Earth Sciences

Quantitative estimates of increased heat transfer by atmospheric H 2 O vapor during the Albian greenhouse warming suggest that the intensified hydrologic cycle played a greater role in warming high latitudes than at present and thus represents a viable alternative to oceanic heat transport. Sphaerosiderite ␦ 18 O values in paleosols of the North American Cretaceous Western Interior Basin are a proxy for meteoric ␦ 18 O values, and massbalance modeling results suggest that Albian precipitation rates exceeded modern rates at both mid and high latitudes. Comparison of modeled Albian and modern precipitation minus evaporation values suggests amplification of the Albian moisture deficit in the tropics and moisture surplus in the mid to high latitudes. The tropical moisture deficit represents an average heat loss of ϳ75 W/m 2 at 10؇N paleolatitude (at present, 21 W/m 2 ). The increased precipitation at higher latitudes implies an average heat gain of ϳ83 W/ m 2 at 45؇N (at present, 23 W/m 2 ) and of 19 W/m 2 at 75؇N (at present, 4 W/m 2 ). These estimates of increased poleward heat transfer by H 2 O vapor during the Albian may help to explain the reduced equator-to-pole temperature gradients.

Here we present a simple and transparent alternative to the complex models of earth's thermal behaviour under time-changing conditions. We show the one-to-one relationship between changes in atmospheric properties and time-dependent changes in temperature and its distribution on earth. The model accounts for convection and radiation, thermal inertia and changes in albedo (ρ) and greenhouse factor (γ). The constructal law is used as the principle that governs the evolution of fl ow confi guration on earth. The model showed that for two time-dependent scenarios, (δ ρ = 0.002; δ γ = 0.011) and (δ ρ = 0.002; δ γ = 0.005) the predicted equatorial and polar temperature increases and the time scales are (∆T H = 1.16 K; ∆T L = 1.11 K; 104 years) and (0.41 K;

Main aim of this work is to explore the suitability of high resolution SAR images for measuring ice flow velocity within glaciers. Available techniques for this purpose are Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) and Offset Tracking. The former, although theoretically much more precise, is frequently limited by coherence loss (or lacking of coherence) in glacier environment. The latter constitutes an alternative that works well when displacements are large. Study area is the Viedma Glacier (Santa Cruz, Argentina), one of the largest uncovered ice bodies in the South Patagonian Ice (SPI). High resolution COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) acquisitions were processed by estimating range and azimuth offset fields. Useful results, consisting in displacement maps showing areas with different fast-flowing units, were obtained by Offset Tracking processing.

Exposed along the Pacific shores of northern Baja California, Mexico, the Alisitos Formation includes a significant amount of andesite which formed during Middle Cretaceous time. In Late Cretaceous time, again in Late Pleistocene time, and now at present, these exhumed ...

An interdisciplinary study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between geological and paleoenvironmental parameters and the bacterial and archaeal community structure of two contrasting subseafloor sites in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Ligurian Sea and Gulf of Lion). Both depositional environments in this area are well-documented from paleoclimatic and paleooceanographic point of views. Available data sets allowed us to calibrate the investigated cores with reference and dated cores previously collected in the same area, and notably correlated to Quaternary climate variations. DNA-based fingerprints showed that the archaeal diversity was composed by one group, Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group (MCG), within the Gulf of Lion sediments and of nine different lineages (dominated by MCG, South African Gold Mine Euryarchaeotal Group (SAGMEG) and Halobacteria) within the Ligurian Sea sediments. Bacterial molecular diversity at both sites revealed mostly the presence of the classes Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria within Proteobacteria phylum, and also members of Bacteroidetes phylum. The sec-

