Index

Early Neolithic Cultures in Europe

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Early Cultures in Europe

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Early Cultures in Central Europe

Early Cultures in Eastern Europe

Early Cultures in Northern Europe

Early Cultures in Southern Europe

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Early Balearic Islands

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Specific Groups:

Indo-Europeans� (Maps)

Turkics

South-West Indo-Europeans

Celtic Tribes in Europe (Index)

BARBARIAN EUROPE

Balkans Tribes:

Balkans Tribes (Index)

Albanians

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Baltic Tribes:

Baltics Tribes (Index)

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Caucasus Tribes:

Caucasus Tribes (Index)

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Celtic Tribes:

Celtic Tribes in Britain (Index)

Celtic Tribes in Iberia (Index)

Veneti Tribes

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Central European Tribes:

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Germanic Tribes:

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Iberian Tribes:

Aquitani Tribes (Index)

Iberian Tribes (Index)

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Italic Tribes:

Italic Tribes (Index)

Veneti Tribes

Indo-Iranian Tribes (Index)

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Other Groups & Tribes:

Uralic Groups (Index)

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Slavic Tribes:

Slavic Tribes (Index)

WESTERN EUROPE

Early Western Europe:

Antipolis / Antibes (Greek Colony)

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Early Cultures in France

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Post-Roman Gaul:

Celtic Tribes of Gaul (Index)

Kingdom of Vannetais (Brittany)

Domain of Soissons

Kingdom of the Visigoths

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

Map of Europe's tribes in the first centuries BC and AD (click on image to read more on a separate page)

@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

A map of the Visigoth & Suevi kingdoms in AD 470 (click on image to read more on a separate page)

@import "../../css/history_substyles.css";

SPECIAL INDEX:

Churches of France
An index of churches in various regions of France, beginning in the city of Paris.

@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

IN DEPTH:

The Napoleonic Wars
A chronology of the major events which shaped Europe between 1769-1821.

@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

IN DEPTH:

The McDonalds of the French Empire
A young refugee from Culloden and his son, a marshal of France.

@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

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SPONSORED:

@import "../../css/history_substyles.css";

SPECIAL INDEX:

Netherlands Churches
An index of churches old and new in the south-eastern corner of the Netherlands.

Frankish States

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Franks:

Salii / Salian Franks

Frankish Minor Kings

Merovingian Kings of the Franks

Breton March

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Carolingian (Frankish) Empire

Carolingian Kings of Middle Franks (Italy)

Carolingian Kings of West Franks (France)

Carolingian Kings of East Franks (Germany)

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Merovingian Splinter States:

Kingdom of Austrasia (Rheims)

Kingdom of Orleans

Kingdom of Paris / Neustria

Kingdom of Burgundy

Duchy & Kingdom of Aquitaine

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Carolingian Splinter States:

Kingdom of Aquitaine

Kingdom of (Upper) Burgundy

Duchy of (Lower) Burgundy

Duchy of Aquitaine / Guyenne

Kingdom of Lotharingia / Lorraine

Margraves And Counts of Flanders

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Principality of Andorra

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Duchy of Normandy

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Duchy of Lorraine

Duchy of Upper Lorraine

Duchy of Lower Lorraine

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French States:

Duchy of Lorraine

Kingdom of French Navarre

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Capetian Dynasty

Valois Dynasty

Bourbon Dynasty

French First Republic

French First Empire

Bourbon Restoration

French Second Republic

French Second Empire

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French Republics

Heirs of Napoleon Bonaparte

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Low Countries:

Pre-Roman Frisia

Frisian Folk Mothers

Kings of Frisia (Friso)

Kings of Frisia (Ubbo)

Kings of Frisia / Friesland (Offo)

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Diocese of Li�ge

Prince-Bishopric of Li�ge

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Luxembourg:

County of Luxemburg

Duchy of Luxemburg

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

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Lordship of Roquebrune

Principality of Monaco

Republic of Monaco

Modern Monaco

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Netherlands / Belgium:

Spanish Netherlands

Austrian Netherlands

French Netherlands

United Kingdom of the Netherlands

Kings of the Belgians / Modern Belgium

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Netherlands / Holland:

Counts of Friesland (House of Fries)

Counts of West-Frisia (House of Holland)

Counts of Holland (House of Holland)

Counts of Holland-Hennegau (House of Avesnes)

Counts of Holland (House of Beiers)

Counts of Holland (House of Burgundy)

Counts of Holland (House of Habsburg)

Stadhouder Princes of Holland (Orange)

