetic field (Ns)and actual speed of
rotor (N) is called slip.
slip s N 100
N,
Where Ns =
synchronous speed
N = speed of rotor
ADVANTAGES OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
I t has simple andrugged construction
It is relatively cheap
It requires little maintenance
It has high efficiency
It has reasonable good power factor
I is self starting
DISADYANTAGES:
The speed cannot be changed easily
Starting toroue js lece than dr motors
APPLICATIONS:
Pumps. Conveyors, Hoists, Winches, Rotating Restaurants, Linear
Actuators, Door Openers, Grain
Moving Steircases, Concrete Vibrating Tebles. Dryers
Elevator. Traction,
Air- Raid Sirene And Alarms,
Refrigeration Plant, Ship Propulsion Etc
II. SINGLEPHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
These motors are used on
single phase supply
These are mainly used in home
appliances, shops, office etc.
KMCT PTC KOZUIKOnC
TYPES OFSINGLEPHASE MOTORS
Single phase induction motors
Split phase motors
ii. Capacitor type
ii. Shaded pole type
I. AC series motor or universal motor
I11. Repulsion motors
IV. Synchronous motor
A Single phase induction motor is very similarto three phase squirrel cage induction motor
It has a squirrel cage rotor and single phase win7ding on stator
Unlike 3 phase induction motor ,a single phase induction motor is not self-starting but it require some
starting means
To make this motor self -starting a rotating magnetic field should be produced in the stator
This may achieved by converting a single phase supply in to two phase supply through the use of an
additional winding
When the motor reaches the sufficient speed the additional winding may be removed.
The single phase induction motors are classified according to the method employed to make them
self-starting
i. SPLIT PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Rey
Suartung
Winding Main
V
Winding Plunger
Supply
Koim
(b)
I n this motor the stator consist a main winding and a starting winding or auxiliary winding
The starting winding is located 90° electrical apart from main winding
starting winding has high resistance and low reactance
The
T h e main winding has high reactance and low resistance
As a result the current flowing through the two winding have a phase difference of 25° to 30
When a single phase supply is given to the stator a weak rotating magnetic field is produced
which start the motor (double field revolving theory)
When the motor reaches 75% of synchronous speed the starting winding is removed by
opening the centrifugal switch
T h e motor then operate single phase induction motor and reaches its rated speed
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ii. CAPACITOR-START MOTOR
Capucitr
Main
I,Start
Rolo
I t is identical to a split phase motor
> Its starting winging has more turns than main winding
A capacitor is connected in series with the starting winding
Here the phase difference between current through two winding is 80°,Consequently, startine
torque is higher than split phase motor
When the motor reaches 75% of synchronous speed the starting winding is removed
by
opening the centrifugal switch
The motor then operate single
phase induction motor and reaches its rated speed.
ii.
CAPACITOR-START CAPACITOR-RUN MOTOR
Run
Rotor
Jis similar to
starting
capacitor-start motor ,except that the
starting winding is not
je both
winding is connected to supply opened after
during starting as well
as
running
NECESSITY OF STARTERS
The voltage equation of de motor is
Eb V-laRa
Where Eb is back emf
V is supply voltage
la is armature current
Ra is armature resistance
The armature resistance is very small (less than 12)
During the starting rotor is stationary and hence Eb ia zero
ie V-laRa =0
V =laRa
la = V/Ra
Since the armature resistance is too small armature current is become very large.
5 HP ,220v,20A dc shunt motor has armature resistance of 0.52, then at starting
For example, a
440 Amps. it is 20 times greater than rated
current.
Armature current la= 220/0.5
=
This leads the burning of armature
armature current should be limited during starting
To avoid this
The starters is used 10 limit the large starting current
Mainly used starters in dc motors are,
A. Two point starter
B. Three point starter
C. Four point starter
MODULE II
THREEPOINT STARTER
ON
WWwM11 R*
NVwM
56 7 8B
OFF
, 10
E
Spring
M
C
A
Rh
Supply
i e inaii paris ae
a) Starting resistancee
b) Starting handle
c) Overload coil
d) Holding coil or no volt coil
OPERATION:
Switch ON dc supply with handle in OFF position
Move the handle in clockwise direction to the first stud
Now the whole starting resistance is inserted in series with the
armature ,ie the large armature is
limited by this resistance.
But shunt field is directly connected across the dc supply and holding coil
current
energised by the field
Then move the handle to second stud, then third stud and so on
ln this way gradually
move the handle over lO Ine inal stud the
resistance inserted
cut off and motor run at rated speed. to armature will be
Now the handle is held magnetically by the holding coil.
12
I f the motor is over loaded or fault occurs ,the over load coil demagnetise the holding coil and hence
the handle return back to OFF
position and motor will turned OFF
I f supply voltage is interrupted the holding coil also demagnetise and the handle returm back to the
OFF position.
STARTERS FOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
The starters in three phase induction motor is mainly for limit the starting current and protect the
motor winding from fault and short circuit current.
The commonly used starts are
a) Direct-On-Line starter (DOL)
b)Star-Deltastarter
c)Auto-transformermethod
d) Rotor resistance starter (in slip ring induction motor)
A. DIRECT ON LINE STARTER (DOL)
41SV, s0Hz,
THREE PHASE
AC SUPPLY
R Y
rUsE
oVERLOAD
RELAY START
PUSH BUTTON
NO)
O|
STOP
PUSH R 3TON
1 325n3 13
4 POLE
CONTACTOR
coL OF
cONTACTOR 2T T T
THREE
PHASE
MOTOR
5HP
I t is used to start the motorwhich below
to install.
I t is simple , less expensive and easy
The main parts are:
Electromagnetic contactor
Auxiliary contact
ii. Themal overload relay (OLR)
iv Start button (Normally open type push button)
V. Stop button (Normally closed type push button)
OPERATION:
When the start button is pressed, the operating coil of electromagnetic contactor gets energised
I t closes the main contacts and auxiliary contact of
When we release the start button the coil circuit is maintained by the auxiliary contact through stop
button (that is why motor never stops when we release start button)
When the stop button is pressed the coil gets de-energised and opening all contacts including
auxiliary contact.
When a supply failure the coil also
occurs
gets de-energised.
The thernmally over load relay protect the motor from short circuit current or fault current.
B. STAR-DELTA STARTER
3 pha **
TPST Ss tth.
CHein Si*th)
cl
% DELTA CRUN)
a TPDT Swith
.
STAR CsurD
14
KMCT PTC KOZHIKODE
I t is used in motors greater than 5 HP or 7 HP.
Its function is to limit the heavy starting current and
voltage drop during start1ing.
Its main parts are thermally overload relay ,TPST main switch and a TPDT switch
OPERATION
For limiting the starting current and voltage during starting, connect the motor winding in star
connection.
I t is done by using TPDT switch
In star connection,
Phase voltage = line voltage /N3
ie, phase voltage is only 58% of line voltage (1N3=0.58)
The current reduced to 33% of rated current
The torque is also reduced to 33%.
When the motor gets 75% of its rated speed switch the windings from Star to Delta connection by
using TPDT switch.
Now the motor run in rated speed and torque.
