SECONDARY SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT

PROGRAMME (SSIP) 2024

GRADE 12

SUBJECT: PHYSICAL SCIENCE

TEACHER GUIDE TERM ONE

(Page 1 of 77)

© Gauteng Department of Education

SESSION NO: 1

TOPIC: MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

NEWTON’S LAWS

Question 1
Multiple choice questions

1.1 D 
1.2 A 
1.3 A 
1.4 A 
1.5 C 
1.6 B 
1.7 D 
1.8 D 
1.9 B 
1.10 D 
1.11 B 
1.12 A 
1.13 B 
1.14 B 
1.15 C 
1.16 D 
1.17 B 
1.18 C 
1.19 C 
1.20 B 

Question 2
2.1 When a resultant / net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the force.
This acceleration is directly proportional to the force  and inversely proportional to the mass of the
object.  (2)

2.2 REMAINS THE SAME / BLY DIESELFDE  (1)


  




 FG‖
FG 
2.3 . FG⫠

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Accepted Labels
FG Weight, gravitational force
fk Friction
N Normal force
FT Tension
(4)

2.4.1 F net=ma=FT +f k + F G ‖ 
ma=F T + μ k mgcos 30 °+mgsin 30 ° { f k =μk N }
{ N=−F G ⫠ =mgcos 30° }
( 6 )( 4 )=F T −( 0 , 2 )( 6 ) ( 9 ,8 )( cos 30° )−(6)(9 , 8)(sin30 ° ) 
∴ FT =63 , 58 N (5)

2.4.2 F+ f k 3 kg + F G ‖=ma
F−( 0 , 2 ) ( 6 ) ( 9 , 8 ) cos 30 °−( 0 , 1 )( 3 )( 9 , 8 ) cos 30 °− ( 3+6 ) ( 9 , 8 ) sin 30° =0 F=56 , 83 N
(6)

2.5 DECREASES  (1)

[19]

Question 3

3.1 When a resultant / net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the force.
This acceleration is directly proportional to the forceand inversely proportional to the mass of the
object. (2)


3.2 . (3)

3.3 F net=ma

5kg
T 2+ F G +T 1=ma
250−( 5 ) ( 9 , 8 )−T 1=5 a
201−T 1=5 a
T 1=201−5 a ……..(1)

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20kg
T 1+ F G =ma
T 1−[ ( 20 ) ( 9 , 8 ) ]=20 a
T 1=196+20 a ……..(2)

(1) = (2)

201−5 a=196+ 20 a
a=0 , 2 m∙ s upwards
−2

∴ T 1 =201−( 5 ) ( 0 , 2 )
∴ T 1 =200 N (6)

3.4 Q (1)
[12]
Question 4

4.1 When a body exerts s force on a second body, the second body exerts a force of equal magnitude in
the opposite direction on the first body. (2)






4.2 .
Accepted Labels
FG Weight, gravitational force
FA Applied force
N Normal force
FT Tension
f Friction
(5)

4.3

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4.3.1 f k =μk N
f k =μk mgcosθ
f k =( 0 , 29 ) ( 1 ) ( 9 ,8 ) cos 30°
f k =2 , 46 N (3)

4.3.2 F net=ma

1kg
F A +T + f + F G ‖=ma
40−T −2 , 46−( 1 ) ( 9 ,8 ) sin 30 °=1 a
40−T −2 , 46−4 , 9=a
32 , 64−T=a ……..(1)

4kg
T + F G ‖ + f =ma
T −( 4 ) ( 9 , 8 ) sin 30°−10=4 a
T −19 , 6−10=4 a
T −29 , 6=4 a ……..(2)

(1)+(2)

32 , 64−T=a
T −29 , 6=4 a
3 , 04=5 a
−2
a=0,608 m∙ s

∴ T −29 , 6=( 4 ) ( 0 , 61 )
∴ T =32 ,04 N (6)
[16]
Question 5
5.1.1 When a body exerts s force on a second body, the second body exerts a force of equal magnitude
in the opposite direction on the first body.
(2)
5.1.2 2,5kg

F net=ma=FT + FG
F T −( 2 , 5 ) ( 9 , 8 )=(2.5)(0) 
F T =24 ,5 N (3)

5.1.3 f s=μ s N
24 ,5=0 , 2 N
N=122 , 5 N
N=−F G
N=Mg
122 ,5=M (9 , 8)
M =12 , 5 kg (5)

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5.1.4 5kg
f k =π k N
f k =( 0 , 15 ) ( 5 ) ( 9 , 8 ) +
f k =7 , 35 N

F net=ma=FT +f k
5 a=T −7 , 35……..(1)

2,5kg
F net=ma=FG + F T
+
2 , 5 a=( 2 , 5 ) ( 9 , 8 )−F T
2 , 5 a=24 ,5−F T ……..(2)

(1) + (2)

5 a=T −7 , 35
2 , 5 a=24 ,5−F T
7 , 5 a=17 ,15
−2
a=2 , 29 m∙ s (5)
5.2
G m1 m2
F G= 2 
r

( 6 , 67 ×10−11 ) (6 ,5 ×10 20)(90)

F G= 3 2
(550 ×10 )
F G=12,899 N (4)

[19]
QUESTION 6

6.1.1 When a net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction
of the net force with an acceleration that is directly proportional to the (net)
force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. 
OR

Net force is equal to a rate of change in momentum.  (2)

6.1.2

Fnormal (N) 
T1 

f (fs)  T2 

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Fg 

ACCEPT
Fnormal (N) 

 T1Y

T 1X
f (fs)  T2 
Fg  (5)
6.1.3 T2 + m2g = 0 OR T2 = mg
T 2 - (5)(9,8) = 0 = (5)(9,8) 
T2 = 49 N  = 49 N  (2)

6.1.4 (a) T1X + fs + T2 = 0

 T1cos200 + 10,47 - 49 = 0  OR use sin 700

T1 = 41 N 

(b) FN + T1Y + Fg = ma

FN + 41sin200 – (2)(9,8) = 0  OR use cos 700

FN = 5,58 N

(a) T1X + fs + T2 = 0

T1x + 10,47 - 49 = 0 

T1x = 38,53 N

T1 y
(b) = tan 200
T 1x

T1y = 14,0238 

(c) FN + T1Y = Fg

FN + 14,0238 = (2)(9,8) 

(4)

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6.1.5 fs = µsN 
10,47 = µs(5,58) 
µs = 1,88  (3)

GM
6.2.1 g= 2 
r
−11
6 ,67 X 10 M
2,7 = 1
3 ( 6
x 6 , 38 x 10 ¿ )
2 

M = 1,831 x1023 kg  (4)

9,8
6.2.2 =3 , 63 times smaller on planet X than earth
2 ,7

2 ,7
OR = 0,276 larger on earth than planet X  (1)
9,8

[21]
QUESTION 7

7.1 When a resultant/net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate
in the direction of the (net/resultant) force at an acceleration directly
proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the
object.  (2)

7.2 1 kg block

(4)
7.3 Free body-diagram and the coordinate system for each block.

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2 kg block 1 kg block

Applying Newton’s second law of motion to each object

2 kg block/2 kg-blok
⃗
F net=m a⃗ OR/OF Fnet =ma
F A + ⃗f k + ⃗
⃗ T =M a⃗
OR/OF
F A−f k −T =Ma
T =−Ma+ F A −f k

1 kg block
⃗
F net=m a⃗ OR Fnet =ma

⃗f + ⃗
k T =m ⃗
a
OR/OF
−f k +T =ma
T =ma+ f k

−Ma+ F A −f k =ma+ f k
F A=Ma +ma+2 f k
Kinetic frictional force on 1 kg block
f k 1=µ k N
f k =µk mg
F A=Ma +ma+2( µk mg¿  OR/OF F A=(M +m) a+2 ( µk mg¿ (5)
Substitution/Substitusie
F A=2(4 , 9)+(1)(4 , 9) + 2((0 , 5)(1)(9 , 8) 
F A=¿ 24, 5 N
OR/OF
F A=( 2+1 ) 4 , 9+2(0 , 5 ¿(1)(9 , 8)
F A=¿ 24, 5 N

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Option 2
For. 1 kg
⃗F net=m a⃗
T −f f =ma
T −μk N=ma
T −μk mg=ma
T −0 , 5 ×1 ×9 , 8=1× 4 , 9 
T =9 , 8 N
For 2 kg
⃗F net=m a⃗
F A + f f −T =ma
F A + μk N−T =ma
F A−μ k mg−T =ma
F A−(0 , 5× 2 ×9 , 8)−9 , 8=2× 4 ,9 
F A=24 ,5 N 
7.4 Decreases (1)
[12]

ELECTROSTATICS

Question 1
1.1. C 
1.2. A 
1.3. A 
1.4. A 
1.5. B 
1.6. C 
1.7. B 
1.8. A 
1.9. A 
1.10. D 

Question 2
2.1 The (magnitude) of the electrostatic force exerted by one charge on another is directly proportional to
the (magnitudes of the) charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
their centres.  (2)

(2)