Stadhouder Princes of Holland (Orange-Nassau)

Kingdom of Holland (Bonapartes)

Kingdom of the Netherlands (Orange-Nassau)

IBERIAN PENINSULA

Early Iberia:

Gadir / Cadiz (Phoenician Colony)

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Early Cultures in Iberia

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Chalcolithic Iberia

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Bronze Age Iberia

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Iron Age Iberia

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Iberian Tribes (Index)

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

A map of Iberia around 300 BC, depicting the approximate locations of all of the varied tribes of the peninsula prior to Roman domination (click on image to read more on a separate page)

Post-Roman & Islamic Spain:

Vandali Kingdom of Spain

Suevi Kingdom of Gallaecia

Kingdom of the Visigoths

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Umayyad / Omayyid Amirs of Spain

Umayyad / Omayyad Caliphs of Spain

Nasrid Kings of Granada

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

A map of the Visigoth & Suevi kingdoms in AD 470 (click on image to read more on a separate page)

Christian States:

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Savoy Dynasty / First Republic

Bourbon Dynasty (Restored)

Second Republic / Regency

Bourbon Dynasty (Restored)

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Basques

Modern Spain

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Portugal:

(First) County of Oporto (House of Perez)

(Second) County of Portugal (Pre-Burgundy)

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Kingdom of Portugal (Burgundy)

Kingdom of Portugal (Aviz)

Kingdom of Portugal (Habsburg)

Kingdom of Portugal (Braganza)

Modern Portugal

ITALIAN PENINSULA

Early Italy:

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Early Cultures in Italy

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

A map of Iron Age Italy between about 800-400 BC (click on image to view map on a separate page)

@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

INDEX:

This index for the Alpine tribes and related groups covers each of the main tribal and ethnic units in this region prior to Roman domination (click on image to visit index)

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SPONSORED:

Iron Age Italy:

Celtic Tribes of Italy (Index)

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Italic Tribes of Italy (Index)

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City & Empire of Rome (Index)

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Pre-Roman States:

Latin Kings of Alba Longa

Latin Camineri

Latin Crustumini

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Greek Syracuse

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Post-Roman Italian Regions:

Naples

Savoy

Sicily

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Post-Roman Italian States:

Republic of Venice

Vandali Governors of Sardinia

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Byzantine Dukes of Neapolis

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North Italian Kingdom of the Lombards

Independent Duchy of Benevento

Independent Duchy of Spoleto

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Later Northern Italian States:

Lugano

Carolingian Kings of Middle Franks

Frankish Kings of Italy

Consuls & Senators of Rome

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Counts of Lugano (Sanseverino)

Dukes of Marsi (Colonna)

Counts of Lugano (Non-Dynastic)

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RELATED LINKS:
Map of Frankish Empire AD 800

Later Southern Italian States:

Independent Dukes of Naples

Principality of Benevento

Islamic Sicily

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Giudici of Arborea (Sardinia)

Giudici of Cagliari (Sardinia)

Giudici of Gallura (Sardinia)

Giudici of Logudoro (Sardinia)

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Emirate of Sicily (Kalbids)

Counts (Dukes) of Apulia

Counts of Sicily

Norman Kingdom of Naples & Sicily

Angevin Kingdom of Naples

Aragon Kingdom of Sicily

Genoese Corsica

Viceroys of Aragonese Sardinia

Aragon Kingdom of Naples & Sicily

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RELATED LINKS:
Map of Frankish Empire AD 800

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SPONSORED:

Early Modern Italy:

Viceroys of Spanish Sardinia

Spanish Governors of the Duchy of Milan

Austrian Governors of the Duchy of Milan

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Kings of Sardinia & Savoy

Viceroys of the Kingdom of Sardinia (Savoy)

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Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Corsican Republic

French Corsica

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Modern Italy:

Cispadane & Transpadane Republics of Italy

Cisalpine Republic of Italy

Italian Republic

Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy

Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples

Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

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Kingdom of Italy (House of Savoy)

Modern Italy

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Bishops of Rome / Popes (Catholic Church)

Byzantine Popes (Catholic Church)

Frankish Popes (Catholic Church)

Feudal Popes (Catholic Church)

Medieval Popes (Catholic Church)

Great Schism Popes (Catholic Church)

Renaissance Popes (Catholic Church)

Early Modern Popes (Catholic Church)

Modern Popes (Catholic Church)

CENTRAL EUROPE

Barbarian Tribes:

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Early Cultures in Poland

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Celtic Tribes (Index)

