NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 12

PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2)

SEPTEMBER 2024

1
MARKS: 150

TIME: 3 hours

This question paper consists of 15 pages and 4 data sheets.

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Physical Sciences/P2 2 NW/September 2024
NSC

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Write your name in the appropriate space on the ANSWER BOOK.

2. This question paper consists of NINE questions. Answer ALL the questions in
the ANSWER BOOK.

3. Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.

4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.

5. Leave ONE line between two subquestions, e.g. between QUESTION 2.1 and
QUESTION 2.2.

6. You may use a non-programmable calculator.

7. You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.

8. Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.

9. Round off your FINAL numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal

places.

10. Give brief motivations, discussions, etc. where required.

11. You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS.

12. Write neatly and legibly.

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Physical Sciences/P2 3 NW/September 2024
NSC

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.

Each question has only ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the
letter(A─D) next to the question numbers (1.1 to 1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK,
e.g. 1.11 E.

1.1 Which ONE of the following organic compounds represents pentan-2-one?

A CH3 O H B CH3 H
I IΙ I I I
H ─ C ─ C ─ C ─ H H ─ C ─ C ─ C O

IΙ
I I I Ι I
H CH3 H H CH3

C H H D CH3 H O
I I I I IΙ
H ─ C ─ C ─ C H ─ C ─ C ─ C ─ H
IΙ

O
I Ι I I Ι
H CH3 CH3 CH3 H (2)

1.2 The table below shows four organic compounds with the same number of
carbon atoms.
I CH3 CH2 CH3
II CH3 CH2 CH2Cℓ
III CH3 CH2 COOH
IV CH3 CH2 CH2OH

Which ONE of the following represents the boiling point of compound III?

A -42 OC

B 46,6 OC

C 97 OC

D 141,2 OC (2)

1.3 Consider the following flow diagram below representing the organic reactions:

HBr KOH
Propan-2-ol A B + KBr

The formula for the compound B is …

A CH3 CH2 CH3.

B CH3 CHBr CH3.

C CH3 CHOH CH3.

D CH3 CHOH CH2Br. (2)

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1.4 Which ONE of the following potential energy curve represents the reaction
which takes place spontaneously?

A B

Ep
Ep

Course of reaction Course of reaction

C D
Ep

Ep
Course of reaction Course of reaction

1.5 Consider the balanced chemical reaction below:

Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → ZnCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)

The graph below represents the volume of H2 gas produced over a period of
time.
Volume of H2(g) (cm3)

t1 t2 Time (s)

The increase in rate of reaction between t1 and t2 is due to the …

A increase in pressure.

B endothermic reaction.

C exothermic reaction.

D nature of the substance. (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2 5 NW/September 2024
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1.6 Consider the following equilibrium reaction that takes place in a closed
container:
4K(s) + O2(g) ⇌ 2K2O(s) ΔH < 0

The number of moles of O2 at equilibrium can be increased by:

A Adding K(s)

B Adding K2O(s)

C Decreasing the pressure

D Increasing the temperature (2)

1.7 An indicator is used during a neutralisation reaction in order to …

A measure the heat liberated.

B detect the acid and the alkali.

C speed up the rate of reaction between the acid and the alkali.

D show when exactly reacting quantities of acid and alkali are present. (2)

1.8 A 0,2 mol·dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution in water, will be a better conductor
of electricity than a 0,2 mol·dm-3 ammonia solution in water, because the
sodium hydroxide solution:

A Is a weaker base than the ammonia solution

B Contains more hydronium ions than the ammonia solution

C Is a strong base, contains less ions than the ammonia solution

D Is a strong base, contains more ions than the ammonia solution (2)

1.9 When a piece of copper is added to silver nitrate solution, silver is displaced.
Iron reacts slowly with warm dilute hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen but
silver and copper do not react. The metals in order of reactivity, with the most
reactive first, are …

A iron, silver and copper.

B iron, copper and silver.

C copper, silver and iron.

D silver, copper and iron. (2)

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1.10 The diagram below represents a simplified cell used for the electrolysis of
concentrated chromium (III) chloride CrCℓ3 (aq). The electrodes P and Q are
made up of Pt.
+ -
DC source

Pt Pt
P Q
Con. CrCℓ3 (aq)

The half reaction that takes place at electrode Q is …

A Pt → Pt2+ + 2e−

B Cr2+ + 2e− → Cr

C Cr3+ + 3e− → Cr

D 2Cℓ− → Cℓ 2(g) + 2e− (2)

[20]

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Physical Sciences/P2 7 NW/September 2024
NSC

QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.)

A to G in the table below represent seven organic compounds.

A 3-methylpent-1-yne B CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO

H H H H O H H
I I I I
C H ─ C ─ C ─ C C C O D H ─ C ─ C ─ H
I I I I I
H H H H H H H

H C2H5 H H H
I I I I I
E H ─ C ─ C ─ C─ C ─ C ─ H F 2-methyl-2-pentanol
I I I I I
H H H Br H

G CH3CH2OOCCH2CH2CH3

2.1 Define the term homologous series. (2)

2.2 Write down the GENERAL FORMULA of the homologous series to

which compound D belongs. (1)

2.3 Write down the IUPAC name of the following compounds:

2.3.1 C (2)

2.3.2 E (3)

2.4 Write down the:

2.4.1 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the compound A (3)

2.4.2 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the compound G (2)

2.5 For compound B, write down the:

2.5.1 NAME of the functional group to which it belongs (1)

2.5.2 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of its FUNCTIONAL isomer (1)

2.6 Compound F is an alcohol.

2.6.1 Is compound F a PRIMARY, SECONDARY or TERTIARY alcohol? (1)

2.6.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 2.6.1. (2)

[18]

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Physical Sciences/P2 8 NW/September 2024
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QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

Learners investigate the melting points and boiling points of the four organic
compounds as shown in the table below.

COMPOUND MELTING POINT BOILING POINT

(oC) (oC)
A Pentane -130 36
B 2-methylbutane -160 28
C Butan-1-ol -89,8 117
D Butanoic acid -7,9 164
E 2-methylpropanoic acid -47 155

3.1 Define the term melting point. (2)

3.2 The melting points of compound A and B is compared.

3.2.1 Write down the independent variable for this investigation. (1)

3.2.2 Explain the trend in the melting points? (3)

3.3 The boiling points of compound A, C and D are compared.

3.3.1 Identify the compound with induced dipole (London forces) only. (1)

3.3.2 Write down the STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the functional group for
compound D. (1)

3.3.3 Explain the difference in the boiling points by referring to the TYPE OF
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES. (4)

3.4 Which ONE of the compounds D or E has the highest VAPOUR PRESSURE? (1)

3.5 Refer to the data in the table above to explain the answer to QUESTION 3.4. (2)
[15]

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Physical Sciences/P2 9 NW/September 2024
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QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)

A saturated hydrocarbon A, undergoes CRACKING to form two organic compounds

an ALKENE B, and an ALKANE C.

COMPOUND MOLECULAR MASS

(g·mol-1)
B 42
C 58

The flow diagram below shows how compound A can be used to prepare an ester.

A, B, C and D represent organic compounds.

I, II and III represent three organic reactions.

Compound A Compound B + Compound C

I HCℓ
1-chloropropane

Minor product

dilute NaOH
II

Compound D Propylethanoate
III

4.1 Define the term cracking. (2)

4.2 Write down the:

4.2.1 IUPAC name of the compound B (2)

4.2.2 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of compound A (2)

4.2.3 The type of reaction represented by reaction I (1)

4.2.4 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the MAJOR product in reaction I (2)

4.2.5 Balanced equation for the reaction II. Use CONDENSED

STRUCTURAL FORMULAE for the organic compounds. (3)

4.2.6 Balanced equation for the reaction III. Use STRUCTURAL

FORMULAE for the organic compounds. (4)

4.2.7 Balanced chemical equation for the COMBUSTION reaction of

COMPOUND C. Use a MOLECULAR FORMULA for the organic
compound. (3)
[19]

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Physical Sciences/P2 10 NW/September 2024
NSC

QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.)

A group of learners uses the reaction between zinc and EXCESS dilute
hydrochloric acid to investigate the factors that affects the rate of a chemical reaction
at 20 oC.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:

Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → ZnCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)

They conduct the experiments. The reaction conditions used for each experiment is
summarised in the table below:

Experiment Zn Zn HCℓ Final Volume Reaction

mass state concentration temperature H2 gas time
(g) of (mol·dm-3) (oC) (cm3) (s)
division

I 0,1 Granules 0,5 25 33 140

II 0,1 Granules 0,75 25 33 120

III 0,1 Granules 0,5 30 33 110

IV 0,1 Powder 0,5 25 33 50

The result obtained in EXPERIMENT I is shown in the graph (not drawn to scale)
below.
Mass of Zn(g) used up

I
1

140 Time (s)

5.1 Define the term rate of reaction. (2)

5.2 Calculate the average rate (in mol·s-1) at which Zn(s) is used up in
EXPERIMENT I. (5)

.
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Physical Sciences/P2 11 NW/September 2024
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5.3 Write down an investigative question for EXPERIMENT II. (2)

EXPERIMENT I and EXPERIMENT III are compared.

5.4 How does the rate of reaction in EXPERIMENT III compare to that in
EXPERIMENT I?

Choose from HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)

5.5 Use COLLISION THEORY to explain the answer to QUESTION 5.4. (3)

5.6 Redraw the graph above in the ANSWER BOOK and label this curve as I.

On the same set of axes, sketch the graph for EXPERIMENT IV.

Label this graph as IV. (2)

5.7 Draw a potential energy diagram for these experiments. (2)

[17]

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Physical Sciences/P2 12 NW/September 2024
NSC

QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.)

The equation below represents an equilibrium reaction in a sealed 1 dm3 container:

NO2(g) + NO(g) ⇌ N2O(g) + O2(g) ΔH = 192 kJ·mol-1

6.1 What does the double arrow (⇌) represent? (1)

6.2 Is the reverse reaction ENDOTHERMIC or EXOTHERMIC reaction? (1)

6.3 Equilibrium was reached at a certain temperature. The concentration of each

reactant and product in the container at equilibrium was:

[NO2] = 0,06 mol·dm-3 [N2O] = 0,18 mol·dm-3

[NO] = 0,29 mol·dm-3 [O2] = 0,38 mol·dm-3

ONE of the factors affecting the equilibrium is changed and a NEW

EQUILIBRIUM is established. At the new equilibrium the NO2 concentration is
0,12 mol·dm-3.

6.3.1 State Le Chatelier’s principle. (2)

6.3.2 Calculate the Kc value at the NEW EQUILIBRIUM. (6)

6.3.3 Which factor was changed? (1)

6.3.4 Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain the answer to

QUESTION 6.3.3. (4)

The reaction rate-time graph below represents the equilibrium mixture.

Rate of reaction

Time t
Pressure is increased to the equilibrium mixture at t.

6.3.5 Redraw the graph above in your ANSWER BOOK. Use the same set
of axes, complete the graph showing the effect of pressure on the
reaction rate at t. (2)
[17]

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Physical Sciences/P2 13 NW/September 2024
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QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

7.1 Solutions of two acids, HA and HB, each has a concentration of X mol·dm -3.
The pH of HA solution is 0,8 and pH of HB is 2,8.

7.1.1 Which acid is stronger? Choose from HA or HB. (1)

7.1.2 Explain the answer to QUESTION 7.1.1. (2)

The solution, HB, ionises in one step as follows:

HB(aq) + H2O(ℓ) → B−(aq) + H3O+(aq)

7.1.3 Define the term ionisation. (2)

7.1.4 Calculate the concentration of the HB(aq). (3)

7.2 The HA solution reacts with calcium carbonate, CaCO3.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

CaCO3(aq) + 2HA(aq) → CaA2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)

50 cm3 of the HA solution is added to a 25 cm3 of a 0,08 mol·dm-3 CaCO3

solution:

7.2.1 Calculate the number of moles of the reactant which is in EXCESS?

Show ALL your calculations (9)

7.2.2 Identify the reactant in QUESTION 7.2.1 (1)

[18]

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Physical Sciences/P2 14 NW/September 2024
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QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.)

The galvanic cell is set up under standard conditions as shown below. Metal X
CORRODES as the reaction proceeds.

Salt bridge
Cu X

Cu 2+(aq) X2+(aq)
(aq)
Half cell A Half cell B

8.1 Define the term galvanic cell. (2)

8.2 State ONE function of the salt bridge. (1)

8.3 Which electrode is the CATHODE? Write only X or Cu.

Give a reason for your answer. (2)

8.4 Write down the:

8.4.1 Half reaction that takes place in half cell B to obtain a voltmeter
reading of 0,47 V. Show ALL your calculations (6)

8.4.2 Overall (net) balanced equation for the cell reaction. (3)

8.5 The voltmeter is replaced with an ammeter.

8.5.1 How does the mass lost by the anode compare to mass gained by
the cathode? Choose from GREATER THAN, LESS THAN or EQUAL
TO. (1)

8.5.2 Explain the answer to QUESTION 8.5.1. (2)

[17]

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QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.)

The diagram below represents the electrolytic cell, where the carbon rods are used
as electrodes and a concentrated copper(II)chloride (CuCl2) is used as an
electrolyte.

DC Source

+ -

S T

CuCl2 (aq)

9.1 Define the term electrolysis. (2)

9.2 In which direction will electrons flow in the external circuit?

Choose from S to T or T to S. (1)

9.3 At which electrode is chlorine gas formed? Write only S or T. (1)

9.4 Write down the half reaction that supports your answer in QUESTION 9.3. (2)

Electrode S and T are now replaced with copper electrodes.

9.5 Explain why chlorine gas is NOT formed as mentioned in QUESTION 9.3? (3)
[9]

TOTAL: 150

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Physical Sciences/P2 1 NW/September 2024
NSC

DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12

PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12

VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

NAME/NAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE

Standard pressure
Standaarddruk
p 1,013 x 105 Pa
Molar gas volume at STP
Vm 22,4 dm3∙mol-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
Standaardtemperatuur T 273 K
Charge on electron
e -1,6 x 10-19 C
Lading op elektron
Avogadro's constant
NA 6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

m N
n= n=
M NA
n m V
c= or/of c= n=
V MV Vm
c a v a na
= pH = -log[H3O+]
c b v b nb

Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at/by 298 K

Eθcell = Eθcathode − Eθanode / E θsel = Ekatode

θ
− E θanode

or/of
E θcell = Ereduction
θ
− E θoxidation / E θsel = Ereduksie
θ
− E θoksidasie

or/of
Eθcell = Eθoxidising agent − Ereducing
θ θ
agent / E sel = Eθoksideermi ddel − Ereduseermi
θ
ddel

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Physical Sciences/P2 2 NW/September 2024
NSC
TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII)
Atomic number
1 KEY/SLEUTEL 2
Atoomgetal
2,1

H He
1 29 4
3 4 Electronegativity Symbol 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cu

1,9
1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0
Li Be Elektronegatiwiteit 63,5
Simbool B C N O F Ne
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Approximate relative atomic mass
Aℓ Cℓ
0,9

1,2

1,5

1,8

2,1

2,5

3,0
Na Mg Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa Si P S Ar
23 24 27 28 31 32 35,5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
0,8

1,0

1,3

1,5

1,6

1,6

1,5

1,8

1,8

1,8

1,9

1,6

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,4

2,8
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63,5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,8

1,9

2,2

2,2

2,2

1,9

1,7

1,7

1,8

1,9

2,1

2,5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
86 88 89 91 92 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Tℓ
0,7

0,9

1,6

1,8

1,8

1,9

2,0

2,5
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Pb Bi Po At Rn
133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
87 88 89
0,7

0,9

Fr Ra Ac 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
226
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232 238

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TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
TABEL 4A: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E θ (V)
F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F− + 2,87
Co3+ + e− ⇌ Co2+ + 1,81
H2O2 + 2H+ +2e− ⇌ 2H2O +1,77
−
MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 1,51

Cℓ2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2Cℓ− + 1,36

2−
Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e− ⇌ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 1,33

O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ 2H2O + 1,23

MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 1,23
Pt2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pt + 1,20
Br2(ℓ) + 2e − ⇌ 2Br − + 1,07

Increasing strength of reducing agents/Toenemende sterkte van reduseermiddels

−
⇌
Increasing strength of oxidising agents/Toenemende sterkte van oksideermiddels

NO 3 + 4H+ + 3e− NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96

Hg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85
Ag+ + e− ⇌ Ag + 0,80
−
NO 3 + 2H+ + e− ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80
Fe3+ + e− ⇌ Fe2+ + 0,77
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68
I2 + 2e− ⇌ 2I− + 0,54
Cu+ + e− ⇌ Cu + 0,52
SO2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45
2H2O + O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− + 0,40
+Cu2+ 2e− ⇌ Cu + 0,34
2−
oksiderende vermoë

SO 4 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17

Cu2+ + e− ⇌ Cu+ + 0,16

Sn4+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn2+ + 0,15
S + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14
2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) 0,00
Fe3+ + 3e− ⇌ Fe − 0,06
Pb2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pb − 0,13
Sn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn − 0,14
Ni2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni − 0,27
Co2+ + 2e− ⇌ Co − 0,28
Cd2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cd − 0,40
Cr3+ + e− ⇌ Cr2+ − 0,41
Fe2+ + 2e− ⇌ Fe − 0,44
Cr3+ + 3e− ⇌ Cr − 0,74
Zn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Zn − 0,76
2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH− − 0,83
Cr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cr − 0,91
Mn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn − 1,18
Aℓ3+ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ − 1,66
Mg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mg − 2,36
Na+ + e− ⇌ Na − 2,71
Ca2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ca − 2,87
Sr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sr − 2,89
Ba2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ba − 2,90
Cs+ + e- ⇌ Cs - 2,92
K+ + e− ⇌ K − 2,93

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Li+ + e− ⇌ Li − 3,05
TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS

E θ (V)
TABEL 4B: STANDAARD-
Half-reactions/Halfreaksies

REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
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Physical Sciences/P2 4 NW/September 2024
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Li+ + e− ⇌ Li − 3,05
K+ + e− ⇌ K − 2,93
Cs+ + e− ⇌ Cs − 2,92
Ba2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ba − 2,90
Sr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sr − 2,89
Ca2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ca − 2,87
Na+ + e− ⇌ Na − 2,71
Mg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mg − 2,36
Aℓ3+ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ − 1,66
Mn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn − 1,18
Cr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cr − 0,91
2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH− − 0,83
Increasing strength of oxidising agents/Toenemende sterkte van oksideermiddels

Zn2+ + 2e− ⇌ − 0,76

Increasing strength of reducing agents/Toenemende sterkte van reduseermiddels

Zn
Cr3+ + 3e− ⇌ Cr − 0,74
Fe2+ + 2e− ⇌ Fe − 0,44
Cr3+ + e− ⇌ Cr2+ − 0,41
Cd2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cd − 0,40
Co2+ + 2e− ⇌ Co − 0,28
Ni2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni − 0,27
Sn 2+
+ 2e − ⇌ Sn − 0,14
Pb2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pb − 0,13
Fe3+ + 3e− ⇌ Fe − 0,06
2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) 0,00
S + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14
Sn4+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn2+ + 0,15
Cu2+ + e− ⇌ Cu+ + 0,16
2−
SO 4 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17

Cu2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cu + 0,34

2H2O + O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− + 0,40
SO2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45
Cu+ + e− ⇌ Cu + 0,52
I2 + 2e− ⇌ 2I− + 0,54
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68
Fe3+ + e− ⇌ Fe2+ + 0,77
−
NO 3 + 2H+ + e− ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80
Ag+ + e− ⇌ Ag + 0,80
Hg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85
−
NO 3 + 4H+ + 3e− ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96
Br2(ℓ) + 2e− ⇌ 2Br− + 1,07
Pt2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pt + 1,20
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 1,23
O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ 2H2O + 1,23
2−
Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e− ⇌ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 1,33

Cℓ2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2Cℓ− + 1,36

−
MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 1,51

H2O2 + 2H+ +2 e− ⇌ 2H2O +1,77

Co3+ + e− ⇌ Co2+ + 1,81
F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F− + 2,87

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