Gyan Bharati School
Saket, New Delhi
Lesson Plan
Name of the Teacher: Dr. Manpreet Kaur
Class and Section: M3-A, B and C
Subject: Chemistry
Name of the Chapter: Chapter 5: Coal and Petroleum
Learning objectives:
Learners will be able to:
1. List the natural and man-made resources and differentiate between exhaustible and inexhaustible
natural resources.
2. Explain the formation of coal, petroleum and natural gas.
3. Understand the process of carbonisation and destructive distillation of coal.
4. List the different uses of products obtained after destructive distillation of coal.
5. Comprehend the process of fractional distillation of petroleum and list the uses of the different
fractions obtained after refining petroleum.
6. Understand the importance of sustainable management and judicious use of natural resources.
Learning Strategies:
1. Read the chapter from NCERT book and understand the notes uploaded.
2. Go through the following video clips to have a better understanding of the chapter:
a. https://youtu.be/zaXBVYr9Ij0
b. https://youtu.be/ACZXGEOVsWg
c. https://youtu.be/PYMWUz7TC3A
d. https://youtu.be/gBLQUplzZZo
3. The assignment should be done in the worksheet only and in case a printer is not available, do the
assignment on loose sheets.
Page 1 of 16
NOTES:
Resource: A resource can be defined as a source or supply from which a benefit can be drawn and that
has some utility.
Depending on source, a resource can be classified as follows:
• Natural Resource: A natural resource is a resource obtained from nature. E.g.: water, air, sunlight,
etc.
• Man-made Resource: A man-made resource is a resource which is developed by humans and does
not occur naturally. E.g.: Plastics, synthetic fibres such as nylon, rayon, etc.
Depending upon their availability, resources can be categorized as follows:
• Inexhaustible or Renewable Natural Resources: These resources are present in unlimited quantity
in nature and are not likely to be exhausted by human activities. E.g.: Sunlight, air, etc.
• Exhaustible or Non-renewable Natural Resources: These resources occur in nature in limited
quantities. They can get exhausted by human activities and eventually disappear or take hundred
to thousand years to replenish. E.g.: forests, wildlife, minerals, coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.
Fossil Fuels: Exhaustible natural resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas are formed from the dead
remains of living organisms (fossils). So, these are called fossil fuels.
COAL: Coal is a black coloured and non-crystalline form of carbon which is found in coal mines deep under
the surface of earth.
Composition of coal:
Uses of coal:
• Used as a fuel to cook food.
• Earlier, it was used in railway to run steam engines.
• Used in thermal power plants to produce electricity.
• It is used a fuel in different industries.
Story of coal formation:
➢ About 300 million years ago, the dense forests in wetland areas got buried under the soil due to
natural processes such as flooding, earthquakes, volcanoes.
➢ As more soil deposited over them, they were compressed. The temperature also rose as they sank
deeper and deeper.
➢ Under high pressure, high temperature, and anaerobic conditions, dead plants got slowly
converted to coal.
Page 2 of 16
Carbonisation: The slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal under high pressure, high
temperature and anaerobic conditions is called carbonisation. The time taken to complete the process of
carbonisation is known as carboniferous age.
The carbon content of coal depends upon the variety of the coal. The higher the temperature and pressure
of the Earth and the longer the coal has been buried under the Earth, the more is the carbon content in
it. So, the different varieties of coal are as follows:
1. Peat:
• It is the youngest variety of coal which is light brown in colour (less than 40 to 55 per cent
carbon).
• It contains minimum carbon content and produces less heat and more smoke on burning (more
smoke so more pollution).
• Contains sufficient volatile matter and lot of moisture.
• Its calorific value is 10 to 15 kJ/g.
2. Lignite:
• It is known as soft coal (40 to 55 per cent carbon).
• It is also brown in colour and contains more carbon than peat.
• Moisture content is high (over 35 per cent).
• Its calorific value is 15 to 20 kJ/g.
3. Bituminous coal:
• It is the common household coal (40 to 80 per cent carbon).
• It is the most abundant form of coal and is compact, black, contains more carbon and produces
more heat than peat and lignite.
• Moisture and volatile content (15 to 40 per cent).
• Its calorific value is 25 to 30 kJ/g.
• Used in production of coke and gas.
4. Anthracite coal:
• It is the hardest coal containing maximum carbon (80 to 95 per cent carbon).
• It burns with difficulty due to presence of very low volatile matter. Also, it is comparatively
expensive than bituminous coal. Therefore, it is not used for household purposes, it is mainly used
for industrial purposes.
• Very little volatile matter and negligibly small proportion of moisture.
• Its calorific value is 30 to 35 kJ/g.
Page 3 of 16
Destructive Distillation of Coal:
Destructive distillation of coal is the process of heating of coal in the absence of air. By-products formed
in this process are coke, coal tar, ammonia, coal gas.
The main products of destructive distillation are as follows:
1. Coke:
• It is amorphous, black solid and purest form of carbon (~98% carbon).
• It is a good fuel and burns without smoke.
• It is largely employed as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals from their ores.
• It is used in the manufacture of steel.
• It is also used in making fuel gases like water gas and producer gas.
2. Coal Tar:
• It is a thick, black liquid with unpleasant smell. It is a mixture of about 200 substances.
• It is used in the production of many useful chemical substances such as benzene, toluene,
phenol which are in turn used in the preparation of dyes, explosives, paints, synthetics
fibers, drugs, and pesticides.
• Naphthalene balls used to repel moth and other insects are also obtained from coal tar.
• Earlier it was also used for metalling the roads.
Page 4 of 16
3. Coal Gas:
• Coal gas is mainly a mixture of hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide.
• The gases present in coal gas are combustible and hence, it is an excellent fuel.
• It has high calorific value and used as a fuel for providing heat.
• Coal gas was used for street lighting for the first time in London in 1810 and in New York
around 1820. It was used for lighting houses, factories and streets in Mumbai until 1950.
• It was also used for cooling earlier.
PETROLEUM: Its name is derived from Latin words Petra (meaning rock) and Oleum (meaning oil). Thus,
petroleum literally means "rock oil". It is dark brownish to green coloured viscous liquid fossil fuel. It has
strong foul smell due to the presence of sulphur containing compounds in it. It is commonly called as
crude oil. The economy of a nation depends to a great extent on petroleum wealth, that's why petroleum
is called the black gold.
Formation of Petroleum:
Petroleum was formed from organisms living in the sea. As these organisms died, their bodies settled at
the bottom of the sea and got covered with layers of sand and clay. Over millions of years, absence of air,
high temperature and high pressure transformed the dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas.
Occurrence of petroleum: Petroleum occurs at a moderate depth (500 m to 200 m) between the 2 layers
of impervious rocks. The petroleum is lighter than water & hence, floats over it. Natural gas is found above
petroleum, trapped between the rock cap & petroleum layer.
Page 5 of 16
Drilling of oil wells: The hole is drilled in the Earth's crust & when it reached the rock cap, the natural gas
comes out first with a great pressure. When the pressure of gas subsides, petroleum starts flowing out
due to the pressure of natural gas.
The world’s first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA, in 1859. Eight years later, in 1867, oil was struck
at Makum in Assam. In India, oil is found in Assam, Gujarat, Mumbai High and in the river basins of
Godavari and Krishna.
Refining of petroleum: Petroleum is a mixture of several hydrocarbons (compounds that consist of only
carbon and hydrogen). It also contains water, salt and rocky materials. It cannot be used in this form either
as a fuel or a basic material to produce other useful components. Before being put to use, it has to be
purified or refined. The process of separating the various components of petroleum from one another is
known as the refining of petroleum. This is done by a process called fractional distillation which is based
on the fact that the different components of petroleum have distinctly different boiling points. In
fractional distillation, crude petroleum is heated to a temperature of 400°C or slightly above in a furnace.
It is carried out in a petroleum refinery.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM
Process of fractional distillation of crude oil is as follows:
1. Crude petroleum is heated and converted into gas.
2. The gases enter the bottom of a long column (fractional distillation column), which is filled with
trays or plates.
3. The gases rise in the column, and gets cooled and condenses when they reach their boiling
points.
4. The trays collect various liquid fractions which may pass to the condensers, which cool them
further and go to the storage tanks.
5. The small chains, usually gaseous molecules, come out at the top, while the liquid medium chain
molecules come out at the middle and the solid remains at the bottom.
Page 6 of 16
Various components of petroleum and their uses:
Petrochemicals: Many useful substances are obtained from petroleum and natural gas. These are termed
as ‘Petrochemicals’. These are used in the manufacture of detergents, fibres (polyester, nylon, acrylic
etc.), polythene and other man-made plastics. Hydrogen gas obtained from natural gas, is used in the
production of fertilisers (urea). Due to its great commercial importance, petroleum is also called ‘black
gold’.
NATURAL GAS: Natural gas was formed millions of years ago along with petroleum when microscopic sea
plants & animals died & got buried under the sand & mud. These plants & animals under anaerobic
conditions changed to gas.
It is generally found trapped between impervious rocks, sometimes along with petroleum & sometimes
without petroleum. In India, natural gas has been found in Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and in the
Krishna Godavari Delta.
Composition of Natural Gas: It consists mainly of methane (about 85%), ethane (about 10%) propane
(about 3%) and butane.
Uses of Natural Gas:
• When natural gas is compressed at high pressure then it is called CNG (compressed natural gas).
CNG is used for power generation.
• It is now being used as a fuel for transport vehicles because it is less polluting. The great advantage
of CNG is that it can be used directly for burning in homes and factories where it can be supplied
through pipes. Such network of pipelines exists in Vadodara (Gujarat) and some parts of Delhi.
Page 7 of 16
• As a source of hydrogen & carbon. Hydrogen can be used as rocket fuel and carbon in
manufacture of tyres.
Consequences of burning of fossil fuels:
Burning of fossil fuels results in the emission of unburnt carbon particles, greenhouse gases such as carbon
dioxide, poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. As a result, it
leads to the following effects:
• Air Pollution
• Acid rain
• Global warming
• Ill effects on human health and other living organisms.
Conservation of fossil fuels:
Economical use of fossil fuels is important because:
✓ They are formed from dead remains of living organisms after million of years. Also, the known
reserves of these fossil fuels are limited in number.
✓ Population explosion is resulting in increased usage of fossil fuels (as fuel, manufacture of
important substances, generation of electricity, etc)
✓ Burning of fossil fuels lead to harmful effects on environment such as air pollution global warming
and acid rain.
Conservation of fossil fuels can be done by:
✓ Using alternative sources of energy such as solar energy, tidal energy, wind energy, etc.
✓ In India, the Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) offers the following tips to
conserve petrol & diesel while driving.
• Drive at a constant & moderate speed as far as possible. Driving at a high speed or slow
speed wastes a lot of fuel.
• Switch off engine if you have to wait at traffic lights or for any other reason.
• Check the tyre pressure regularly, low pressure or too high-pressure waste fuel.
• Make sure that you send your vehicle to garage for regular maintenance.
KEYWORDS:
Coal: Coal is a black coloured, carbon-rich fossil fuel obtained from remains of dead vegetation.
Coal gas: It is an inflammable, methane rich gaseous fuel obtained as a by-product after destructive
distillation of coal.
Coal Tar: It is black, thick and viscous liquid with unpleasant smell obtained after destructive distillation
of coal which is used for making different substances such as benzene, naphthalene balls, dyes, plastics,
etc.
Coke: Coke is a tough, porous solid fuel with a high carbon content which is obtained after destructive
distillation of coal and used in manufacture of steel and extraction of metals from their ores.
Page 8 of 16
Fossil fuels: Fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources obtained from dead remains of living organisms
(fossils) millions of years ago.
Natural gas: It is an important, inflammable, methane rich fossil fuel commonly obtained along with
petroleum from dead remains of living organisms millions of years ago.
Petroleum: It is a dark coloured, viscous, hydrocarbon rich liquid fossil fuel which is found under the sea
bed or surface of earth and can be refined to obtain different hydrocarbons of economic utility.
Petroleum Refinery: Refining of petroleum or separation of petroleum into its various
constituents/fractions is carried out in an industrial process plant called petroleum refinery.
*************************************************************************************
Page 9 of 16
Gyan Bharati School
Class: M3, Subject: Chemistry
Chapter: Coal and Petroleum
Name: Class:
Q1. Multiple choice questions: Tick the correct option.
a) An exhaustible natural resource is:
i. Sunlight ii. Air
iii. Tidal energy iv. Coal
b) Fossil fuels are obtained from:
i. Remains of non-living materials ii. Dead remains of insects only
iii. Dead remains of birds only iv. Dead remains of living organism
c) Coal is formed from the remains of
i. Vegetation only ii. Both vegetation and animals
iii. Animals only iv. Neither vegetation nor animals
d) The purest form of coal is:
i. Peat ii. Anthracite
iii. Bituminous coal iv. Lignite
e) Which substance is formed by the carbonation of dead vegetation?
i. Coal ii. Coke
iii. Coal gas iv. Coal tar
f) The substance having the highest calorific value is:
i. Lignite ii. Peat
iii. Anthracite iv. Wood
g) The major constituent of natural gas is:
i. Butane ii. Hydrogen
iii. Methane iv. Ethane
h) The energy stored in fossil fuels is:
i. Heat energy ii. Electrical energy
iii. Chemical energy iv. Mechanical energy
i) The petroleum product which is not used as a fuel is:
i. Petrol ii. Kerosene
iii. Diesel iv. Lubricating oil
j) Coal is processed in industries to get some useful products. Which of the following is not
obtained from coal?
i. Coke ii. Coal tar
iii. Coal gas iv. CNG
Page 10 of 16
k) Naphthalene balls that are used as a moth repellent are obtained from:
i. Coke ii. Coal tar
iii. Paraffin wax iv. Asphalt
l) Choose the correct statement from the following:
i. It is difficult to transport natural gas through pipes.
ii. The disadvantage of natural gas is that it cannot be used directly for burning in homes.
iii. Natural gas is stored under high pressure as compressed natural gas.
iv. Natural gas cannot be used for power generation.
m) Which of these is almost pure form of carbon?
i. Coal ii. Coke
iii. Coal Tar iv. Bitumen
n) Which of the following areas has recently shown good reserves of natural gas?
i. Krishna Godavari Delta ii. Kaveri Delta
iii. Sunderbans Delta iv. Bay of Bengal
o) Which gas; obtained from natural gas; is used for manufacturing urea?
i. Carbon dioxide ii. Nitrogen
iii. Hydrogen iv. Oxygen
p) In fractional distillation of petroleum, where do the vapours with highest boiling point
condense?
i. In the upper-most portion iii. In the middle portion
ii. In the lower-most portion iv. They do not condense
q) What is the full form of PCRA?
i. Public Conservations Research Association
ii. Petroleum Conservation Research Association
iii. Public Council of Research Association
iv. Partial Counting of remaining Amendment
r) Kerosene is better than gasoline for use in an oil lamp because it is:
i. Cheaper ii. Heavier
iii. More volatile iv. Less volatile
s) The main constituent of petroleum gas is:
i. Butane ii. Propane
ii. Methane iv. Ethane
t) Carbonisation is favoured by:
i. High temperature, low pressure and air
ii. High temperature, high pressure, no air
iii. Low temperature, high pressure, no air
iv. Any temperature and pressure
u) Fertilizers are obtained from:
i. Coke ii. Petroleum
iii. Coal tar iv. Natural gas
Page 11 of 16
Q2. Give one/two word for the following:
i. Anaerobic thermal degradation of wood: ___________________________
ii. Breaking up of coal by heating strongly in the absence of air: ______________________
iii. Separation of petroleum into many useful components and where is it carried out:
___________________________________, ___________________________________
iv. A gas that occurs over petroleum in reservoirs deep inside the earth: ________________
v. The common name for coal, petroleum and natural gas: _____________________
vi. A product obtained from coal that is used in metallurgy: _____________________
vii. A combustible gas present in natural gas: __________________________
viii. When heated in air, the main gas produced by coal on burning: ____________________
ix. Dead remains of sea animals got converted into: _________________________
x. Fuel for heavy motor vehicles: _________________________
xi. Common name of petroleum: __________________________
xii. Time period taken to complete the process of carbonisation: ______________________
Q3. Select the odd one out by giving reason:
i. Air, water, soil, forests, plastics, minerals.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
ii. Coal, wood, petroleum, natural gas
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
iii. Coal, natural gas, coke, coal tar
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
iv. LPG, kerosene, asphalt, petrol
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
v. Lubricating oil, paraffin wax, fuel oil, asphalt
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Page 12 of 16
Q4. Why are fossil fuels called exhaustible natural resource? Explain.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q5. Explain how coal, petroleum and natural gas are formed? Can they be formed in a
laboratory?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q6. Is crude oil a mixture or a compound? Explain.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q7. Petroleum occurs deep inside the earth floating over water as depicted in the diagram given
below. Which two properties makes it possible to form a separate layer over water?
Page 13 of 16
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q8. Mention the consequences of extensive mining and use of coal and petroleum.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q9. What are the characteristics and uses of coke?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Page 14 of 16
Q10. What are the advices of PCRA to save petrol/diesel while driving?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q11. What are petrochemicals?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q12. List the types of coal in a descending order of their quality. Which type of coal is most
commonly used and is also known as the household coal?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Q13. Answer the following questions on the basis of the diagram given below:
i. What is the underlying principle based on which this process is carried out?
ii. Which of the fractions obtained after this process CANNOT be used as fuels? List their
one use each.
iii. Name the fraction which is used in stoves, jet aircrafts and lamps.
Page 15 of 16
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q14. Write the jumbled words in the correct manner:
1. Loca is obtained from mines.
____________________________________________________________________
2. Umpetlore is a fossil fuel obtained from sea organisms.
____________________________________________________________________
3. Renrfyie is a place where various fractions of petroleum are separated.
____________________________________________________________________
4. Keenrose is a fuel used in jet crafts.
____________________________________________________________________
5. Nutsgilh is an example of inexhaustible natural resources.
____________________________________________________________________
6. Ractoal is used in the manufacture of naphthalene balls.
____________________________________________________________________
7. The main component of gnauralsta is tmenahe.
____________________________________________________________________
8. Ocek is the purest form of carbon that is used in metallurgy.
____________________________________________________________________
9. Gnhyedor obtained from natural gas is used in the manufacture of urea.
____________________________________________________________________
10. Gscloaa was used in street lighting for the first time in London in 1810.
____________________________________________________________________
*************************************************************************************
Page 16 of 16