We report significant lateral variability in shear wave velocity and Moho depth in the Archean crust, beneath the Dharwar craton, using earthquake waveform data recorded over 50 broadband seismographs. The craton is a continuously exposed Archean continental fragment divided into the west Dharwar craton (WDC) of age 2.7-3.36 Ga, and the east Dharwar craton (EDC) of age, dominantly, 2.5 Ga. The craton progressively transitions into the Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) with age of metamorphism around 2.6 Ga. The inversion and modeling of receiver function data reveal significant variation of Moho depth, viz., 38-54 km in the WDC, and 40-46 km in the SGT and 32-38 km in the EDC. The average shear wave velocity (Vs) of crust beneath the WDC is ∼3.85 km/s as compared to ∼3.6 km/s in the EDC. We infer highly variable thickness (16-30 km) of mafic cumulate (Vs ≥ 4.0 km/s and Vp ≥ 7.0 km/s) beneath the WDC, in contrast with a thin one (<5 km) beneath the late Archean EDC. The 3.36 Ga greenstone belt in the WDC has maximum basal layer thickness of ∼30 km. These results suggest the intermediate-mafic composition and exceptional thickness of crust beneath the WDC (>50 km) as compared to felsic to intermediate composition for the EDC crust with almost flat Moho (down to ∼38 km). These results suggest preserved mafic crustal root beneath the middle Archean terrain in the WDC that has remained inert since then. On the other hand, felsic to intermediate composition of crust with a nearly flat Moho beneath the late Archean EDC could be a consequence of regional delamination of lower crust. The preserved distinct Moho topography across the Archean terrains suggests it as compositional boundary. Considering the surface exposure of 15-20 km crust, based on P-T condition, in the granulite segment of the WDC, we speculate a Himalaya-like crustal thickness (50-70 km) beneath the middle Archean crust pointing toward a plate tectonic-like scenario at ∼3.0 Ga.

Field experiments using strains of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli were conducted to evaluate the events which would occur when a septic-tank drainfield became submerged in a perched water table and fecal bacteria were subsequently released into the ground water. Three separately distinguishable bacterial strains were inoculated into three horizontal lines installed in the A, B, and C horizons of two western Oregon hilislope soils. Movement was evaluated by collecting ground water samples from rows of modified piezometers (six piezometers/ row) placed at various depths and distances downslope from the injection lines. Transport of E. coli differed at both sites with respect to movement rates, zones in the soil profiles through which major translocation occurred, and the relative numbers of cells transported over time. Movement rates of at least 1,500 cm/hour were observed in the B horizon at one site. The strains of E. coli survived in large numbers in the soils examined for at least 96 hours and appeared to be satisfactory as tracers of subsurface water flow. The concept of partial displacement (or turbulent flow through macropores) is discussed an explanation of the rapid movement of substantial numbers of microbial cells through saturated profiles.

The E1 A s n a m earthquake of October 10, 1980 (M, = 7.3) produced surface faulting on a northeast-trending thrust fault of 30 km length with displacements of up to 6.5 m, though average displacements were about 3 m. In addition, widespread tensional features were formed, some in clear association with folding above the thrust, and others, in an area beyond the exposure of the thrust at the surface, which m a y be related to buried reverse faults. The observed thrust fault is split into southern, central and northern segments. Local and teleseismic data are examined to show that the main shock nucleated at the southwest end of the fault, and propagated 12 km northeast where a second rupture of approximately equal moment occurred, continuing the faulting a further 12 km northeast along the central segment. Both ruptures nucleated at about 8-10 km depth. Displacements were largest on the central segment, where they were probably enlarged by aftershocks, including one of m b =6.1 three hours after the main shock. The northern segment was much shorter than the other two, and showed smaller displacement. The junctions between fault segments are marked by distinct geomorphological characteristics and a change in strike of the faulting, as well as a sudden drop in the observed displacement. It appears that the rupture development is influenced by the changes in fault geometry between segments, and that such junctions or barriers have persisted through much of the late Quaternary.

Environmental contextArsenic contamination of groundwater is a major environmental problem in many areas of the world. In south-east Asia, iron-rich reducing groundwater mixes with oxidising river water in hyporheic zones, precipitating iron oxides. These oxides can act as a natural reactive barrier capable of accumulating elevated solid-phase concentrations of arsenic. Shallow, anoxic aquifers within the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta (GBMD) commonly contain elevated concentrations of arsenic (As), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Highly enriched solid-phase concentrations of these elements have been observed within sediments lining the banks of the Meghna River. This zone has been described as a Natural Reactive Barrier (NRB). The impact of hydrological processes on NRB formation, such as transient river levels, which drive mixing between rivers and aquifers, is poorly understood. We evaluated the impact of groundwater flow dynamics on hydrobiogeochemical processes that led to the f...

Objectives: In this study, experiments and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations were conducted to investigate lead ion (Pb 2+ ) adsorption in bentonite. Method: Experiments were carried out in a fixed bed column at 30°C, pH = 4.0 and average particle diameter of 0.127 mm. The influence of the flow rate on the breakthrough curves was examined with constant inlet concentration equal to 0.88 meq L-1. The CFD technique was used for the simulation of flow patterns and ion concentration profiles inside the fixed bed column during the adsorption process. A 2D axisymmetric model based on Navier-Stokes and diffusion-convection equations was used for simulating the fluid phase. Results: Experimental data obtained for different inlet flow rates and Pb 2+ concentrations were used for validating the model. The CFD simulations predicted the experimental behavior of the fixed bed adsorption very well in all conditions under study.