Kingdom of the Burgundians

Slavic Tribes (Index)

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Bavarii Confederation

Mazovians

Wends

Western Polans

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

INDEX:

This index for the Alpine tribes and related groups covers each of the main tribal and ethnic units in this region prior to Roman domination (click on image to visit index)

Barbarian Kingdoms:

Kingdom of the Alemanni

Old Saxony

Thuringians

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Germanic States

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

A map of the various German states in AD 962 (click on image to read more on a separate page)

German Empire:

East Francia

Holy Roman Empire

Frankish Roman Emperors

Germanic Roman Emperors

Saxon Emperors / Kings of Germany

Franconian Emperors

Hohenstaufen (Swabian) Emperors

Non-Dynastic Emperors

Habsburg Emperors (First Reich)

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Frankish Stem Duchies:

Duchy of Bavaria (Welfs)

Duchy of Franconia

Duchy & Kingdom of Saxony (Ottonians)

Duchy of Swabia

Dukes of Thuringia

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Austria:

Margraves of Austria (Regensburg)

Margraves of Austria (Babenberg)

Dukes of Austria (Zahringen)

Dukes of Austria (Przemyslid)

Dukes of Austria (Habsburg)

Archdukes of Austria (Habsburg)

Archdukes of Austria (Lorraine-Habsburg)

Emperors of Austria (Lorraine-Habsburg)

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Margraves of Baden-Baden

Margraves of Baden-Durlach

Grand Dukes of Baden

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Bavaria:

Bavarian Confederation

Duchy of Bavaria (Welfs)

Duchy of Bavaria (Wittelsbachs)

Duchy of Bavaria (Palatinate Wittelsbachs)

Kingdom of Bavaria

Hereditary Kings of Bavaria

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RELATED LINKS:
Map of Frankish Empire AD 800

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SPONSORED:

Brandenburg-Prussia:

Margraves of the North March

Margraves of Brandenburg (Ascanians)

Margraves of Brandenburg (Wittelsbachs)

Electors of Brandenburg (Wittelsbachs)

Electors of Brandenburg (Luxembourg)

Electors of Brandenburg (Hohenzollern)

Kingdom of Prussia

German Empire

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Carinthia:

Slav Kingdom in Carinthia, Hungary & Moravia

Principality of Khorushka / Carantania

Duchy of Carinthia (Non-Dynastic)

Duchy of Carinthia (Spontheim)

Duchy of Carinthia (Przemyslid)

Duchy of Carinthia (Habsburg)

Duchy of Carinthia (Tirol)

Duchy of Carinthia (Inner Austria)

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Istria

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

A map of the Frankish empire & neighbours in AD 800 (click on image to read more on a separate page)

@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

A map of the various German states in AD 962 (click on image to read more on a separate page)

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Hessen States (Index)

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Liechtenstein / Vaduz:

County of Vaduz (Schellenberg)

County of Vaduz (Werdenberg)

County of Vaduz (Brandis)

County of Vaduz (Sulz)

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Principality of Hohenems-Vaduz

Principality of Liechtenstein

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Lippe:

County of Lippe

County of Lippe-Alverdissen

County of Lippe-Brake

County of Lippe-Detmold

County of Lippe-Schwalenberg

County of Sternberg-Schwalenberg

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County of Lippe-Biesterfeld

County of Schaumburg-Lippe

County of Lippe-Weissenfeld

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Principality of Lippe

Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe

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Hereditary Princes of Lippe

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Nassau:

County of Nassau-Weilburg

County of Nassau-Dillenberg

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Duchy of Nassau-Weilburg

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Saxony:

Saxony States (Index)

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Landgraves of Thuringia (Ludovingians)

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Westphalia / Westfalia:

Kingdom of Westphalia

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W�rttemburg:

County of W�rttemburg

Duchy of W�rttemburg

Kingdom of W�rttemburg

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Bohemia / Moravia
Czechs & Slovaks:

Slav Kingdom in Carinthia, Hungary & Moravia

Kingdom of Great Moravia

Duchy of Bohemia-Moravia

Kingdom of Bohemia-Moravia

Kingdom of Bohemia (Luxembourg)

Kingdom of Bohemia (Non-Dynastic)

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Czechoslavakia

Republic of Verkhovyna

Lemko-Rusyn Republic

Slovak Soviet Republic

German Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia

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Third Reich / Nazi Germany

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Early Polish Cultures

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Polish States (Index)

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Modern Poland

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Pomerania / Pommern

March of the Billungs

North March

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Duchy of Pomerania

Pomeranian Branches

Swantiborides of Pomerania

@import "../../css/history_substyles.css";

SPECIAL INDEX:

Churches of Poland
An index of churches across the northern regions of this largely rural country.

