AC Motor - it is a rotating electrical machine

which converts ac electrical power into

mechanical power.
The principle of operation for all AC motors relies on the
interaction of a revolving magnetic field created in the stator by
AC current, with an opposing magnetic field either induced on
the rotor or provided by a separate DC source. The resulting
torque produces usable torque, which can be coupled to desired
loads throughout the facility in a convenient manner.
1. According to their principle of operation
a. Synchronous motor – plain and super
b. Asynchronous motor
b.1. Induction motors
 Squirrel cage induction motor
 Wound-rotor induction motor
b.2. Commutator motor
 Series motor – single phase, universal
 Compensated motor – conductive, inductive
 Shunt motor – single, compensated
 Repulsion motor – straight, compensated
 Repulsion-start induction motor
 Repulsion induction motor
2. According to the type of current
a. single phase
b. three-phase

3. According to their speed

a. constant speed
b. variable speed
c. adjustable speed

4. According to their structural features

a. Open
b. Enclosed
c. Semi-enclosed
d. Ventilated
e. Pipe-ventilated
f. Riveted frame
Induction Motor (1-φ, 3-φ) –
it is one in which the motor
field is induced by currents
flowing thru the motor. The
rotor has no connection
whatsoever to the supply
circuit.

Principle of Operation
The induction motor derives its name from the fact that ac
voltages are induced in the rotor circuit by the rotating magnetic field
of the stator. In many ways, induction in this motor is similar to the
induction between the primary and secondary windings of a
transformer. Hence, an induction motor may be treated as a rotating
transformer.
a. Squirrel cage induction motor -
its rotor is self-contained and
resembles a squirrel cage. The
rotor conductors are
permanently short-circuited by
end-rings.

b. Wound rotor or phase wound or

rotor induction motor or slip-ring
motors - its rotor has insulated
coils of wire and resembles a dc
armature. The rotor conductors
are connected to slip rings
and shorted thru the brushes.
1. Advantages of 3-phase Induction Motor
 It has a simple, robust and almost unbreakable
construction
 It requires minimum care and maintenance.
 Its cost is low and is very reliable
 It has a sufficiently high efficiency
 It has a reasonably good power factor
 It is self-starting

2. Disadvantages of 3-phase Induction Motor

 Its speed cannot be varied without loss of efficiency
 Its speed decreases with the increase of load
 It has somewhat an inferior starting torque
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Wound Rotor Induction Motor
Copper losses is low Copper losses is high
Starting torque is low but running Starting torque is higher than
torque is good squirrel-cage induction motor
Efficiency is high due to low rotor
Efficiency is low
resistance
Speed can be varied by changing Speed can be varied very slightly by
poles changing the extra rotor resistance
Speed is nearly constant but
More speed falls with load
slightly falls with load
Starting current is high Starting current is low
Applications. Applications.
It is used where low power is It is only used where high starting
needed and speed control is not torque is required such as:
needed such as  Rolling mills
 Printing machinery  Flour mills
 Flour mills  Lifts
 Saw mills  Crane erector
 Lathe
 Blower mills
1. Synchronous speed, NS – it is the speed at which the
rotating flux rotates.

Where:
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇 p = number of poles on the rotor
𝑵𝑺 = f = supply frequency in Hz
𝑷 NS = synchronous speed in rpm

2. Rotor speed, NR – it is also called as the actual speed. It

is not calculated but measured by speedometer or
tachometer.

3. Slip or slip speed – it is the difference between the

synchronous speed, NS and the actual speed, NR.
𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵𝑹 𝑵𝑹 = 𝑵𝑺 (𝟏 − 𝒔)
4. Percentage slip (%s) - it is the difference between the
synchronous speed, NS and the actual speed, NR expressed as a
percentage of the synchronous speed.
Note:
𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵𝑹 When the rotor:
%𝒔 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎% a. Is not rotating (at standstill), s = 1
𝑵𝑺 b. Is rotating at synchronous speed, s = 0

5. Measurement of Slip
The following are the methods used for finding the slip of an
induction motor
a. By the actual measurement of motor speed. This method
requires measurement of actual motor speed and calculation
of synchronous speed
b. By comparing rotor and stator supply frequencies
c. By stroboscopic method
The frequency of the rotor current is given by:

𝒇𝑹 = 𝒔𝒇𝑺

Where:
fR = frequency of rotor current
fS = frequency of supply voltage
1. A 4-pole, 3-phase induction motor operates from a
supply whose frequency is 50 Hz. Calculate: (a) the
speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is
rotating (b) the speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04
(c) the frequency of the rotor currents when the slip is
0.03 (d) the frequency of the rotor currents at
standstill.
Solution. (i) Stator field revolves at synchronous speed,
given by Ns= 120 f/P = 120 × 50/4 = 1500 r.p.m.
(ii) rotor (or motor) speed, N = Ns(1 − s) = 1500(1 − 0.04)
= 1440 r.p.m.
(iii) frequency of rotor current, f′ = sf = 0.03 × 50
= 1.5 r.p.s = 90 r.p.m
(iv) Since at standstill, s = 1, f′ = sf = 1 × f = f = 50Hz
1. Single Phase Induction Motors – these are induction motors which are
designed to operate from a single-phase supply. Unlike polyphase
induction motors, the stator field in the single-phase motor does
not rotate. Instead it simply alternates polarity between poles as the ac
voltage changes polarity.

2. Classification of Single-Phase Induction Motors

a. Split-phase Motor
b. Capacitor Motor
 Capacitor-Start Motor
 Capacitor Start-and-Run Motor
c. Shaded-pole Motor

3. Principle of Operation:
The single-phase induction motor works on the principle of
double-field revolving theory. According to this theory, an alternating
sinusoidal flux can be represented by two revolving fluxes, each equal to
half the value of the alternating flux and each rotating synchronously
in opposite directions.

Split-phase Motor. It is a single-phase
induction motor having an auxiliary
winding connected in parallel with the
main winding, but displaced in magnetic
position from the main winding so as to
produce the required starting magnetic
field for starting; the auxiliary circuit is
generally opened when the motor has
reached its full-load speed. Split-phase
motors are sometimes referred to as Split-phase Induction Motor
resistance-start split-phase induction
motors.
Construction:
The main parts are:
a.. Rotor
b. Stator – it houses the starting (or auxiliary winding) and main (or running
winding).
c. Centrifugal switch – it disconnects the starting winding after the rotor has
reached 70 to 80% of its full load speed.
d. End plates or brackets – these are fastened to the stator by means of screws
and bolts
Applications:
Typical applications of split phase motors are:
 Fans and blowers
 Centrifugal pumps
 Small machine tools
 Duplicating machine and domestic refrigerators
 Oil blowers

Reversing of split-phase motor

The direction of rotation of a split phase motor may be changed by
interchanging terminals leads connection of either the starting or running
winding.

Speed Control of Split-phase Motors

The speed of spit-phase motors can be changed by:
 Using additional running winding
 Using two running windings and two starting windings
 Using consequent pole windings
Capacitor Motor – it is a single-phase
induction motor having a main winding
connected directly to the ac supply and
an auxiliary winding connected in
series with a capacitor to the ac
source.

Capacitor-start Motor – it is a capacitor

motor in which the capacitor is in the Capacitor-start Motor
circuit only during the starting period; the
capacitor and its auxiliary winding are
disconnected automatically by a
centrifugal switch when the motor
reaches full-load speed
Construction
 Squirrel cage rotor
 Slotted stator having running winding and starting windings
 Centrifugal switch
 End plates or brackets
 Capacitor, which is usually electrolytic type

Applications:
It is used widely as:
 Refrigerators
 Compressors
 Oil blowers
 Washing machines
 Capacitor Start-and-Run Motor – it
is a capacitor motor in which the
starting capacitor and auxiliary
winding are connected permanently
in the motor. It is also known as
permanent-split capacitor motor.

 Advantages of having the capacitor Capacitor Start-and-Run Motor

connected permanently:
 Improvement of over-load
capacity of the motor Applications
 Higher power factor of the motor  Fans and blowers
 Higher efficient of the motor  Centrifugal pumps
 Quieter running of the motor
induction motor
 Shaded Pole Motor – It is a single-
phase induction motor in which the
phase-splitting is produced by
induction. It uses a shading coil which
is partly placed around its laminated
poles. The shading coil is used to
produce the required rotating field for
starting purposes.

Applications
 Characteristics of the Shaded Pole
 Small fans
Motor
 Toys
 It has low starting torque  Hair dryers
 It has Very little overload capacity  Ventilators
 It has Low efficiency  Circulators
 The motor has an Irreversible  Electronic clocks
direction of rotation  Churns
 Phonograph turntable
 Advertising display