Conservation biologists and ecologists often make use of models to identify important biotic and abiotic factors that constrain species distributions for conservation decisions to be taken. In line with such practices, we developed species distribution models for four localized, Cape Floristic Region (CFR) endemic, flightless, congeneric Euloryma grasshopper species. We chose this group as use of these models has been little explored for narrow range endemics with specific traits. Euloryma larsenorum and E. lapollai are associated with fynbos only, while E. umoja and E. ottei are both associated with fynbos and vineyards. We used the Maximum Entropy algorithm, which showed that vegetation type and soil characteristics were the most important environmental factors affecting local distribution of Euloryma species in the CFR. The models also showed that Euloryma species have a very narrow habitat suitability range in the CFR. We also showed that there are no significant differences in the distribution of species associated with fynbos only as well as those associated with both fynbos and vineyards. E. larsenorum and E lapollai are likely to be the most affected species in the event of further habitat transformation from fynbos to agricultural production. This is not likely to be the case for E. umoja and E. ottei which can tolerate agriculture environment, although they might survive both sets of environments in accordance with their life history traits.

The present study reports the growth rate of the purple dye murex, Bolinus brandaris (Gastropoda: Muricidae), estimated from mark-recapture experiments. A total of 1067 specimens (shell length = 43.4±8.1 mm, range = 14.6-78.4 mm) were marked with Dymo ® tape tags and released in a semi-intensive fish culture earthen pond. After a period at liberty ranging from almost two months to around two years, 288 individuals were recaptured (shell length = 67.4±6.2 mm, range = 45.3-88.6 mm), which corresponded to a recapture rate of 27.0%. At recapture, only one specimen had lost the tag (tag loss rate <0.1%) and all remaining tags were intact and legible. Mean monthly growth rates were 0.9±1.0 mm in shell length, 0.4±0.5 mm in shell width and 0.7±0.7 g in total weight. Growth rates showed high inter-individual variability and an evident decreasing trend with specimen size. Comparison of growth rates with similar information available for other muricids confirmed that B. brandaris is a relatively slow-growing species. This provides valuable information for both fisheries management and for assessing the potential of B. brandaris as a candidate species for molluscan aquaculture.

Monitoring and evaluating forest restoration projects is a challenge especially in largescale, but the remote monitoring of indicators with the use of synoptic, multispectral and multitemporal data allows us to gauge the restoration success with more accurately

Barbados is a small country in the north Atlantic, lying as the most easterly of the Lesser Antilles. It has a narrow continental shelf, and is surrounded by deeper water. As a small island, fisheries are of high importance to the country, with the artisanal and subsistence sectors being of particular importance. There is also a significant industrial sector, which developed from the introduction of ice-boats equipped with cold storage in the mid-1970s. This report is an update of an earlier study that reconstructed the historical catch and effort of fishing in Barbados for 1940-2000. The update revised and extended the time period to 1950-2010 and found that the reconstructed catch was 1.6 times the data reported to the FAO. Artisanal catches were found to be the most dominant with 63% of the catch, with subsistence and industrial fisheries contributing 20% and 17% of the catch, respectively. Recreational fisheries contributed less than 1%. Flyingfish (Exocoetidae) were the most do...

Grenada is a small country in the south eastern Caribbean Sea consisting of the primary island of Grenada and several islands at the southern end of the Grenadine chain. Fisheries are largely artisanal and for many years utilized traditional techniques. An industrial fishery began in the early 1990s when eight longliners with cold storage entered the fishery. This report reconstructed fisheries for Grenada for 19502010 and found that the reconstructed catches were 1.5 times the data reported to the FAO for the same time period. Fish caught from Grenada made up 89% of the catch. Artisanal fisheries contributed 71% of the total catch, with subsistence and industrial sectors contributing 20.5% and 8.4%, respectively, whilst the recreational fishery made up less than 0.1%. Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) was the primary taxon in the catch, mostly caught by the industrial fishery in the later part of the time period, and contributing 12.3% to the overall removals. Bigeye scad (Selar c...

A sintering technology for preparing porous materials from sea bottom sediments was developed for use in water purification. The purpose of the present study was to develop methods for converting the sea bottom sediments dredged from Ago Bay into value-added recycled products. The sintered products fabricated at 400°C were found to be very effective adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals.