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SPONSORED:

NORTHERN EUROPE

Scandinavia:

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Early Cultures in the Baltics

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Fenno-Scandinavia

S�mi / Saami

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Petty Kingdoms of Scandinavia (Index)

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IRON AGE SCANDINAVIA

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MIGRATION PERIOD

Angeln (Angles)

Baeldaeg's Folk (Angles)

Benoc's Folk (Angles)

Caser's Folk (Angles)

Waegdaeg's Folk (Angles)

Wehta's Folk (Angles)

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Geats (Yeats)

Jutes (Eudoses)

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VIKING PERIOD

Kvenland

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Petty Kingdoms of Norway

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LATER SCANDINAVIA

Kingdom of Denmark

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Kingdom of Norway

Kalmar Union Norway

Kingdom of Norway (Restored)

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Kingdom of Sweden

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

A map of Scandinavia around 9000 BC at the end of the ice age (click on image to read more on a separate page)

@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

A map of Scandinavia at AD 100, prior to Germanic expansion northwards (click on image to read more on a separate page)

@import "../../css/history_substyles.css";

SPECIAL INDEX:

Churches of Estonia
An index of churches in Estonia, which are low in number but high in uniqueness.

Eastern Baltic Coast:

Baltic Tribes (Index)

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Estonians (Eesti)

Kvenland (of the Kainu)

Latvia (Latvija)

Lithuanians (Lietuva)

Osilians & Rotalians

Prussians

Samogitians (Zemaitija)

Ungenois (Estonians)

Vindi

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Northern Crusade Period:

Livonian Order

Teutonic Knights

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Courland (Kurland / Kurzeme)

Culm (Chelmno)

Dorpat

Ermland

Estonia (North Estonia)

�sterland (Kvenland / Finland)

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Lithuanian Principality of Polotsk

Archbishopric of Riga / Prince-Bishops of Livonia

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

German Estonia (North Estonia)

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@import "../../css/history_substyles.css";

SPECIAL INDEX:

Castles
A growing collection of photo focus pages featuring castles within Estonia.

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SPONSORED:

@import "../../css/history_substyles.css";

SPECIAL INDEX:

Scenes
Photo and video pages featuring scenes from around Estonia.

Polish / Swedish Period:

Elders of Samogitia

Duchy of East Prussia

Teutonic Knights

Polish Governors of Livonia

Duchy of Courland & Semigallia

Duchy of �sel

Swedish Governors of Estonia / Duchy of Estonia

Grand Duchy of Finland (Kvenland)

Swedish Prussia

Swedish Governors-General of Livonia

Latgallia / Polish Livonia

Swedish Governors of �sel

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Russian / Modern Period:

Russian Governors of Estonia

Russian Governors of Livonia

Russian Baltic Provinces

Russian Governors of Courland

Russian Governors of Lithuania

Russian Grand Duchy of Finland

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EASTERN EUROPE

Early Peoples:

Celtic Tribes in Europe (Index)

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Indo-Europeans� (Maps)

Uralics

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Balkans Tribes (Index)

Baltic Tribes (Index)

Caucasus Tribes (Index)

Finno Ugric & Samoyed Tribes (Index)

Indo-Iranian Tribes (Index)

Slavic Tribes (Index)

Turkic Tribes (Index)

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Venedi (Early Belgae)

Wends

Western Polans

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

INDEX:

The modern Balkan states are the outcome of resistance against several centuries of Turkish occupation and several internecine wars (click on image to visit index)

Early Regions & States:

Crimea

Galicia

Pannonia

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Rus / Old Russia (Index)

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Rus

Rus Khaganate

Novgorod

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

INDEX:

The Viking Rus created the Old Russian state in Eastern Europe (click on image to visit index)

@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

Map of Rus principalities AD 1054 (click on image to read more on a separate page)

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SPONSORED:

Countries & States:

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Albania:

Arbanon

(First) Kingdom of Albania

Albanian League

(Second) Kingdom of Albania

(Third) Kingdom of Albania

Modern Albania

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Armenia:

Kingdom of Armenia (Artashesids)

Kingdom of Armenia (Arsacids)

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Kingdom of Armenia Sophene

Kingdom of Lesser Armenia

Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (Erzindjan)

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Kingdom of Greater Armenia (Persarmenia)