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k Q1 Q2
2.2 F= 2
r
9 −6 −6
(9 ×1 0 )(4 ×10 )(4 ×10 )
F Q 2 onQ 1=
(3 ×10−3)2
4
F Q 2 onQ 1=1 ,6 × 10 N ¿links
9 −6 −6
(9 ×1 0 )(4 ×10 )(4 ×10 )
F Q 3 onQ 1= 
(3 ×10−3)2
4
F Q 3 onQ 1=1 ,6 × 10 N downwards
F net= √ ¿ ¿ ¿
F net= √ ¿ ¿ ¿ 
4
F net=2, 26 ×10
F Q 3 on Q 1
tanθ=( )
F Q 2 on Q 1
4
1 , 6 ×10
tanθ=( 4
)
1 , 6 ×10
∴ θ=¿ 45º
4
F net=2, 26 ×10 N 45º south of west / 225º 
(8)

Question 3

3.1 he force per unit charge at that point. (2)

kQ
3.2 E= 2
r
( 9× 1 09 ) ( 6 , 5× 1 0−12 )
E= 2
(0.003)
3 −1
E=6 , 5× 1 0 N ∙ C (3)

3.2 At point X
3 −1
EQ =6 , 5 ×1 0 N ∙ C West

kQ
E R= 2
r
( 9 ×1 0 9 )( 6 ,5 × 10−12)
E R= 2
(0.003)
3 −1
E R=6 ,5 ×1 0 N ∙C East

Enet =E Q + E R

Enet =6 ,5 ×1 03 + (−6 ,5 ×1 03 )
−1
Enet =0 N ∙ C (4)

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[9]

Question 4

3.3 To ensure that charge does not leak to the ground/insulated.  (1)

QR +Q S
3.4 Net charge ¿
2
+ 8+(−4)
Qnet =
2
Qnet =2 μC (2)

3.5
(3)
Criteria Marks
Correct direction of field lines 
Shape of the electric field 
No field line crossing each other 

3.6 (2)

3.7 OPTION 1
k Q1 Q2
F= 2
r
9 −6 −6
(9 ×1 0 )(1× 10 )(2 ×10 )
F ST =
(0 , 2)2
F ST =0 , 45 N ¿

( 9× 1 09 ) ( 2× 10−6 ) ( 1 ×10−6 )
F RT =
(0 , 1)2

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F RT =1 ,8 N ¿

F net=F ST + F RT
F net=1 , 8+(−0 , 45)
F net=1 , 35 N ¿ or towards sphere S (6)
3.8 Force experienced per unit positive charge placed at that point.
(2)

3.9 OPTION 1
F
E=
q
1 ,35
E= −6
1 ×10
6 −1
E=1 ,35 ×10 N ∙C

OPTION 2
F
E=
q
1, 8
E= −6
1 ×10
6 −1
E=1 ,8 ×10 N ∙ C

0 , 45
E= −6
1 ×10
5 −1
E=4 ,5 ×10 N ∙C
6 5
Enet =1 , 8 ×10 −4 , 5 ×10
6 −1
Enet =1 , 35× 10 N ∙ C (3)

Question 5

5.1 The net electrostatic force on a charged particle due to the presence of another charged particle is
directly proportional to the product of the chargesand inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them (their centres) 
OR
The force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the
product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 
(2)
5.2
k Q1 Q2
5.2.1 F= 2
r

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9 2
(9× 10 )Q
1 , 44 ×10−1=
(0 , 5)2
−6
Q=2×10 C (4)

5.2.2 Positive marking from QUESTION 5.2.1

Q=ne
−6 −19
2 ×10 =n(1 , 6 ×10 )
13 −¿¿
n=1 ,25 ×10 e  (3)
5.3

5.3.1 Left (west)  (1)

5.3.2 Take right as positive

Enet =E A + E B
−( 9× 109 ) ( 2 ×10−6 )
( 3 ×10 )=
4
¿¿
−6
Qf =4 , 22× 10 C

Q=ne
−6 −19
4 , 22× 10 =n1 , 6 ×10 
13 −¿¿
n=2 ,64 ×10 e 
Electrons removed

13 13
¿ 2 , 64 ×10 +1 , 25× 10
13 −¿¿
¿ 3 , 89 ×10 e  (8)
[18]

Question 6
Q
6.1 n=
e
−6
0 ,5 × 10
n= −19 
1 , 6 ×10
12 −¿¿
n=3 ,13 × 10 e (3)

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4.1 (3)

4.2 The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge (Q 1) on another point charge
(Q2) is directly proportional to the product of the (magnitudes of the) charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance (r) between them. 
(2)

k Q1 Q2
4.3 F= 2
r
( 9 ×109 ) ( 0 , 5 ×10−6 ) ( 0 , 9 ×10−6 )
F=
(0 , 2)2
F=0,101
° T X 0,101
tan7 = =
TY TX
T Y =0,823 N
T =√ T 2X +T Y2
T =√ ¿ ¿
T =0 , 83 N (5)
[13]
Question 7

kQ
4.4 E= 2
r
E X =E 2+ E−8

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( 9 ×10 9 )( 2×10−5 ) ( 9× 109 ) ( 8 ×10−6 )
EX= +
(0 ,25)2 0(0 , 15)2
E X =¿ 6 , 08 ×10 6 N ∙C−1  to the east  (6)

4.5 F E =QE
F E =(−2 ×10−9 )( 6 , 08× 106 )
−3
F E =−12 ,16 × 10 N
−3
F E =12 ,16 ×10 N  to the west  (4)

−2
4.6 2 , 44 × 10 N / Twice (1)
[11]

Question 8
8.1 The magnitude of the charges are equal/ The balls repel each other with the same/identical force or
force of equal magnitude.
(1)

8.1 The electrostatic force of attraction between two point charges is directly proportional to the
product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them. (2)

8.1.1 Tcos 20 º=W

Tcos 20 º=mg
Tcos 20 º=(0 ,1)¿
Tcos 20 º=0 , 98
T =1 , 04 N (3)

8.3.1 POSITIVE MARKING FROM 8.3.1

F electrostatic , elektrostaties=Tsin 20 º
k Q1 Q2
2
=Tsin 20 º
r
( 9 ×109 ) ( 250 × 10−9 ) ( 250 ×10−9 )
2
=1 , 04 sin 20 º
r
( 9 ×109 ) ( 250 × 10−9 ) ( 250 ×10−9 )
2
=0,356
r
r =0,0397 m (5)
[11]
Question 9
9.1 Vectors EQ1 and EQ2 in the same direction
Correct drawing of vectors EQ1 and EQ2

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The fields due to the two charges add up because they come from the same direction. Hence the
field cannot be zero (4)

kQ
9.2 E= 2
r
( 9 ×10 9) ( 2 , 5 ×10−6 )
E−2.5= 2
(0 , 3)
−1
E−2.5=250 000 N ∙C ¿
( 9× 109 ) ( 6 ×10−6 )
E5 =
(1 , 3)2
−1
E5 =31952 , 66 N ∙C ¿

E P=E 6+ E−2.5
E P=31 952 , 66+250 000

−1
E P=281 952 , 66 N ∙ C ¿ (6)
[10]

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Question 1

1.1. C 
1.2. D 
1.3. C 
1.4. D 
1.5. B 
1.6. C 
1.7. A 

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1.8. D 
1.9. C 
1.10. D 

Question 2

R
1.1.1. From graph:
V
r
From equation: (1)
E

1
1.1.2. =0 , 65
E
∴ E=1 , 54 V (2)

r 2−1
1.1.3. =
E 4−1
∴ r=0 ,51 Ω (3)
( Any set of values)

1.1.1. ε =I ( R+ r )
6=I ( 9+1 )
I =0 , 6 A (3)

2
1.1.2. P=I R
2
1 , 8=(0 , 6) R1
R1=5 Ω
R p =9−5
R p =4 Ω
1 1 1
= +
R p R1 R2
1 1 1
= +
4 R2 4 R2
R2=5 Ω (5)

1.2. W =VI Δ t
W =(240)(9 ,5)(12)(60)
6
W =1 ,64 × 10 J
6
1, 64 × 10
Cost ¿ 6
×1 , 47
3 ,6 × 10
Cost ¿ R 0 , 67 (4)
[18]
Question 3

1.2.1. Keep the temperature (of battery) constant  (1)

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1.2.2.
(3)

1.2.3. 7,2 V  (7,0 – 7,4) (1)

∆V
1.2.4. slope=
∆I
0−7 , 2
slope=
0 , 8−0
slope=−9
r =9 Ω  (3)

1.1.1. P=VI
100=20 I
I =5 A (3)

2
V
1.1.2. P=
R
2
20
P=
150
P=2 , 67 Ω (3)

1.1.3. P=VI
150=20 I 150 W
I 150W =7 ,5 A

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I tot =(5+ 7 ,5)

ε =I ( R+ r )
24=12 ,5 ( R+ r )
24=V ext +V r
24=20+ Ir
24=20+12 , 5 r
r =0 ,32 Ω (5)

1.1.4. Device Z is a voltmeter (1)

1.1.5. Device Z should be a voltmeter (or a device with very high resistance) because it has a very high
resistanceand will draw very little current. The current through X and Y will remain the same
hence the device can operate as rated.
(2)
[22]