The volcanic island of Ischia has shown to have an important seismogenic potential, being the location of several destructive earthquakes, e.g. 1881, 1883 and 2017. The damage caused by these earthquakes was more connected to the proximity of the source to the surface than to their magnitude (M w &lt; 5.2). The need to monitor and model this seismicity required the installation of a dense and modern seismic network. The first modern seismic station on the island was installed in 1993, and the network was successively increased with time. A meaningful improvement to the network was made after the earthquake that occurred on the 21 of August 2017. The network currently has 11 sites with velocimeters and some of them with accelerometers installed too. We analysed the seismic network configuration in comparison with the seismicity that characterizes the area to mark a starting point for future seismological analysis. The network is currently able to locate shallow earthquakes with durat...

The purpose of this work is to study the subsoil structure of the Campi Flegrei area using both spectral ratios and array techniques applied to seismic noise. We have estimated the dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves by applying the Frequency-Wavenumber (f -k hereinafter) and Modified Spatial Autocorrelation (MSPAC) techniques to the seismic noise recorded by the underground short period seismic Array "ARF", by the broadband stations of the UNREST experiment and by the broadband stations of the seismic monitoring network of INGV -Osservatorio Vesuviano. We have performed the inversion of a dispersion curve (obtained averaging the f -k and MSPAC dispersion curves of seismic noise and single phase velocity values of coherent transient signals) jointly with the H /V spectral ratio of the broadband station CELG, to obtain a shear wave velocity model up to 2000 m depth. The best-fit model obtained is in a good agreement with the stratigraphic information available in the area coming from shallow boreholes and deep wells drilled for geothermal exploration. In active volcanic areas, such as Campi Flegrei, the definition of the velocity model is a crucial issue to characterize the physical parameters of the medium. Generally, a high quality characterization of the medium properties helps to separate the contributions of the volcanic source, path and site in the geophysical observables. Therefore, monitoring possible variations in time of such properties in general can help to recognize anomalies due to the volcano dynamics, i.e. fluid migration connected to the volcanic activity.

The study of scour mechanism downstream of low-head control structures is a fundamental topic for hydraulic engineers. Generally, the analysis of the scour process is conducted under steady flow conditions, assuming that the maximum discharge is occurring for sufficient time to reach the equilibrium scour configuration. Nevertheless, in rivers the scour process generally occurs in correspondence with a flood event, which is characterized by discharge varying with time. This last condition is still less studied and analyzed in terms of effects on bed morphology. Researchers mainly focused on the maximum scour depth assuming that it occurs in correspondence with the peak discharge, but they rarely took into account the evolution of the scour process under unsteady flow conditions. The aim of the present paper is to analyze the evolution of scour morphology under unsteady flow conditions, and compare it with that obtained under steady flow conditions. In particular, three structure typologies were tested: a stepped gabion weir with upstream impermeable filtering layer, a straight rock sill, and a curved rock sill. The results showed that the scour phenomenon deeply depended on inflow conditions. Nevertheless, it was also shown that the equilibrium morphology of the downstream stilling basin is essentially the same under both unsteady and steady flow conditions if the duration of the unsteady event is enough long.

Block ramps are usually located in natural rivers. In particular, the location of the structure in river bends contributes to deeply modifying both the upstream inflow conditions and the downstream erosive process. The scour mechanism is affected by the kinematic field asymmetry, resulting in a significant three-dimensionality of the scour features. Therefore, it appears fundamental to deepen the erosive process occurring in correspondence with such structures in order to provide insights on the physics of the phenomenon and improve existing design criteria. Based on both field measurements conducted in the Porębianka River and laboratory model results, this manuscript presents a preliminary analysis of the resulting equilibrium morphologies downstream of block ramps located in river bends by highlighting the effect of the main hydraulic and geometric parameters on the scour lengths as well as on sediment bar formation.

To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university.

To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university.