Marzban Persian Governors of Armenia

Persian Marzban of Dwin

Persian Marzban of Eastern Armenia

Governors of Western Armenia

Governors of Western Armenia (Reunified)

Principality of Armenia

Kingdom of Greater Armenia (Bagratids)

Kingdom of Lesser Armenia

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Herzog of Hum and the Coast

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Bosnian Serb Republic

Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Modern Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Cometopuli Western Bulgarian State

Asens of Bulgaria

Terters & Shishmans of Bulgaria

Principality of Bulgaria

Kingdom of Bulgaria

Modern Bulgaria

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Caucasus:

Armenia

Georgia

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Great Bulgaria

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Alans of the Caucasus

Kingdom of Alania

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Modern Armenia

Modern Georgia

Modern Ossetia (Alania)

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RELATED LINKS:
Map of Eastern Europe AD 450-500

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E Slavonia, Baranja, & W Syrmia

Modern Croatia

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

A map of Eastern Europe, the Balkans, Bulgaria, & Greece around AD 1000 (click on image to read more on a separate page)

@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

Georgia:

Kingdom of Kolkis (Colchis / Qulha)

Kingdom of Iberia (Kartli)

Kingdom of Egrisi (Kolkis / Lazica)

Kingdom of Abasgia (Abkhazia)

Kingdom of Georgia

Kingdom of Kartli

Kingdom of Kakhetia

Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (Georgia)

Kingdom of Imeretia

Modern Georgia

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Modern Ossetia (Alania)

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Hungary:

Slav Kingdom in Carinthia, Hungary & Moravia

March of Pannonia

Principality of Balaton

Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of Hungary & Croatia

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North Macedonia (FYROM)

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Moldavia:

Moldavia & Bessarabia

Phanaroits (Tax Farmer Princes)

Kingdom of Rumania with Bessarabia & Moldavia

Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic

Modern Moldova

Modern Transnistria

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Monte Negro:

Principality of Monte Negro

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Phanaroits (Tax Farmer Princes) in Moldavia

Phanaroits (Tax Farmer Princes) in Wallachia

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Kingdom of Rumania (Hohenzollern)

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Grand Dukes of Moscow State

Czarate of all the Russias

Romanov Czars of the Russias

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Principality of Serbia

Kingdom of Serbia (Restored)

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Federal & Socialist Yugoslavia

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Union of Serbia & Montenegro

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Modern Kosovo

Modern Serbia

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

MAP:

A map of Eastern Europe, the Balkans, Bulgaria, & Greece around AD 1000 (click on image to read more on a separate page)

Slovenia:

Margraves of Carniola

Dukes of Merania

Modern Slovenia

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Ukraine:

Early Ukrainian Cultures

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Grand Principality of Kyiv

Lithuanian Principality of Kyiv

Lithuanian Voivodeship of Kyiv

Poland-Lithuanian Kyiv

Galicia & Lodomeria

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Ukrainian People's Republic

Ukrainian State

West Ukrainian People's Republic

Republic of Verkhovyna

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

Modern Ukraine

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

Early Peoples:

Balkans Tribes / SW Indo-Europeans

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Early Cultures on Cyprus

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Achaean (Mycenaean) Crete

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Cyprus:

Kingdom of Alashiya / Alasiya (Enkomi)

Kingdom of Salamis

Christian Kingdom of Cyprus

Colonial Cyprus (Ottoman / British)

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Classical / Hellenic Greece:

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Argead Kings of Macedonia

Great Kings of Macedonia

Antipatrid Kings of Macedonia

Antigonid Kings of Macedonia

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Phthia

Sparta

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Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace

Tribal Kingdom of the Bessoi

Argead Dynasty

Antigonid (Hellenic) Empire

Lysimachian (Hellenic) Empire

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Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace (Restored)

Tribal Kingdom of the Canites

Tribal Kingdom of the Odrissae

Tribal Kingdom of Astean

Kingdom of Sapes

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Mycenaean or Greek States in Asia Minor (Index)

Greek Empire Satraps (Index)

Celtic Tribes of Eastern Mediterranean (Index)

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@import "../css/history_substyles.css";

FOCUS:

Alexander the Great, king of Macedon and conqueror of the Achaemenid empire, sent Hellenic culture deep into South Asia and created a legend - start here to explore his career (click on image to view more on a separate page)

Roman (Byzantine) Greece:

Eastern Roman Empire (Index)

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Later Greece:

Kingdom of Greece

Modern Greece

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Later Asia Minor:

Ottoman Empire

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	SPECIAL INDEX: