SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS SINGLE PHASE MOTORS USES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS Electric motors are used to turn the prime movers of air, water, and refrigerant. The prime movers are the fans, pumps, and compressors. Several types of motors, each with its particular use, are available. For example, some applications need motors that will start under heavy loads and still develop their rated work horsepower under a continuous running condition. Some motors run for years in dirty operating conditions. These are a few of the typical applications of motors in this industry. The technician must understand which motor is suitable for each job so that effective troubleshooting can be accomplished and, if necessary, the motor replaced by the proper type. Although many types of electric motors are used, most motors operate on similar principles. «RTS OF AN ELECTRIC MOTOR, Electric motors have a s/ator with windings, a rotor, bearings, end bells, housing, and some means to hold these parts in the proper position. The stator is a winding that, when energized, will generate a magnetic fieldH— because there will be current flowing through it. The rotor is the rotating portion of the motor and is made of iron or copper bars bound on the ends with aluminum. The rotor is not wired to the power source like the stator is. THE BASIC ELECTRIC MOTORSINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS In an electric motor, electric energy is char ged to mechanical energy by n m: a motor uses magnets to create motion. The method by v hich magnetism causes motors to rotate uses the principle that opposites attract and likes repel. Inside an electric motor, these attracting and repelling forces create rotational motion In the above diagram, are two magnets in the motor: The armature (or rotor) is ar electromagnet, while the field magnet is a permanent magnet used as a stator. Movement will be obtained by the repulsion and attraction of the poles of a m et. The rotor would turn until the unlike poles are attracted to each other. To make an electric motor move continuously, there must be a rotating magr field, which is produced by the reversal of the poles, or the polarity, in the rotor or stator. An alternating current of 60 hertz changes direction 120 times per second. Therefore the current would change the polarity of the stator poles on each reversal of current, If the has a permanent polarity, then the changes of polarity in the stator would cause the rotor to move. Therefore if alternating current changes direction, causing a polarity change, 120 times a second, then the motor will turn in fontinuous motion because the poles of the stator will be continuously repelling and attracting the permanent poles of the rotor. SLIP AND SLIP SPE ‘The slip in an induction motor is the difference between the main flux speed and their rotor speed. The symbol S represents the slip. It is expressed by the percentage of synchronous speed. Mathematically, it is written as ‘Ns is the synchronous speed in revolution per minute N is the actual rotor speed in revolution per minute. The value of slip at full load varies from 6% in case of small motor and 2% in the large motor. ‘The induction motor never runs at synchronous speed. The speed of the rotor is always less than that of the speed. If the speed of the rotor is equal to the synchronous speed, no relative motion occurs the stationary rotor conductors and the main field. The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual speed of the rotor is known asthe slip Is, the slip speed shows the relative speed of the rotor concerning the speed of the field, qf SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS speed of the rotor is slightly less than the synchronous speed. Thus, the slip speed expresses the speed of the rotor relative to the field. The relationship between the supply frequency, f, the number of poles, p, and the synchronous speed (speed of rotating field), Ns is given by _ fx 120 Pp TORQUE ~ SPEED CHARACTERISTICS For small values of slip s, the torque is directly proportional to s. For large values of slip s, the torque is inversely proportional to s. (@P ES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS Different motors are needed for different tasks because all motors do not have the same running and starting characteristics. For example, compressors require a motor with a high starting torque and a good running efficiency. The starting methods or strength are generally used to classify motors into types. Motors are selected mainly because of the starting torque (power) that is required for the motor to perform its function. THE CENTRIFUGAL SWITCH Al split-phase motors have a start and run winding. The start windings must be disconnected from the circuit within a very short period of time, or they will overheat. Several methods are used to disconnect the start windings. With open motors, the centrifugal switch is the most common; however, electronic start switches are | sometimes used. The centrifugal switch is used to disconnect the start winding from the circuit when the motor ches approximately 75% of the rated speed. When a motor is started in the air, the are from the centrifugal ek will not harm the atmosphere. The centrifugal switch is a mechanical device attached to the end of the shaft with weights that will sling outward when the motor reaches approximately 75% speed. For example, if the motor has a rated speed of 1725 rpm, at 1294 rpm (1725 _ 0.75) the centrifugal weights will change and open a switch to remove the start winding from the circuit, This switch is under a fairly large current load, so a spark will occur. Le the switch ilé to open its contacts and remove the start winking, Sie ameaaainaay aSINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS ies, the first thing that will likely fail will be the centrifugal switch. This switch makes an audible sound When the motor starts and stops. ‘THE ELECTRONIC RELAY The electronic relay is used with some motors to open the start windings after the motor has started, This is a solid-state device designed to open the start winding circuit when the design speed has been obtained, Other devices are also used to perform this function; they are described with hermetic motors. CAPACITORS Two types pf capacitors are primarily used, the electrolytic (starting) capacitor and the oil-filled (running) capacitor. ing capacitors consist of two aluminium electrodes with a chemically treated paper, impregnated with nonconductive electrolyte, between them. They range from 75-600 microfarads and 110-330 volts. It is used to assist a single-phase motor in starting. A starting capacitor is built in a relatively small case with a dielectric - a nonconductor of electric current. It is used only a short period of time on each cycle of the motor. Therefore, a starting capacitor has no need to dissipate heat, although its capacity is larger than its counterpart the running capacitor. | Running capacitors consist of two aluminium electrodes with paper between them and an oil-filled capacitor case, They range from 2-60 microfarads and 230-550 volts. They can be used for small or moderate torque starting, but are more commonly used to increase a motor’s running efficiency. They are designed to stay in the ‘motor circuit for the entire cycle of operation, therefore they must have some means of dissipating the heat.SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS circuit by use of a centrifugal switch, After that occurs the motor operates at full speed on the main or running winding alone. They have a medium amount of starting torque and a good operating efficiency. Starting winding CAPACITOR-START MOTORS, capacitor-start motor is the same basic motor as the split-phase motor. It has two distinctly different windings for starting and running. However, a start capacitor is wired in series with the centrifugal switch and the start windings to give the motor more starting torque. In an inductive circuit the current lags the voltage. In a capacitive circuit the current /eads the voltage. The amount by which the current leads or lags the voltage is ‘the phase angle. A capacitor is chosen to make the phase angle such that it is most efficient for starting the motor. This capacitor is not designed to be used while the motor is running, and it must be switched out of the circuit soon after the motor has reached 75% of its full speed. This is done at the same time the windings are taken out of the circuit, and with the same switch. Once the start winding and the start capacitor have beenSINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS CAPACITOR. TART, CAPACITOR-RUN MOTORS Capacitor-start, capacitor-run motors are much the same as the split-phase motors. A run capacitor is wired into the circuit to provide the most efficient phase angle between the current and voltage when the motor is running. The run capacitor is in the circuit at any time the motor is running. Both the run and start capacitors are wired in series with the start winding but are in parallel to one another, The microfarad rating of the run capacitor is much lower than that of the start capacitor for any given motor application. The capacitances of two capacitors in parallel add their values the same as resistors do in series. If the run capacitor has a capacitance of 10 microfarads and the start capacitor has a pacitance of 110 microfarads, their total capacitance would add to be 120 microfarads. During start-up, this added capacitance in ies with the start winding causes a greater phase angle between the run and start winding, which gives the motor more starting torque. When the start switch opens, the start capacitor is taken out of the circuit. However, the run capacitor and start winding stay in the circuit. The run capacitor stays in series with the start winding for extra running torque. The capacitor, being in series with the start winding during the running mode, also limits the current through the start winding so the winding will not get hot. This motor is actually a permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor when running. The start capacitor is used for nothing but added starting torque. These motors are specially designed to have the start winding energized whenever the motor is energized, so be sure to use and wire the motor according to the manufacturer's recommendations and guidelines. If a run capacitor fails because of an open circuit within the capacitor, the motor may start, but the running amperage will be about 10% too high, and the motor will get hot if operated at full load. The capacitor- , capacitor-run motor is one of the most efficient motors used in refrigeration and air-conditioning juipment. It is normally used with belt-drive fans and compressors. Belt-driven motor and blower assemblies offer a great deal of resistance to the motor when it initially starts. This is due to the fact that the motor must turn the pulley, which is connected to a belt, which is then connected to a pulley and blower assembly. The added starting torque is needed to help overcome this resistance. Once the motor starts, however, keeping the motor tuning does not require the same amount of torque. IPage a Se 6SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS Centrifugal Switch \ Start Capacitor ve |} + Run Capacitor ae Input Main Power Winding > Start Winding NT SPLIT-CAPACITOR MOTORS, The PSC motor has windings very similar to the split-phase motor, but it does not have a start capacitor. Instead it uses one run capacitor wired into the circuit in a way similar to the run capacitor in the capacitor-start, capacitor-run motor. The run capacitor is connected in series with the start winding. The PSC motor does not utilize a start switch as both the start and run windings, along with the run capacitor, are in the active electric circuit whenever the motor is energized. This is the simplest split phase motor. It is very efficient and has no moving parts for the starting of the motor; however, the starting torque is very low so the motor can be used only in Jow-starting torque applications. A multispeed motor can be identified by the many wires at the motor i connections, As the resistance of the motor winding decreases, the speed of the motor increases. more resistance is wired into the circuit, the motor speed decreases. Most manufacturers use this motor in | section in air conditioning and heating systems. Motor speed can be changed by switching the wires. /s used a capacitor-start, capacitor-run motor and a belt drive, and air volumes were adjusted by ieee Many PSC motors are manufactured in 2-, 4-, 6, and 8-pole designs. The ‘of these motors depends on the frequency of the AC source and the number of poles wired in theSINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS has a very soft startup. When a split-phase motor is used for a belt-drive application, the motor, belt, and fan must get up to speed very quickly, which often creates a start-up noise. The PSC motor starts up very slowly, is very desirable if the fan is close to the return air inlet to the duct system. gradually getting up to speed. This When it is used in compressor applications, the refrigerant pressure should equalize during the off cycle to allow the motor to start with as little load as possible. Capacitor | | VT Input Main P e er Winding eo —— Start Winding SHADED-POLE MOTORS little starting torque and is not as efficient as the PSC motor, so it is used only shaded-pole motor has very : E & g coils at the comer of each pole for light duty applications. These motors have small starting windings or shadiny chat help the motor start by providing an induced current and a rotating field. When the shaded pole motor is current is induced into the shaded pole from the main windings. The shaded poles produce a magnetic main winding, and a rotating magnetic field is produced is sufficient to give the desired starting the motor approaches full speed, the effect of the pole is negligible. The rotation of the shaded pole motor is from the unshaded pole of the shaded pole. ‘an economical motor from the standpoint of initial cost. ‘The shaded-pole motor is normally manufactured the fractional horsepower range. For years it has been used in air-coo ion of the shading coil on the pole face determines the direction of rotation for a shaded-pole motor. On most shaded-pole motors, rotation can be reversed by disassembling the motor and turning the stator over. This ‘moves the shaded coil to the opposite side that the pole faces and reverses rotation. starting. a sield that is out of phase with the magnetic field of the torque. When led condensers to turn the fans. TheSINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORSy SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS HREE PHASE AC MOTORS Type of rotors Rotor is of two different types. 1. Squirrel cage rotor 2. Wound rotor Squirrel-Cage Rotor In the squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor winding consists of single copper or aluminium bars placed in the slots and short-circuited by end-rings on both sides of the rotor. Most of single phase induction motors have Squirrel- Cage rotor. One or 2 fans are attached to the shaft in the sides of rotor to cool the circuit. Wound Rotor In the wound rotor, an insulated 3-phase winding similar to the stator winding wound for the same number of poles as stator, is placed in the rotor slots. The ends of the star-connected rotor winding are brought to three slip. J] rings on the shaft so that a connection can be made to it for starting or speed control,yf _ SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS ing flux, which turns with constant speed and has constant amplitude. Such a magnetic flux produced by inced three phase currents flowing in three-phase winding: led a rotating magnetic flux or rotating netic field (RMF).RMF rotates with a constant speed (Synchronous Speed). Existence of a RFM is an essential condition for the operation of an induction motor. If stator is energized by an ac current, RMF is generated due to the applied current to the stator winding. This flux produces magnetic field and the field revolves in the air gap between stator and rotor. So, the magnetic field induces a voltage in the short-circuited bars of the rotor. This voltage drives current through the bars. The interaction of the rotating flux and the rotor Current generates a force that drives the motor and a torque is developed consequently. The torque is Proportional with the flux density and the rotor bar current (F=BLI). The motor speed is less than the Synchronous speed. The direction of the rotation of the rotor is the same as the direction of the rotation of the revolving magnetic field in the air gap. However, for these currents to be induced, the speed of the physical oo and the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator must be different, or else the magnetic field will Rot be moving relative to the rotor conductors and no currents will be induced, If by some chance this happens, the rotor typically slows slightly until a current is reinduced and then the rotor continues as before. This difference between the speed of the rotor and speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator is called slip. It is lunitless and is the ratio between the relative speed of the magnetic field as seen by the rotor the (slip speed) to the speed machine. of the rotating stator field. Due to this an induction motor is sometimes referred to as an asynchronous STARTING OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS * Direct-on -line starteroe Ne SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS Thermal Overload Relayf -§_— SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS Three Phase Supply ¥ B : Switch tines sins 0's abies v's 3a 95a ; Fuse: ! Unit(SFU)- Star-Delta StarterSINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS part winding starter motors. Howe vinding motors are similar in construction to standard squirrel cage ave two identical windings that may be connected to the power supply in sequence -urrent and reduced starting torque. These motor windings are intended to operate in paralle! Because onl: part winding. (Many ifthe windings are connected to the supply lines at start-up, the method is described voltage, 230/460-volt motors ar 30 volts.) re suitable for part winding starting at 2 nut not all, dual sut leads from each winding, the motor manufacture! + enables the windings to be connected in parallel, external © the motor, with the starter. d with squirrel cage motors having two separate and parallel stator connected or delta connected, depending on the motors. Part winding part winding starters, are designed to be use windings. In the part winding motor, these windings may be Y design. Part winding starters are not suitable for use with delta-wound, dual-voltage are used to drive centrifugal loads such as fans, They are also used for ue is necessary. blowers, or centrifugal pumps. motors other loads where a reduced starting tora used where the full voltage starting curren power company restrictions requil will produce objectionable voltage drops re a reduced starting current. Using a part urrent. Instead, incremental This type of motor is also in the distribution feeders or where winding starter to start a motor does not necessarily reduce the maximum starting ct starting is obtained. Neither one of the two windings has the thermal capacity to operate ‘seconds. Therefore, unless the motor accelerates to practically full speed on the one winding, the TOTAL drawn may approach that of line voltage starting. of starting has many applications in air-conditioning systems. This is due to the increased capacity thee enems andthe necessity of iting bot he current and Torque on Sang, alone for more than &PART WINDING MOTORSINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS 7 .ccronic soft starting method for starting an electric using solid-state power electronic devices such as “VFD” (variable drive) or “Soft Starter”. ors often require large amounts of electricity during their accelerating to the nominal speed, a equency Since Electric Mot Soft Starter can be used to limit the surge of current known as “inrush current” and torque of the electric motors, resulting in a safer, smoother and gradual start-up. Soft starters will protect your electric motor from possible damage and at the same time extend the lifespan of your electric motor and the whole system by declining the heating caused by frequent start/stops, reducing the its shaft and reducing the electrodynamic stresses on the power cables. mechanical stress on the motor, a Triac which is designed to limit the applied voltage tothe motor. The main component of a soft starter is sifier). When an intemal pulse is $a consists of two back to back Thyristors or SCRs il applied to its gate it allows current to flow which then sends i iacaaasiaaacuaennntcenctsTteserarserics O°" soft start moor to start slowly seducing torque and fash Cure controlled surrent out to our motor. This will allow ourSINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS ‘Tree phase power input (AC 380-840V) By ‘Circuit breaker(OF )SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS \ipment can replace the human labour often used in repetitive tasks. For these reasons, the circuit of a soft-starter uses a microcontroller/microprocessor. jantages of Soft Starter Soft starters are usually expensive. + A build-up of heat greatly increases the internal temperature of the panel, (Panel dust filters and exhaust fans are to be paid attention to). Soft Starter vs. Direct On Line (DOL) Starter Comparing the Curves Contactor and an overload relay for protection. When the A DOL starter usually consists of a Circuit Breaker, Pe reaches full speed the soft starter and DOL work the same. The difference is how they act while getting ‘0 full speed.SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE AC MOTORS 38 More regulated using a soft starter. With a DOL there will be le spikes in current as the motor ‘With a soft starter, the time the motor gets us to speed is slower and more controlled. While a DOL gets the ‘up to speed almost instantly.