The post-war fishery of Lake Ladoga can be divided according to its catch level into four periods . In the years 1945-1954 the total annual catch increased, and reached the level of 4000 tonnes . In this period the fish stocks that had increased during the war years were intensively exploited . However, this fishery was not in balance with the stocks during the period 1955-1963 . As a consequence, the catch decreased drastically, being sometimes less than 2000 tonnes . Controlling the fishery restored the abundance of whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L .) and zander Stizostedion lucioperca (L .) . This increased the total annual catch to about 5500 tonnes in 1964-1989 . However, the fishery control measures have not been sufficient to achieve the conservation of salmon Salmo salar L . m . sebago, brown trout Salmo trutta L . and the migratory lake whitefish stocks . A decrease in the total fish catch has been observed since 1990 . This decrease may be related to the deterioration of the environment of Lake Ladoga, caused by anthropogenic factors . The unfavourable state of the ecosystem has led to decline of the whitefish stocks and, especially during the last few years, to drastical decline of zander . Acute problems, to be faced in the near future, are connected with the hatchery maintenance of several riverspawning stocks, e .g. salmon, brown trout and migratory whitefish, because the existing fish hatcheries are insufficient in capacity and technically outdated .

Fifty-two radio-tagged salmon were released below and above the Lower Tuloma hydroelectric plant at the outlet of the River Tuloma, Kola Peninsula. Their route seeking behaviour between the spillway, tailrace and fish pass was monitored below the dam. Fish released above the dam were tracked with emphasis on studying the migration speed, spatial distribution, and fishing mortality in the ca. 50-km long Lower Tuloma reservoir. Fish that reached the outlet of the main spawning tributary, River Petcha, at the upper end of the reservoir, were monitored for their behaviour when confronted with a nearly impassable waterfall and an adjacent fish pass. In general, salmon were observed to be rather reluctant to enter both fish passes, occasionally even backing out after entering the pass. Fish preferred to seek their way in stronger current, i.e., the tailrace and spillway discharges below the Lower Tuloma dam, and the natural channel with waterfall at the mouth of the River Petcha. Nineteen fish reached the River Petcha, the mean duration of the migration being 39 h (range: 23-70 h). Fishing mortality appeared to be reasonably high as 20 radiotags (39%) were returned by fishermen. In the scope of the salmon restoration project, the results give ground for consideration of possible improvements in the efficiency of the existing fish passes.

The post-war fishery of Lake Ladoga can be divided according to its catch level into four periods. In the years 1945-1954 the total annual catch increased, and reached the level of 4000 tonnes. In this period the fish stocks that had increased during the war years were intensively exploited. However, this fishery was not in balance with the stocks during the period 1955-1963. As a consequence, the catch decreased drastically, being sometimes less than 2000 tonnes. Controlling the fishery restored the abundance of whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) and zander Stizostedion lucioperca (L.). This increased the total annual catch to about 5500 tonnes in 1964-1989. However, the fishery control measures have not been sufficient to achieve the conservation of salmon Salmo salar L. m. sebago, brown trout Salmo trutta L. and the migratory lake whitefish stocks. A decrease in the total fish catch has been observed since 1990. This decrease may be related to the deterioration of the environment of Lake Ladoga, caused by anthropogenic factors. The unfavourable state of the ecosystem has led to decline of the whitefish stocks and, especially during the last few years, to drastical decline of zander. Acute problems, to be faced in the near future, are connected with the hatchery maintenance of several riverspawning stocks, e.g. salmon, brown trout and migratory whitefish, because the existing fish hatcheries are insufficient in capacity and technically outdated.

OM8 No 0704 0188 1 Exp Date Jun30. 1986 la REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS Unclassified 2a SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT 2b. DECLASSIFICATION /DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) CRREL Report 88-19 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION 20 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION [ UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED [ SAME AS RPT C3 DTIC USERS Unclassified 22a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDI'viDuAl 22 T' EOwNE (include 4rea Code) 22c OFFICE SYMBOL

La liste des personnes que je souhaite remercier est longue, et exprimer toute ma gratitude envers ces personnes avec des mots justes me semble aujourd'hui bien plus délicat que de rédiger une thèse. Avant tout, ma thèse a été effectuée entre deux universités différentes, de deux pays différents, qui m'ont accueillie au-delà des espérances de tout nouvel arrivant. C'est tout naturellement que je vms d' abord expnmer mes plus sincères remerciements à mes directeurs et codirecteurs de thèse. Merci d'avoir été présents tout au long de cette thèse, de m'avoir fait confiance, encouragée et soutenue. J'ai pu d'une part, apprendre de votre savoir-faire complémentaire et, d'autre part, avoir toujours quelqu'un à mon écoute tout au long de ma thèse. Je tiens à remercier mes aides de terrain (Jennifer, Carine, Mathilde, Lauriane, Mickael, Julie) et mes amis (Aurélie, Nicolas, Annie-Claude, Albanie, Dave, Maryse, Marie, Pascal) qui m'ont fait passer un été inoubliable à la station de recherche du lac Duparquet. Je n'aurais certainement pu finir mon terrain dans les temps sans 1' aide de Danielle Charron, qui rn' a fourni le matériel, mais aussi l'aide nécessaire pour pouvoir finaliser mon échantillonnage. Mes remerciements vont aussi au personnel de la station de recherche du lac Duparquet, qui m'ont fourni les cartes de ma zone d'étude et qui m'ont conseillée. Je remercie le personnel du laboratoire du Centre de Bio-Archéologie et d'Écologie de m'avoir accueillie et soutenue. Au sein de ce labo, j'ai la chance d'avoir rencontré des gens que je peux compter aujourd'hui parmi mes amis. Un merci particulier à Laure, Laurent, Isabelle, Sandrine et Sarah. Je tiens à remercier mes compagnons de route, tous les thésards et stagiaires d'un côté ou de l'autre de l'Atlantique (Benoit,

Granitoids cutting the sheeted dyke complex (Göksun metaophiolite), the Elbistan ensimatic island arc volcanoclastic sequence of Neocomian age and the Kabaktepe metamorphites (Bitlis/Pötürge metamorphites) of Paleozoik-Lower Triassic age respectively, outcrop around Afsin-Elbistan-Göksun. The units deposited during Upper Cenonian-Eocene overlie these older units with an angular unconformity starting with a basal conglomerate. In the study area, outcropped granitoids have not been developed during island arc eruptions. These granitoids take place on the collision belts of the subduction zone formed by the N-S directed compressional forces of late Cretaceous started in Lower Cretaceous and increased after Neocomian. Their development is due to the increasing crustal thickness and sinking of the island arc deposits and its basement which is oceanic crust during Coniacian-Upper Santonian. Granitoids are the differentiated products of anatectic magma (diorite, monzonite, syenite, tonalite, granodiorite, granite, alcaline granite and silexite). Which is formed from melting of oceanic (Göksun metaophiolite) and crustal (Kabaktepe metamorphites) rocks together or sepertly at high temperatures. This anatectic magma is named and defined as Afsin magmatism for the first time. However, except these wide spread granitoids intrusions in Eastern Taurus, it was also observed that seme granitic rocks (diorite, monzonite, syenite, tonalite, granodiorite, granite and alcaline granite). Which don't show any intrusive features and magmatic phase. They formed by recrystallization from metamorphites rocks, island arc volcanoclastic deposits and ophiolites (gabbro, sheeted dyke complex and volcanosedimentary rocks) insitu. Granitoids were subjected the low grade regional metamorphism (greenschist facies) probably in Upper Santonian-Campanian.

Geosciences are as important as ever to society in relation to a broad range of challenges. Our geoscience subjects are central to six of the global top ten challenges to society, including the supply of fresh water to the whole population, stable supply of energy, the climate evolution and severe weather conditions, stable and sufficient food supply where soil sciences is at the centre, geohazards, and ocean acidification. The political solutions to these key challenges require scientific knowledge and insight, and learned societies should assume a key responsibility in defining the challenges. The science advice to the political world will come from a variety of organisations, and it is reassuring that ICSU recently has launched its new flagship programme on "Future Earth". However, the geoscience unions should also play a key role in ensuring that society has the best scientific insight before decisions are made to these grand challenges. The unions with their broad membership, geographically and subject-wise, have the organisation that may foster increased international collaboration on the key challenges across the borders. The European Geosciences Union (EGU) is Europe's premier geosciences union, dedicated to the pursuit of excellence in the geosciences and the planetary and space sciences for the benefit of humanity, worldwide. It was established in September 2002 as a merger of the European Geophysical Society (EGS) and the European Union of Geosciences (EUG), and has headquarters in Munich, Germany. EGU is a non-profit international union of scientists with over 12,500 members from all over the world. Membership is open to individuals who are professionally engaged in or associated with geosciences and planetary and space sciences and related studies, including students and retired seniors. The EGU has a current portfolio of 16 diverse scientific journals, which use an innovative open access format, and organises a number of topical meetings, as well as education and outreach activities. Its annual General Assembly is the largest and most prominent European geosciences event, attracting over 13,000 scientists from all over the world. The meeting's sessions cover a wide range of topics, including volcanology, planetary exploration, the Earth's internal structure and atmosphere, climate, as well as energy and resources. Europe is a diverse continent with many small countries. Although many countries are members, the European Union (EU) has limited influence on the policy making in Europe (e.g. laws require decision in all parliaments in the member countries). Nevertheless, the political system in Europe develops toward integration between the members of the EU. The disciplinary breath and its large membership provide excellent background for EGU to assume a role in assisting policy makers by providing scientific advice. EGU is already a premier forum for open debate on the role of geosciences in modern society and development of new relations between scientists and the political system. We are now taking up the challenge and responsibility of promoting geosciences in a wider context to society, including promoting research opportunities for talented early career researchers, and providing links between decision makers, the political system and the scientific community. Outreach in terms of information sharing with the public is already at a high level and the ambition for the coming years is that EGU's voice should be heard among the coming generations of scientists, politicians, economists, and other decision makers throughout Europe. Being the premier geoscience union in Europe, EGU has a commitment to provide reliable scientific information to society, in particular to the main global scientific challenges faced by our societies. On global scale, the geosciences unions should consider joint action in identifying the key questions in relation to the key global challenges.

This on-going study focuses on the reprocessing of the historical BABEL (Baltic and Bothnian Echoes from the Lithosphere, 1989) seismic lines in the Bay of Bothnia in preparation for the acquisition of a 400 km long onshore reflection and refraction profile in central part of Sweden. The main aim of the project is to increase the understanding of the tectonic evolution of the mineral-rich Bergslagen region both offshore and onshore. The seismic data have been recovered and currently being reprocessed using up-to-date processing methods and preliminary results show promising outcome from this work.

In recent years, there has been a dichotomy of management interests in reference to impoundments. This is especially true in the case of newly created impoundments, where wetlands are diked off. On the one hand, there are those who advocate the creation of impoundments, since these areas do, in fact, substantially enhance resting and feeding habitat for waterfowl and wading birds. In contrast, there are those who oppose this practice in the name of conservation because wetlands, in their natural state, are highly productive and supply vital habitat and nursery grounds for many commercial and sport fish and shellfish. When impounded, these wetlands do not function in the same ~ay. The State of South Carol ina discourages the impounding of previously undisturbed wetlands. Waterfowl management, estuarine management and recent advances in aquaculture are placing demands on the same system, and little data are available to assist in formulation of pol icies, guidel ines, and management strategies (see . This report attempts to summarize existing data on impoundments to provide a reasonable starting point for further research. This information was synthesized from .. a, large regional characterization that was completed in 1980. 1 We gratefully acknowledge B.

The two•dimensional steady flow of acoastal flow past a headland has been considered. Results froro a numerical model are presented to show the transient and steady state flow structures downstream of the headland, for a range of external parameter8. It is demonstrated that the flows are of two types, The first type, which is characterised by low values of the bottom friction parameter (M) and low values of the Froude number (Fr), shows deflection of the incident flow around the cape tip and attachment of the flow to the rear face of the headland. For higher values of M and Fr, separation of the flow occurs at t.he tip of the headland end an attached eddy is generated downstream. Eddy shedding is not observed. The results show that the size of the attached eddy and the vorticity distribution within it are controlled strongly b~the value of M, though the maximum vorticity within the eddy depends only upon the incident flow velOCity U and the horiwntal dimension L of the obstruction. Evidence of oscillatory behaviour is detected during the transient adjustment phase of flow development. with the period of the oscillations being of the same order as vortex shedding periods for the same geometry.

Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar a necessidade imperiosa de reestruturação da ONU para que esta organização exerça o papel de Governo mundial, não apenas para assegurar o ordenamento do caótico sistema econômico global, do insustentável meio ambiente do planeta Terra, e das relações internacionais caracterizadas pelas guerras intermináveis entre as nações, mas também, para enfrentar as ameaças à sobrevivência da humanidade sejam elas existentes no planeta Terra ou vindas do espaço sideral. Para tanto, este artigo apresenta: 1) como o mundo evoluiu da aldeia primitiva à constituição de estados-nações e blocos econômicos; 2) como constituir um Governo mundial para construir um mundo de paz e progresso para toda a humanidade; e, 3) como o Governo mundial atuaria no enfrentamento das ameaças à sobrevivência da humanidade.

Los autores desean rendir homenaje a quien por muchos años nos ha brindado su “don de gentes” como un ente de conexión entre colegas, haciendo con ello parte de su actividad profesional y adicionando a su cotidianidad la actividad gremial a través de la Sociedad Venezolana de Geólogos.