Question 4
1.1.6. Ensure that the wires have:
The same length.
The same thickness/cross-sectional area (2)

1.1.7. Wire A (Resistor A) A 

 Accept any correct coordinates chosen from the graph

V
R= 
I
4, 4
RA=
0,4
R A =11Ω

2,2
R B=
0,4
R B=5 , 5 Ω

2
E=I R ∆ t

For the same time and current, the heating in A will be higher because its resistance
is higher than that of B.  (8)
1.2.
V
1.2.1. R=
I
V
11= 
0 ,2
V =2, 2 V
2,2
I 5 ,5=
5 ,5
I 5 ,5=0 , 4 A (3)

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1.2.2. I tot =0 , 4 +0 , 2
I tot =0 , 6 A

1 1 1
= +
R p R1 R2
1 1 1
= +
R p 11 5 , 5
R p =3 ,67 Ω

Rtot =R p+ R A
Rtot =3 ,67+ 11
Rtot =14 , 67 Ω

ε =I ( R+ r )
9=0 , 6 ( 14 , 67+r )
r =0 ,33 Ω (7)

1.2.3. Decrease 
The total resistance increases  (2)

[22]
Question 5

1.3. The potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the current in the conductor
at constant temperature. (Provided temperature and all other physical conditions are constant)
(2)

V
1.4. R= 
I
V 8= ( 0 ,5 )( 8 )
V 8=4 V

V 8=V 16
∴ V 16=4 V

V
I 16=
R
4
I 16=
16
I 16=0 , 25 A

I tot =( 0 , 5+0 , 25 )
I tot =0 , 75 A (4)

1.5. V 20 Ω=IR
V 20 Ω=(0 , 75)(20)

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V 20 Ω=15V

V tot =15+ 4
V tot =19 V

P=VI
12=19 I
I R =A 2=0 , 63 A (5)

1.6. ε =I ( R+ r )
ε =IR+ Ir
ε =19+(0 ,75+ 0 , 63)(1)
ε =20 , 38V (3)
[14]
Question 6
V
1.6.1. R=
I
V
(4+8)=
0,2
V =2, 4 V (3)

1.6.2. Positive marking from 6.1.1

V =IR
2 , 4=I 2 (2)
I 2=1 ,2 A 

I tot =I 2+ 0 ,2
I tot =1 , 4 A (4)

1 1 1
1.6.3. = +
R p R1 R2
1 1 1
= +
R p 12 2
R p =1, 72 Ω

ε =I ( R+ r )
ε =1 , 4 ( 1 ,72+ 0 ,5 )
ε =3 , 11V (5)

1.7. Removing the 2 Ω resistor increases the total resistance of the circuit. Thus the total current
decreases, decreasing the Vint.Therefore the voltmeter reading increases. V
(3)

Organic Chemistry

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Question
Multiple-choice Questions

1.1 A  (2)
1.2 B  (2)
1.3 C  (2)
1.4 B  (2)
1.5 A  (2)
1.6 B  (2)
1.7 A  (2)
1.8 D  (2)
1.9 C 
1.10 A  (2)
1.11 C  (2)
1.12 B  (2)
1.13 B  (2)
1.14 D  (2)

Question 2

1.1.
1.1.1. Alkynes  (1)
1.1.2. Hydroxyl group  (1)
1.1.3. C (1)
1.1.4. 2-methylpentan-3-one  (2)

1.1.5.  (2)

1.1.6. 2 C 4 H 10 +13 O2 ⟶ 8 CO 2+ 10 H 2 O Bal . (3)

1.2. Same molecular formula,  but different positions of the functional group.
(2)

© Gauteng Department of Education

   
   

1.3.
(7)
[19]

Question 3

1.4.
1.4.1. B (1)
1.4.2. E (1)
1.4.3. F (1)

1.5.
1.5.1. 2-bromo-3-chloro-4-methylpentane  (3)
1.5.2. Ethene  (1)

1.6.

1.6.1.  (2)

1.6.2.  (2)

1.7.
1.7.1. Compounds with the same molecular formula  but different functional groups / different
homologous series. 
Verbindings met dieselfde molekulêre formule, maar verskillende funksionele groepe /
verskillende homoloë reeks. (2)
1.7.2. B&F (1)
[14]

© Gauteng Department of Education

Question / Vraag 4

1.8.
1.8.1. Carboxyl group / Karboksielgroep  (1)
1.8.2. Ketones / Ketone  (1)
1.8.3. Addition / Addisie  (1)

1.9.
1.9.1. Ethene / Eteen  (1)
1.9.2. 4-methylhexan-3-one 
4-metielheksaan-3-oon (2)
1.9.3. 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane
4-etiel-2,2-dimetielheksaan  (2)

1.10. Carbon dioxide / Koolstofdioksied / CO2 

Water / H2O  (2)

1.11.

1.11.1.  (2)

1.11.2. OR/OF  (2)

1.12.
1.12.1. E  (1)
1.12.2. Substitution / halogenation / bromination 
Substitusie / halogenering / brominering (1)

1.12.3.  (2)
[18]

© Gauteng Department of Education

Question / Vraag 5

1.13.
1.13.1. B  (1)

1.13.2.  (1)
1.13.3. C n H 2 n−2  (1)
1.13.4. 4-ethyl-5-methylhept-2-yne 
4-etiel-5-metielhept-2-yn (3)
1.13.5. Butan-2one / Butan-2-oon  (2)

1.14.
1.14.1. Alkanes / Alkane  (1)
1.14.2. Methylpropane / Metielpropaan 

 (4)

1.15.
1.15.1. Haloalkanes / Alkyl halides 
Haloalkane / Alkielhaliede (1)
1.15.2. Substitution / halogenation / bromonation 
Substitusie / halogenering / halogenasie / bromonering (1)
[16]

Question / Vraag 6
6.1
6.1.1 Ketones / ketone  (1)
6.1.2 3,5-dichloro-4-methyloctane
3,5-dichloor-4-metieloktaan OF 3,5-dichloro-4-metieloktaan (3)
6.1.3


(2)

© Gauteng Department of Education

6.2
6.2.1 Acts as catalyst. /increases the rate of the reaction./act as dehydrating agent.
Tree as katalisator op./Verhoog die tempo van die reaksie./Tree as dehireermiddel op.
(1)
6.2.2 Water/H2O (1)

6.2.3 C : H :O
40 6 , 67 53 , 33
: :
12 1 16
3 , 33 :6 , 67 :3 ,33
1 :2:1 
Empirical formula/Empiriese formule: C H 2 O  (5)

−1
6.2.4 M ( C H 2 O ) =30 g∙ mol
unts 60
Formula− −eenhede : =2
Formule 30
Molecular formula/Molekulêre formule=C 2 H 4 O2 (3)

6.2.5

 (1)

6.2.6 Methylmethanoate
Metielmetanoaat (2)
[19]

Question / Vraag 7

7.1 Temperature  at which the vapour pressure of the substance equals atmospheric pressure. 
Temperatuur waar die dampdruk van die stof gelyk is aan atmosferiese druk.
(2)

7.2
7.2.1 Boiling point increases as the chain length / molecular mass increases.
Kookpunt neem toe soos wat die kettinglengte / molekulêre massa toeneem.
OR / OF
Boiling point increases from methane to butane.
Kookpunt neem toe van metaan na butaan. (1)

7.2.2
 Chain length increases from methane to butane.
Kettinglengte neem toe van metaan na butaan.
 Strength of Londen forces / induced dipole forces increases from methane to butane. 

© Gauteng Department of Education

Sterkte van Londonkragte / geïnduseerde dipoolkragte neem toe van metaan na butaan.
 More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in butane than in methane.
 Meer energie benodig om intermolekulêre kragte in butaan as in metaan te oorkom.
(3)

7.3 Between molecules of the alkanes are weak London forces or induced dipole forces.
Tussen molecule van alkane is swak Londonkragte of geïnduseerde dipool kragte.
Between alcohol molecules are, in addition to weak London Forces or induced dipole forces,
also strong hydrogen bonds.
Tussen alkoholmolekule is sterk waterstofbindings bykomend by tot swak Londonkragte of
geïnduseerde dipoolkragte. (2)
[8]
Question / Vraag 8

7.4 Alkanes have ONLY single bonds between C-atoms.

Alkane het SLEGS enkelbindings tussen C-atome. (1)

7.5

7.5.1 OR / OF (1)

7.5.2  (2)

7.6
7.6.1 What is the relationship between chain length / molecular size / molecular structure /
molecular mass / surface area and boiling point?
Wat is die verwantskap tussen kettinglengte / molekulêre grootte/ molekulêre struktuur /
molekulêre massa / oppervlakte en kookpunt? (2)

7.6.2
 Structure / Struktuur:
The chain length / molecular size / molecular structure / molecular mass / surface area
increases. 
Die kettinglengte / molekulêre grootte / molekulêre struktuur / molekulêre massa /
oppervlakte neem toe.
 Intermolecular forces / Intermolekulêre kragte:
Increase in strength of intermolecular forces / induced dipole / London / dispersion /
Van der Waals forces. 

© Gauteng Department of Education

Toename in sterkte van intermolekulêre kragte / geïnduseerde dipoolkragte / London-
kragte / dispersiekragte / Van der Waalskragte.
 Energy / Energie:
More energy needed to overcome / break intermolecular forces. 
Meer energie benodig om intermolekulêre kragte te oorkom / breek.

OF / OR

 Structure / Struktuur:
From propane to methane the chain length / molecular size / molecular structure /
molecular mass / surface area decreases.
Van propaan na metaan neem die kettinglengte / molekulêre grootte / molekulêre
struktuur / molekulêre massa / oppervlakte af.
 Intermolecular forces / Intermolekulêre kragte:
Decrease in strength of intermolecular forces / induced dipole forces / London forces /
dispersion forces.
Afname in sterkte van intermolekulêre kragte / geïnduseerde dipoolkragte / London-
kragte / dispersiekragte.
 Energy / Energie:
Less energy needed to overcome / break intermolecular forces.
Minder energie benodig om intermolekulêre kragte te oorkom / breek.
(3)

7.7
 Between propane molecules are London forces / dispersion forces / induced dipole forces. 
Tussen propaanmolekule is Londonkragte / dispersiekragte / geïnduseerde dipoolkragte.
 Between propan-1-ol molecules are London forces / dispersion forces / induced dipole forces
and hydrogen bonds. 
Tussen propan-1-ol molekule is Londonkragte / dispersiekragte / geïnduseerde dipoolkragte
en waterstofbindings.
 Hydrogen bonds / Forces between alcohol molecules are stronger or need more energy than
London forces / dispersion forces / induced dipole forces. 
 Waterstofbindings / Kragte tussen alkoholmolekule is sterker of benodig meer energie om
oorkom te word as Londonkragte / dispersiekragte / geïnduseerde dipoolkragte.
(3)

OR / OF

Between propane molecules are weak London forces / dispersion forces / induced
dipole forces  and between propan-1-ol molecules are strong hydrogen bonds. 
Tussen propaanmolekule is swak Londonkragte / dispersiekragte / geïnduseerde dipoolkragte
en tussen propan-1-olmolekule is sterk waterstofbindings.
[12]
Question / Vraag 9

7.8 C (1)

7.9

© Gauteng Department of Education

7.9.1 Chain length / molecular size / molecular mass / number of carbon atoms in the chain 
Kettinglengte / molekulêre grootte / molekulêre massa / aantal koolstof-atome in die ketting.
(1)
7.9.2 Boiling point 
Kookpunt (1)

7.10 London forces / induced dipole forces / dispersion forces 

Londonkragte / geïnduseerde dipool kragte / dispersie kragte (1)

7.11 Higher than / Hoër as  (1)

7.12 Lower than/Laer as 

 Both compounds D and E have hydrogen bonding between molecules.
Beide verbindings D en E het waterstofbinding tussen molekule.
 Compound D has one site for hydrogen bonding whilst compound E has two sites for
hydrogen bonding / forms dimers.
Verbinding D het een punt vir waterstofbinding terwyl verbinding E twee punte het vir
waterstofbinding./vorm dimere
 More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in compound E / less energy needed
to overcome intermolecular forces in compound D. 
Meer energie nodig om die intermolekulêre kragte te oorkom in verbinding E / minder energie
nodig om die intermolekulêre kragte in verbinding D te oorkom.
(4)
[9]
Question / Vraag 10

7.13 A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determine(s) the physical and chemical properties
of a group of organic compounds.
‘n Binding of ‘n atom of groep atome wat die fisiese en chemise eienskappe van ‘n groep
organese verbindings bepaal. (2)

7.14
7.14.1 D / ethanoic acid / etanoësuur 
Lowest vapour pressure / Laagste dampdruk  (2)
7.14.2 A / butane / butaan  (1)

7.15
 Between molecules of A / butane / alkanes are London / induced dipole forces / dispersion
forces.
Tussen molecule van A / butaan / alkane is London kragte / geïnduseerde dipole kragte /
dispersie kragte.
 Between molecules of B / propan-2-one / ketones are dipole-dipole forces in addition to
London / induced dipole/ dispersion forces.
Tussen molecule van B / propan-2-oon / ketone is dipool-dipool-kragte tesame met London /
geïnduseerde dipole / dispersiekragte.

© Gauteng Department of Education

 Intermolecular forces in B are stronger than those in A, more energy is needed in B to break /
overcome intermolecular forces. 
Intermolelekulêre kragte in B is sterker as die in A, meer energie word by B benodig om
intermolekulêre kragte te breek / oorkom. (3)

7.16 London / induced dipole forces / dispersion forces / dipole-dipole forces

London kragte / geïnduseerde dipole kragte / dispersie kragte / dipool-dipool-kragte
(1)

7.17
 Compound D has more sites for hydrogen bonding than compound C.
 Verbinding D het meer punte vir waterstofbinding asl verbinding C.
 More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in compound C / less energy needed
to overcome intermolecular forces in compound D. 
 Meer energie nodig om die intermolekulêre kragte te oorkom in verbinding C / minder
energie nodig om die intermolekulêre kragte in verbinding D te oorkom.
(2)

7.18
C 4 H 10 O2 CO 2 H2 O
3
Initial V (cm )
8 60 0 0
Begin V (cm3)
Change in V (cm3)
8 52 32 40
Verandering V (cm3)
Final V (cm3)
0 8 32 40
Finale V (cm3)

3
Total /Totale volume=8+32+ 40=82 cm  (5)

[16]

Question / Vraag 11

7.19 Temperature at which the vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure.

Temperatuur waar die damp druk gelyk is aan atmosferiese druk. (2)

7.20 The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point.
Hoe sterker die intermolekulêre kragte, hoe hoër die kookpunt.
(1)

7.21
7.21.1

© Gauteng Department of Education

 In A/propane/alkanes: London forces/dispersion forces/induced dipole forces. 
In A/propaan/alkane: Lodonkragte/dispersiekragte /geïnduseerde dipoolkragte
 In B/propan-2-one/ketones: dipole-dipole forces in additions to London
forces/dispersion forces/induced dipole forces Lodonkragte/dispersiekragt
/geïnduseerde dipoolkragte
In B/propan-2-oon/ketone: dipool-dipool kragte tesame met
 Intermolecular forces in A are weaker  than in B./Intermolecular forces in B are
stronger than in A./Lodon forces are weaker than dipole-dipole forces.
Intermolekulêre kragte in A swakker as in B./Intermolekulêre kragte in B sterker as in
A./Londonkragte is swakker as dipool-dipoolkragte.
(3)

7.21.2
 Both C and D: hydrogen bonding 
Beide C en D: waterstofbinding
 D has two/more sites for hydrogen bonding/ D forms dimers/ D is more polar./C has
one/less sites for hydrogen bonding.
D het twee/meer plekke vir waterstofbindings./D votm dimere./D is meer polêr./C
het een/minder plekke vir waterstofbinding.
 D has stronger intermolecular forces than C./C has weaker intermolecular forces than
D. 
D het sterker intermolekulêre kragte as C./C het swakker intermolekulêre kragte as D.
(3)

7.22 Liquid/Vloeistof  (1)

[10]

© Gauteng Department of Education

Question / Vraag 12

7.23 Alkenes / Alkene  (1)

7.24
7.24.1 Addition / Hydrohalogenation / Hydrochlorination 
Addisie / Hidrohalogenering / Hidrochloronering (1)

7.24.2 
Propan-2-ol  (3)

7.24.3 Elimintion / Dehydration

Eliminasie / Dehidrasie (1)

7.24.4 Catalyst / Katalisator  (1)

7.25
7.25.1 Sodium hydroxide / Potassium hydroxide 
Natriumhidroksied / Kaliumhidroksied (1)

7.25.2 Dissolve base in ethanol / Concentrated (strong) base

Heat strongly 
Los basis op in etanol / Gekonsentreerde (sterk) base
Verhit sterk (2)

   

7.25.3
(5)
[15]
Question / Vraag 13

7.26
7.26.1 Substitution / chlorination / halogenation 
Substitusie / choronering / halgenering / halogenasie (1)

7.26.2 Substitution / hydrolysis 

Substitusie / hidrolise (1)

7.27

© Gauteng Department of Education

7.27.1 Hydrogenation / Hidrogenasie / Hidrogenering  (1)

  

7.27.2 (3)

7.28  (2)

7.29
7.29.1 Esterfication / Condensation 
Verestering / Esterfikasie / Kondensasie (1)

7.29.2 Consentrated H2SO4 / Concentrated sulphuric acid 

Gekonsentreerde H2SO4 / Gekonsentreerde swawelsuur / swaelsuur
(1)

7.29.3  (2)

7.29.4 Propyl ethanoate / Propieletanoaat  (2)

7.30 Sulphuric acid / H2SO4 / Phosphoric acid / H2PO4 

Swawelsuur / Swaerlsuur / H2SO4 / Fosforsuur / H2PO4 (1)
[15]

Question / Vraag 14

7.31 Unsaturated  - Contains a double bond / multiple bond between c-atoms 

Onversadig – Bevat ‘n dubbelbinding / meervoudige binding tussen C-atome
(2)

7.32

7.32.1  (2)

7.32.2 Addition / hydration 

Addisie / hidrasie (1)

© Gauteng Department of Education

7.33
7.33.1 2-chlorobutane / 2-chlorobutaan  (2)

7.33.2  (2)

7.34
7.34.1 H2O OR dilute NaOH / KOH 
H2O OF verdunde NaOH / KOH
Mild heat / Matige hitte  (2)

7.34.2 Substitution / Hydrolysis 

Substitusie / Hydrolise (1)

7.34.3 C 4 H 9 C l+ NaOH → C 4 H 10 O+ NaC l bal. 

OR / OF
C 4 H 9 C l+ H 2 O →C 4 H 10 O+ HC l bal.  (3)
[15]
Question / Vraag 15

7.35
7.35.1 Esterfication / Condensation 
Esterfikasie / Verestering / Kondensasie (1)

7.35.2  (1)

7.35.3 Propanoic acid / Propanoësuur  (1)

7.35.4 Dehydration / Elimination 

Dehidrasie / Dehidratering / Eliminasie (1)

7.35.5 Consentrated sulphuric acid / H2SO4 / Phosphoric acid / H2PO4 

Gekonsentreerde swawelsuur / Swaerlsuur / H2SO4 / Fosforsuur / H2PO4
(1)

7.35.6  (2)

© Gauteng Department of Education

7.36

7.36.1  (2)

7.36.2 Addition / Addisie  (1)

[10]

Question / Vraag 16

7.37
7.37.1 Addition / Addisie  (1)
7.37.2 Polyethene/Polythene/Polyethelene 
Polieteen/Politeen/Polietileen (1)

7.38
7.38.1 Chloroethane
Chloroetaan/chloretaan (2)
7.38.2 Hydrohalogenation/hydrochlorination 
Hidrohalogenering/hidrochloronereing (1)

7.39
7.39.1

 (2)

7.39.2 HC /hydrogen chloride/waterstofchloried  (1)

7.40
7.40.1 Saturated/Versadig
There are no double/multiple bonds between C-atoms./Carbon atoms are bonded to the
maximum number of H-atoms.
Daar is geen dubbel- of meervoudige bindings tussen C-atome./Koolstof-atome gebind aan
maksimum aantal H-atome. .
(2)

7.40.2 H 2/hydrogen (gas)/waterstog (gas)  (1)

7.40.3 2 C2 H 6 +7 O2 → 4 CO 2 +6 H 2 O  (3)

[14]

© Gauteng Department of Education

MOMENTUM
Question 1
Multiple choice questions

1.1. D 
1.2. C 
1.3. B 
1.4. D  [4  2 = 8]

Question 2

1.5. The total linear momentum in a closed system  remains constant / is conserved.
(2)

1.6. Σ p i=Σ p f 
( m1 +m2 ) v i=m1 v 1 f + m2 v 2 f
( 2 m+ 4 m ) ( 0 )= ( 2m ) ( 2 ) +(4 m)(v 2 f )
−4 m=4 m v 2 f
−1
∴ v f =−1 m∙ s
−1
∴ v f =1 m∙ s ; in the opposite direction to that of the boys 
(5)

1.7. GREATER THAN . (1)

[8]

Question 3
3.1 p=mv
p= (50 )( 5 )
−1
p=250 kg ∙ m∙ s , (downwards) (3)

3,2The product of the net force and thee time interval (during which the force acts) .
(2)

3.2 ∆ p=F net ∆t

0−250=F net (0 , 2)
F net=−1250 N
F net=1 250 N (3)

4,1GREATER THAN  (1)

4,2For the same momentum change , the stopping time (contact time) will be smaller (less) . ∴ the
(upward) force exerted (on her) is greater .
(3)

© Gauteng Department of Education

Question 4

1.1. Σ p i=Σ p f  +
( m1 +m2 ) v i=m1 v 1 f + m2 v 2 f
( 3+0 , 02 ) (0)=(3)(−1 , 4)+(0 , 02)v 2 f
−1
v 2 f =210 m ∙ s (4)

2 2
1.2. v f =v i +2 a ∆ x
( 0 )=2102 + ( 2 ) ( a ) ( 0 , 4 )
−2
a=−55 125 m∙ s

F net=ma
F net=(0 , 02)(−55 125)
F net=−1102 , 5 N
∴ Fnet =1 102 ,5 N (5)

1.3. THE SAME . (1)

[10]

Question 5

1.4. The total linear momentum in a closed system remains constant/is conserved.
(2)

1.5.
1.5.1. pi = p f
m1 v i 1+ m2 v i 2=m1 v f 1+ m2 v f 2
(m1 +m2)v i=m1 v f 1+ m2 v f 2
0=( 0 , 4 ) v f 1 + ( 0 , 6 )( 4 )
−1
v f 1=−6 m∙ s
−1
¿ 6 m ∙ s ¿ the ¿  (4)

1.5.2. ∆ p=Fnet ∆ t
( 0 , 6 ) ( 4−0 )=F net ( 0 , 3 )
F net=8 N (4)

1.6. NO  (1)
[11]
MEMORANDUM : Extra activities

1.1 B Fnet = m a but m is constant.  F = k a and F  a

1.2 D Initial total momentum was zero as trolleys were stationary.

1.3 D Fnet = m a = m ∆v = ∆(mv) = ∆p

© Gauteng Department of Education

∆t ∆t ∆t
1.4 B K = ½mv2 = 1mvv = v  2K = (2)v = v
p mv 2 mv 2 p 2

1.5 B Fnet = m a = m ∆v
∆t
The air bag takes time to deflate. A longer time ( ∆t under the line ) results in a smaller force.

1.6 C Fnet = ∆p Fnet ∆t = ∆p Impulse = Fnet ∆t

∆t
1.7 C Rate of change of momentum = ∆p = Fnet ( Which is the same for both objects )
∆t
1.8 B ∑p i = ∑p f 
(m 1 + m 2 ) v i = m 1 v 1f + m 2 v 2f
Mv = m0 + (M–m)vf
vf = Mv
M–m

1.9 C ∑p i = ∑p f 
(m 1 + m 2 ) v i = m 1 v 1f + m 2 v 2f
( 3 m + m ) v = 3 m v 1f + m 3 v
3 m v 1f = 4mv − 3mv = mv
v 1f = mv = ⅓v
3m pf −pi
1.10 A ∆p = p f − p i
∆p
v
1.11 A Impulse on wall due to ball = m ( v f − v i ) = m ( −½v − v )

= −1½ m v −½ v
Impulse exerted on ball due to wall = 1½ m v

1.12 B p = mv Constant p means constant velocity v which means no

acceleration.

∆P ∆P
1.13 D F = So as F changes, ∆p / ∆t changes exactly the same way.
∆t ∆t

Gradient = 45⁰
2v
1.14 D ∆ p = m ( v f − v i ) = m ( −v − 2 v ) = − 3 m v

= 3 m v east
−v

MEMORANDUM FOR MOMENTUM STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

2.1.1 The total linear momentum in a closed system  remains constant. 

2.1.2 ∑p i = ∑p f 
(m 1 + m 2 ) v i = m 1 v 1f + m 2 v 2f 

© Gauteng Department of Education

(2 m + 4 m)(0) = 2 m (2) + 4 m (v 2f ) 
− 4 m = 4 m vf

Vf = − 1 m•s−1
= 1 m•s−1  in the opposite direction to that of the boys. 

2.1.3 Equal to.

First boy jumps off : ∑p i = ∑p f  Second boy jumps off : ∑p i = ∑p f 

(m 1 + m 2 ) v i = m 1 v 1f + m 2 v 2f (m 1 + m 2 ) v i = m 1 v 1f + m 2 v 2f
( m + 5 m)(0) = 1 m (2) + 5 m (v 2f ) ( m + 4 m)(−0,4) = 1 m (2) + 4 m (v 2f )
− 2 m = 5 m vf − 2 m = 2 m + 4 m vf
−1
v f = − 0,4 m•s V f = − 1 m•s
−1

QUESTION 3

3.1 Momentum is the product of an object’s mass and its velocity.

3.2 ∆p = 0. Fnet = ∆p = 0
∆t
3.3 F net ∆t = ∆p 
 = pf − pi
= −120 – 50 
= −170
F net ∆t = 170 N∙s Ignore the minus sign for magnitude.

3.4 ∑p i = ∑p f

−120 + 70  = 50 + p B f 
∴ p B f = −100
-1
∴ p B f = 100 kg•m•s  west 

QUESTION 4

4.1 Product of the net force acting on an object and the time the net force acts on the
object.

4.2 Change in momentum of the girl = ∆p = impulse

= area under graph A P ( ∆p = F ∆t )
=½bh
= ½ ( 0,35 )( 800 ) P
= 140 kg∙m∙s−1 (or N∙s) ; (up) P
Change in momentum of the boy = ∆p = impulse
= area under graph B
=½ b h
= ½ (0,4 – 0,2)(1 400 ) P

© Gauteng Department of Education

= 140 kg∙m∙s−1 (or N∙s) ; (up) P

4.3 girl ∆p = m ∆v

Both have the same ∆p. Girl has less mass m so must have greater change in
speed, ∆v.

QUESTION 5

5.1 The total linear momentum of a closed system remains constant ( is conserved ).

5.2 ∑p i = ∑p f 
m 1 v i1 + m 2 v i2 = m 1 v f1 + m 2 v f2 
( 45 )( 5 ) + ( 18 )( 5 ) = ( 45 )( −1 ) + 18 vf
-1
vf = 20 m·s west

5.3 Remains the same. Impulse = ∆p = F∆t

F remains the same (Newton III) and ∆t remains the same.

5.4 Fnet·∆t = m v f – m v i
Ftrolley (0,4) = ( 18 )( 20 ) – ( 18 )( 5 )
Ftrolley = 675 N west
5.5 By Newton’s First Law, her feet will come to rest on the ground but her upper body will
continue to move forwards due to inertia.

QUESTION 6

6.1 Impulse = F ∆t = area between the graph and the x-axis.

Imp ulse = ½b h + ½b h + ℓb 
Imp ulse = ½ (2)(10) + ½ (2)(−10) + (6)(−10) 
Impulse = − 60 N•s = 60 N•s in the opposite direction, west. 

6.2 Greater than. Area under graph has a bigger height and there is no negative area
under the time axis.

6.3 Take original direction of motion, East, as positive.

Im pulse = mv f − mvi
− 60 = 12 v f − ( 12 )( 5,5 )
6 = 12 v f
v f = 0,5 m•s−1 east

QUESTION 7

7.1 Total linear momentum of a closed system remains constant in magnitude and direction.

7.2 ∑p i = ∑p f 
m 1 v i1 + m 2 v i2 = m 1 v f1 + m 2 v f2 
( 1 100 )( 0 ) + ( 1 300 )( 20 ) = ( 1 100 )( 14 ) + 1 300 v f2

© Gauteng Department of Education

0 + 26 000 − 15 400 = 1 300 v f2 -1
vf = 10 600 = 8,15 m·s west
1 300

7.3.1 Crumpling forces are internal forces. Internal forces do not make the principle invalid.

Only external forces make the principal invalid

7.3.2 Fnet = m a = m ∆v

∆t
If t is increased, Fnet (exerted on passenger) decreases.

QUESTION 8

8.1 The total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant (is conserved).

8.2 ∑p i = ∑p f 

m 1 v i1 + m 2 v i2 = ( m 1 + m 2 ) v f 
( 1 500 )( 10 ) + ( 1 500 )( 0 ) = ( 3 000 )v f
15 000 = 3 000 v f -1
vf = 15 000 = 5 m·s
3 000

8.3 F = m ( v f − v i ) 
∆t

= ( 1 500 )( 5 − 0 ) 
0,08

= 93 750 N

Yes, it can result in a fatal injury because the force is greater than 85 000 N. 

8 .4 When the air bag inflates during the collision the contact time of the passenger
or driver with the air bag is longer than without air bagas the air bag then takes time to
deflate once the driver makes contact with the bag.

Thus the force on the passenger or driver is reduced according to the equation.

∆p
Fnet =  because ∆p is constant during the collision.
∆t

QUESTION 9

9.1 the total linear miomentum of a closed system remains constant/is conserved.

© Gauteng Department of Education

9.2 ∑ p=∑ p i f

m1v2 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2)vc

(68 x 20) + (12 x 0) = (68 + 12)vc

∴ vc= 17 m·s-1

9.3 OPTION / OPSIE 1

(Ep + Ek)i = (Ep + Ek )f
(mgh + ½mvc2)i = (mgh + ½ mvc2)f
0 + ½(80)(17)2 = (80)(9,8)h + 0
∴ h = 14,75 m

Distance up the incline, d

h
sinθ Δx

14 , 75
sin25° = Δx

∴Δx = 34,89 m

OPTION / OPSIE 2

Wnet = ΔEk

Ww = Ekf -Eki

1
2 2
mgsin25°cos180° = 2 m(vf –vi )

1
(80)(9,8)sin25° Δ xcos180° = 2 (80)(02 - 172)

Δx = 34,89 m

9.4 Decreases. Friction is a non-conservative force/ opposes motion/removes kinetic energy from
the system.

Session 4: Organic Chemistry: Extra activities

Question 1

1.1 A✓✓

1.2 D✓✓

© Gauteng Department of Education

1.3 C✓✓

1.4 D✓✓

1.5 C✓✓

Question 2

2.1 Organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only. ✓✓ (2)

2.1.1 B ✓ (1)

2.2.2 C ✓ (1)

2.2.3 E ✓ (1)

2.3 Organic molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural

formulae✓✓ (2)

2.4 2-methylprop-1-ene ✓✓ (Double bond correctly named ✓ side chain correctly named
✓) (2)

2.5 C4H8 ✓ (1)

2.6

Functional group✓rest of molecule ✓. (2)

2.7 ✓ (1)

2.8 Butanoic acid ✓ (1)

2.9 unsaturated ✓ Compounds with one or more multiple bonds between C atoms✓✓ in
their hydrocarbon chains.

ANY ONE

· It does not ONLY have single bonds.

· It does not have single bonds between all C atoms.

· It has double bonds between C atoms.

· It does not contain the maximum number of H atoms bonded to C atoms.

· Each C atom in B is not bonded to four other atoms. (2)

2.10 alkenes ✓ (1)

© Gauteng Department of Education

[18]

Question 3

3.1.1 Different functional group/homologous series✓ (1)

3.1.2 Boiling point ✓ (1)

3.2 Higher✓ Between the particles of propan-1-ol there are hydrogen bonds and between
the particles of propanal there are London forces (induced dipole forces)✓.Hydrogen
bonds are stronger than London forces✓ Hydrogen bonds require more energy to
overcome than London forces. ✓ (4)

3.3.1 A propanal ✓ (1)

3.3.2 B - propan-1-ol ✓ (1)

3.3.3 C ethanoic acid ✓ (1)

3.4 HIGHER, ✓the van der Waals forces increases with increasing molecular mass or the
longer the carbon chain/greater the surface area, the greater stronger the London
forces will become. (2)

Question 4

4.1
4.1.1 H  (1)
4.1.2 E (1)
4.1.3 B  (1)
4.2
4.2.1 3-chlorohexane  (2)

4.2.2 Carbon-carbon double bond  (1)

H
4.2.3 │
H C― H
―
│
H

(2)

4.2.4 Responsible for some fruity flavours/ fragrances (in wines, food,
cosmetics)

© Gauteng Department of Education

Play a role in insect communication  (1)
Some esters have anaesthetic properties 
Medicine preparation 
Plexiglas is a transparent plastic of long chain esters (polyesters)

4.2.5 H H H H O H
│ │ │ │ ║ │
H― C ― C ― C ― C― C― O (2)
│ │ │
H H H
H―C―H 
│
H

Question 5

5.1.1 Different functional group/homologous series✓ (1)

5.1.2 Boiling point ✓ (1)

5.2 Higher, ✓ between the particles of propan-1-ol there are hydrogen bonds and
between the particles of propanal there are London forces (induced dipole forces)
✓ .Hydrogen bonds are stronger than London forces✓ Hydrogen bonds require more energy
to overcome than London forces. ✓ (4)

5.3.1 A-propanal ✓ (1)

3.3.2 B - propan-1-ol ✓ (1)

5.3.3 C-ethanoic acid ✓ (1)

5.4 HIGHER, ✓the strength of London forces increases with increase in molecular mass✓

OR

HIGHER, ✓ the longer the carbon chain/greater the surface area, the greater stronger
the London forces will become. ✓ (2)

Question 6

6.1.1 B

6.1.2 (1)

© Gauteng Department of Education

6.1.3 CnH2n-2  (1)
6.1.4 4-ethyl-5-methylhept-2-yne / 4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-heptyne (3)
6.1.5 Butan-2-one / 2-butanone / Butanone (2)
6.2.1 Alkanes  (1)

6.2.2
2-methylpropane/ methyl propane (4)
6.2.3 Chain  (1)
6.3.1 Halo-alkanes / Alkyl halides  (1)
6.3.2 Substitution / halogenation / bromination  (1)
[16]

Question 7

7.1

7.1.1 B  (1)

7.1.2 E  (1)

7.1.3 F (1)

7.2

7.2.1 2-bromo-3-chloro-4-methylpentane (3)

7.2.2 Ethene (1)

7.3

7.3.1

(2)

7.3.2

© Gauteng Department of Education

(2)

7.4

7.4.1 (Compounds with) the same molecular formula  but different functional groups /
different homologous series. (2)

7.4.2 B & F (1)

[14]

Question 8

8.1.1 UV light, mild heat

8.1.2 2-chlorobutane

8.2

8.2.1 Elimination

8.2.2

8.3

8.3.1 Secondary Alcohol, the hydroxyl group will be attached to the second carbon.

8.3.2

8.4

8.4.1Esters

© Gauteng Department of Education

8.4.2 H2SO4 or sulphuric acid

8.4.3 Calculate the number of moles of each

7,4
Compound B ( C4H10O)=
74

= 0,1 mol

3
Ethanoic acid (C2H4O2) =
44

= 0,07mol

Reaction

C4H10O + C2H4O2 C6H2O2 + H2O

Ratio

1:1

m(C6H2O2)= Mn

= 82x0,07

= 5,74 g

actual yield
Percentage yield=
theoritical yield

2 ,5
= x100
5 ,74

=43,5%

8.5

8.5.1 Thermal cracking

Question 9

9.1.1 Ketone

9.1.2 3, 5-dichloro-4-methyloctane

9.1.3

© Gauteng Department of Education

9.2.1 Act as a catalyst

9.2.2 Water/ H2O

9.2.3 Calculation of Empirical

6 , 67
H= =6, 67
1

40
C= = 3, 33
12

53 ,33
O= = 3, 33
16

Divide by the small number

H= 2, C= 1, O= 1

Empirical formula H2CO

9.2.4 Molar mass = 60g.mol-1

Molar mass of H2CO= 30g.mol-1

60
Therefore =2
30

Multiply the empirical formula by 2

2x H2CO

Molecular formula

C2H4O2

9.2.5

9.2.6 Ethylmethanoate

Question 10

© Gauteng Department of Education

10.1.1 Cracking  (1)

10.1.2 addition (polymerisation) (1)

10.1.3

10.2.1

10.2.2 addition /hydrobromination /hydrohalogenation

10.2.3 2-methylbutan-2-ol (2)

10.2.4 Substitution (hydrolysis) (1)
10.2.5 use dilute potassium hydroxide /aqueous potassium hydroxide
NaOH/strong base OR water
(mild) heat OR hot ethanolic dilute base (2)

Question 11

11.1.1 Family of organic molecules that are identified by the same functional group and obey
the same general formula (differ by a CH2 unit) (2)
11.1.2 A molecule made up of C and H atoms only and have a double or triple bond between
the atoms in the chain (not all the bonds to the C atoms are singularly occupied)

11.2.1 (a) Alkenes

(b) Carboxylic acids

© Gauteng Department of Education

(c) Alkenes

11.2.2 (a) Chlorine (accept chloro) or halo

(b) Hydroxyl
(c) Carboxyl

11.2.3 G: Pentanoic acid (2)

H: 2 – methylpropene

11.2.4 (a)

(b) Esterification/elimination (1)

(c) To act as a dehydrating agent
To act as a catalyst

11.2.5 (a) n = mM
= 108 44
N = 2,46 mol of C3H8 (2)
(b) C3H8 : O2
1:5
n(O2) = × 5 2, 46 1
n(O2) = 12,30 mol
V = m nV
= 12,30 × 22,4
V = 275,52 dm3

(c) C3H8 : CO2

1 : 3 Carry over
n(CO2) = 2,46 × 3
= 7,38 mol of CO2
m = nM
= 7,38 × 44
m = 324,72 g of CO2

Vertical Projectile Motion in One Dimension (1D)

© Gauteng Department of Education

Question 1
Multiple choice questions

1.1. A 
1.2. D 
1.3. D 
1.4. C 
1.5. B  [5  2 = 10]

Question 2

1.6. 0,5 m  (1)

2 2
1.7. v f =v i +2 a ∆ y
2 2
v f =(−2) + ( 2 ) (−9 , 8 ) (−1, 8 ) 
−1
v f =−6 , 27 m∙ s

v f =v i +a ∆ t
−6 , 27=−2+(−9 , 8)∆ t
∆ t=0 , 44 s (5)

2 2
1.8. v f =v i +2 a ∆ y
2 2
0 =v i + ( 2 ) (−9 , 8 ) ( 0 , )
−1
v i=4 ,2 m∙ s , upwards  (4)

1.9. F net ∆ t=m ∆ v =m(v f −v i)

F net (0 , 2)=(0 ,5)¿
F net=26,175 N (4)

© Gauteng Department of Education




1.10. (3)

Criteria for graph Marks

First part of graph starts at v = 2 m·s -1 at t= 0 s and extends until v = 6,27 m·s -1 at t =

0,44 s.
Graph is discontinuous and object changes direction at 0,64 s. 
-1
Second part of graph starts at v = 4,2 m·s at t= 0,64 s and extends until v = 0 m·s . -1

[17]

uestion 3

1.1. An object moving / Motion under the influence of gravity / weight / gravitational force only  (and
there are no other forces such as friction).
(2)

1 2
1.2. ∆ y =v i ∆ t + a ∆ t
2
1 2
0=−15 ∆ t+ ( 9 ,8 ) ∆ t
2
∆ t=3 , 06 s
It takes 3,06 s  (4)

2 2
1.3. v f =v i +2 a ∆ y
For ball A
2
0=(−15) +2 ( 9 , 8 ) ∆ y
∆ y A =−11, 48 m
∆ y A =11, 48 m , upwards

© Gauteng Department of Education

When A is at highest point

1 2
∆ y B=v i ∆ t+ a ∆ t
2
1
∆ y B=0+ (9 , 8)¿
2
∆ y B=11, 47 m , downwards

Distance ¿ y A+ yB
¿ 11, 48+11 , 47
¿ 22 , 95 m  (7)

 

1.4. (4)
Criteria for graph Marks
Graph starts at correct initial velocity shown. 
Time for maximum height shown (1,53 s) . 
Time for return shown (3,06 s). 
Shape: Straight line extending beyond 3,06 s. 

[17]

Question 4

1.1. Free fall . (1)

1.2.
1 2
1.2.1. ∆ y =v i ∆ t + a ∆ t
2
1
30=v i (1 , 5)+ (9 , 8)¿
2

© Gauteng Department of Education

−1
v i=12.65 m∙ s (4)

2 2
1.2.2. v f =v i +2 a ∆ y
2
2 , 65 =0+299 ,8 ¿ ∆ y
∆ y =8 , 16 m

Height XC =XB+ BC
XC =30+8 ,16
XC =38 , 16 m (5)

1.3. .
Criteria for graph Marks
For each line correctly drawn as show 
Both axes correctly labelled. 
(3)
[13]
Question 5

1.1. v f =v i +a ∆ t
16=−16+(9 , 8)∆t 
∆ t=3 , 27 s (4)

OR
(Top)
v f =v i +a ∆ t
0=−16+(9 , 8)∆ t 
∆ t=1 , 63 s
Total time: ¿ ( 1 , 63 )( 2 )
¿ 3 , 26 s

© Gauteng Department of Education

1.2. (3)
Criteria for graph Marks
Correct shape for line extending beyond t = 1,63 s. 
Initial velocity correctly indicated as shown. 
Time to reach maximum height and time to return to the ground correctly shown. 

Marking criteria

• Both equations 
• Equation for distance / displacement covered by A .
• Equation for distance / displacement covered by B\ 
• One of the equations have time as (∆t + 1) or (∆t - 1).
• Solution for t. 
• Final answer: 11,25 m  (6)

Take yA as height of ball A from the ground.

1 2
∆ y A =v i ∆t + a ∆t
2
1
y A −0=−16 ∆ t+ (9 , 8)¿
2
2
y A =16 ∆ t−4 , 9 ∆ t

 Both
Take yB as height of ball B from the ground.

1 2
∆ y B=v i ∆ t+ a ∆ t
2
1 2
y B −30=−v i ∆ t+ a ∆ t
2
y B =30−¿
2
y B =34 , 1+0 , 8 ∆ t−4 , 9 ∆ t

© Gauteng Department of Education

y A= yB

2 2
16 ∆ t−4 , 9 ∆ t =34 , 1+0 , 8 ∆ t−4 , 9 ∆ t
15 , 2 ∆ t=34 , 1
∆ t=2 , 24 s

∆ y A =¿
∆ y A =11, 25 m
[13]

Question 6

1.3. Downwards positive

2 2
1.3.1. v f =v i +2 a ∆ y
2 2
v f =(2) +2 ( 9 ,8 )( 45 )
−1
v f =29 ,77 m ∙m (3)

1.3.2. The balls hit the water at the same instant.

Ball A
v f =v i +a ∆ t
29 , 77=2+ ( 9 , 8 ) ∆ t
∆ t=2 , 83 s

Ball B
∆ t B =2 , 83−1
¿ 1 , 83 s (3)

1.3.3.
∆ t B =1 ,83 s
1 2
∆ y =v i ∆ t + a ∆ t
2
1 2
45=v i ( 1 , 83 ) + (9 ,8)(1 , 83) 
2
−1
v i=15 ,62 m ∙ s (5)

1.4.

CRITERIA FOR MARKING

© Gauteng Department of Education

1 mark for each initial velocity shown 
Time of release of ball B (t=1 s ) 
Time of flight for both balls must be indicated as same on time axis 
Shape: lines must be parallel or nearly so 
(5)
[16]

SESSION 7-8: VERTICAL PROJECTILE : EXTRA ACTIVITIES

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.1 B
1.2 A
1.3 A
1.4 C
1.5 C

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

QUESTION 1

1.1 Using Q as reference

(EP + EK)top = (EP + EK)Q

(mgh + ½ mv2) = (mgh + ½ mv2)

(0,5)(9,8)h + 0 = 0 + ½. 0,5.(10) 2

h = 5,10m.

OR

Using ground as reference

(EP + EK )top = (EP + EK)Q

( mgh + ½ mv2) = (mgh + ½ mv2)

(0,5)(9,8)h + 0 = (0,5)(9,8)(1,5) + ½ (0,5)(10) 2

h = 6,6m

Height above Q: (6,6 – 1,5 = 5,10m)

OR

Vf2 = vi2 + 2g∆t2

(0)2 = (-10)2 + 2(9,8)∆y

0 = 100 + 19,8∆y

© Gauteng Department of Education

∆y = 5,10m

OR

∆y = vi∆t + ½ g∆t2

= (-10)(1) + ½ (9,8)(1)2

= 5,10m

1.2 In an isolated system (in the absence of frictional forces), the sum of the Gravitational
potential energy and kinetic energy remains constant.
OR

In an isolated system, the total mechanical energy is conserved.

1.3 ( EP + EK)branch = ( EP + EK)Q

(mgh + ½ mv2) = (mgh + ½ mv2)Q

(0,5)(9,8)(2) + ½ (0,5)v2 = 0 + ½ (0,5)(10)2

V = 7,75m.s-1

OR

(EP + EK)branch = (EP + EK)Q

(mgh + ½ mv2) = (mgh + ½ mv2)

(0,5)(9,8)(3,5) + ½ (0,5)v2 = (0,5)(9,8)(1,5) + ½ (0,5)(10)2

V = 7,75m.s-1

1.4 Wnet = ∆EK = ½ m[(vf)2 – (vi)2]

= ½ (0,5) [(5) 2 – (7,75)2]

= - 8,77J

1.5 Down as positive

Vf2 = vi2 + 2g∆y

(0)2 = (-5)2 + 2(9,8)∆y

0 = 25 + 19,6∆y

∆y = - 1,28 m

© Gauteng Department of Education

∆y = 1,28m.

Height above Q = 1,28 + 2,1

= 3,38m.

Height above ground = 4,85m is less than 4,9m.

OR: Isha’s height above top of branchs is 4,9 – 3,6 = 1,3m

1,3m is greater than 1,28m. Isha wont be able to catch the parkage.

QUESTION 2

2.1 Gravitational acceleration

2.2 vf = vi + g∆t

0 = vi + 9,8 (0,2)

Vi = - 1,96m.s-1

2.3 Area of graph between t=0s and t=0,2s:

Area of a triangle: ½ bh

= ½ . 0,2. 1,96

= 0,196m

2.4 vf2 = vi2 + 2g∆y

= (0)2 + 2(9,8)(30,02)

= 588,39

Vf = 24,26m.s-2

2.6 Down as positive:

Vf2 = vi2 + 2g∆y

(0)2 = (24,26)2 + 2(a)(1,5)

a = - 196,18m.s-2

2.7 Fg + Fwater = Fnet

300(9,8) + Fwater = 300(-196,18)

Fwater = 55914N

© Gauteng Department of Education

QUESTION 3

3.1.
Vf2 = vi2 + 2g∆y

= 0 + 2 x 9,8 x 3000

= 58800

vf = 242,48 m.s-1

3.2. ∆y = v∆t + ½g∆t2

∆y = 0 + ½ (9,8)(5)2
∆y = 122,5 m
3000 – 122,5 = 2877,5 m

QUESTION 4

4.1 First 3 s: Next 5 s: Last 2 s:

Take up as + ve Take up as + ve Take down as + ve

F = TSCALE – W F = TSCALE – W F = W - TSCALE

= 80 – 60 = 60 - 60 = 60 - 30
= 20 N upwards =0N = 30 N downwards

4.2.1 Fnet = ma
20 = (6)(a)
a = 3.33 m.s-2 upwards

4.2.2 Fnet = ma
30 = (6)(a)
a = 5 m.s-2 downwards

4.3 vf = vi + a∆t
= (0) + (3.33)(3)
= 10 m.s-1

4.4 vf = vi + a∆t
= (10) + (-5)(2)
= 0 m.s-1

© Gauteng Department of Education

4.5 Scale: v-axis 1cm = 2 m.s-1
t-axis 1cm = 2 s √ = use of an appropriate scale
√ = labeling both axis with correct units
v (m.s-1) 10 √ = line from 0-3s
√ = line from 3-8s
8 √ = line from 8-10s

2 4 6 8 10 t (s)

QUESTION 5

5.1 Using the graph or information from the graph, determine:

5.1.1 100 m.s-1

Δv 100
= =5 m. s−1
5.1.2 Gradient method = Δt 20

Or equations of motion:

v−u 100−0
a= = =5 m. s−1
5.1.2 t 20

5.1.3 Area method = ½ base × height = ½ (30 × 100) = ½ (3000) = 1500m

5.2 The force of friction is EQUAL to the force of Earth on rocket

Therefore the object falls with a constant velocity as there is no resultant force

acting on the rocket. (if they say Terminal velocity only )

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5.3
a (m.s-2)

20 30 40  Axes correct
0 t (s)  Values on axes
-10 Line str and negative.

QUESTION 6

6.1 downwards positive

Vf = Vi + at
20 = Vi + 9,8 x 2,4
Vi = - 3,52 m.s-1
= 3,52 m. upwards

6.1.2 Vf 2 = vi 2 + 2ay
0 = (3,52)2 + 2x9.8 xy
y = -0,63 m
= 0,63 mupward

6.1.3 Time values 2,4 s on x axisInitial velocity indicated Shape of graph

QUESTION 7

7.1 The distance between successive images of both balls increases systematically.

7.2 The bigger Styrofoam ball will experience a bigger influence of air resistance than the
smaller compact ball because of its bigger surface area.

1
7.3 T= f
1
= 20 = 0,05 s
7.4
(a) v̄ = y
t

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0,1345 m
= 0,05 s
= 2,69 m.s–1 downwards

(b) v̄ = y
t
0,1835 m
= 0,05 s
= 3,67 m.s–1 downwards

Δv
(c) a = Δt
3,67 m.s−1 − 2,69 m.s−1
= 2(0,05 s)
= 9,8 m.s–2 downwards

7.5
a (m.s-2)

9,8  labelling axis

 line drawn parallel to time axis
indicating 9,8 m.s–2

t (s)

QUESTION 8

8.1
8.1.1 0 m.s–2  (2)

8.1.2 9,8 m.s–2  (2)

8.2 Velocity increases

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1
Mass decreases, from Newton II, m  a . Therefore
acceleration increases. Since F  a, FR upwards increases

∆
8.3 = ? V f2 = Vi2 + 2a∆y
y
t = 02 = (–5)2 + 2(9,8)∆y
vi = –5 m.s–1 ∆y = –1,28 m
Vf = 0 m.s–1  ∆y = 1,28 m upwards
g = 9,8 m.s–2  Maximum height (P) is 101,25 m

∆
8.4 =
y
t = ? Vf2 = Vi2 + at
vi = –5 m.s–1 0 = –5 + 9,8t
Vf = 0 m.s–1  t = 0,51 s 
g = 9,8 m.s–2

∆
8.5 = 100 m ∆y = v∆t + ½ gt2
y
∆t = ? 100 = (–5)t + ½ (9,8)(t)2
Vi = –5 m.s–1 100 = –5t + 5t2
Vf = 0 = t2 – t – 20
g = 9,8 m.s–2 0 = (t + 4)(t – 5) [t  –4]
t = 5s

8.6

Note: down is taken as positive

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QUESTION 9

Positive downwards

9.1

Option 1 Option 2
2 2
⃗v f =⃗v i +2 ⃗g Δ ⃗y ⃗v f =⃗v i +⃗g Δt

⃗
v2
⃗
v 2f =0 2+(2)(9,8)(150) Δt =
√
2 Δy
g
f =2940
⃗v f =54 , 22m ∙ s
−1
downwards
Δt =
√
2 x 150
9,8
=5 , 53 s
vf = 0+ 9,8 x5,53
vf = 54,22 m.s-1 downwards

9.2

Option 1 Option 2
When the two objects meet their position is the 150 = |ΔyA| +|ΔyB| 150 = the
same addition of the absolute values of the
y A = yB displacements of A and B.
1 1 1 1
y Ai +v iA Δt + gΔt 2 = y Bi + viB Δt + gΔt 2 v iA Δt+ gΔt 2 v iB Δt + gΔt 2
2 2 150 = | 2 |+| 2 |
Level zero at the projecting point of A (reference 1 1
v iB Δt + gΔt 2 v iA Δt+ gΔt 2
point). 150 - 2 = 2
1 1 100 Δt=150
0+100 Δt + x 9 , 8 xΔt 2=150+0 Δt + x 9 , 8 xΔt 2
2 2 Δt =1 ,5 s
100 Δt=150
Δt =1 ,5 s

9.3

Option 1 Option 2
⃗v f =⃗v i +⃗g Δt 1
v iA Δt+ gΔt 2
100=−100+9 , 8 Δt Δy = 2
Δt =20 , 41 s 1
−100 Δt + 9 , 8 Δt 2
0= 2
2
0= −100 Δt +4 , 9 Δt
100 Δt=4 , 9 Δt 2
Δt = 20,41 s

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9.4 Positive upwards Positive downwards

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