Changes in water temperature and stratification dynamics can have a significant effect on hydrodynamics and water quality in reservoirs. Therefore, to assess future climate impacts, projections of three regional climate models for Europe, under the IPCC A1B emission scenario (2081–2100), were used with the CE-QUAL-W2 water quality model to evaluate changes in the thermal regime of 24 Portuguese reservoirs, representing different geographic regions, morphologies, volumes and hydrological regimes. Simulation results were compared with reference simulations for the period 1989–2008 and changes in water temperature and thermal stratification characteristics were evaluated. Future inflow scenarios were estimated from precipitation-runoff non-linear correlations and outflows were estimated considering present water uses, including hydropower, water supply and irrigation. Results suggest a significant increment in the mean water temperature of the reservoirs for the entire water volume and...

Detailed microscopic observations (palynofacies) and organic geochemical analyses were conducted on insoluble sedimentary organic matter (kerogens) from the Late Cretaceous sediments in the Chad (Bornu) Basin, northeastern Nigeria. This is to assess their origin, paleoenvironment and types, as well as their petroleum potential. The organic matter is mainly composed of mixed terrestrial plant and marine algae-derived AOMs. Phytoclasts are also present in significant amount in most of the samples, especially those obtained from the upper section of Fika Formation. However, most of the AOMs appears to be degraded and were not well preserved. The variations of relative abundances of marine and terrigenous organic matter may be controlled by terrestrial input in ocean and/or preservation rather than marine production. This organic matter was likely deposited in marine environment under environmental conditions that were mostly dysoxic. The intense degradation observed in most of the organic matter may be as a result of high thermal maturity. Further evidences in this study confirmed that most of the potential source rocks in Chad (Bornu) Basin contain Type III kerogens, but Type III/II kerogens were also present in some parts of the basin, especially at the upper section of Fika Formation. It was also revealed that most of the samples, especially those at the deeper sections of the basin display high aromatic character which suggest a dominant gas-prone nature of the organic matter. This study confirmed that a potential for gas generation exist in this basin.

Arsenic contamination in groundwater is of increasing concern because of its high toxicity and widespread occurrence. This study is an effort to trace the factors responsible for arsenic enrichment in groundwater of the middle Gangetic Plain of India through major ion chemistry, arsenic speciation, sediment grain-size analyses, and multivariate statistical techniques. The study focuses on the distinction between the contributions of natural weathering and anthropogenic inputs of arsenic with its spatial distribution and seasonal variations in the plain of the state Bihar of India. Thirty-six groundwater and one sediment core samples were collected in the premonsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Various graphical plots and statistical analysis were carried out using chemical data to enable hydrochemical evaluation of the aquifer system based on the ionic constituents, water types, hydrochemical facies, and factors controlling groundwater quality. Results suggest that the groundwater is characterized by slightly alkaline pH with moderate to strong reducing nature. The general trend of various ions was found to be Ca 3-[ F -in both seasons. Spatial and temporal variations showed a slightly higher arsenic concentration in the pre-monsoon period (118 lg/L) than in the post-monsoon period (114 lg/L). Results of correlation analyses indicate that arsenic contamination is strongly associated with high concentrations of Fe, PO 4 3-, and NH 4 ? but relatively low Mn concentrations. Further, the enrichment of arsenic is more prevalent in the proximity of the Ganges River, indicating that fluvial input is the main source of arsenic. Grain size analyses of sediment core samples revealed clay (fine-grained) strata between 4.5 and 7.5 m deep that govern the vertical distribution of arsenic. The weathering of carbonate and silicate minerals along with surfacegroundwater interactions, ion exchange, and anthropogenic activities seem to be the processes governing groundwater contamination, including with arsenic. Although the percentage of wells exceeding the permissible limit (50 lg/L) was less (47%) than that reported in Bangladesh and West Bengal, the percentage contribution of toxic As(III) to total arsenic concentration is quite high (66%). This study is vital considering that groundwater is the exclusive source of drinking water in the region and not only makes situation alarming but also calls for immediate attention.

In this paper, we propose a context-driven injection scheme for pansharpening, in which the injection coefficients are computed over superpixel segments obtained by means of a modified Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (t-SLIC) technique applied on the texture descriptors of the PAN image. By using the t-SLIC algorithm, various homogeneous-connected components can be generated according to their spectral properties. The proposed pansharpening method relies on a multiresolution framework by employing the Generalized Laplacian Pyramid (GLP) tailored to the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the MS sensors for extracting the high frequency details. First, the injection gains are locally computed as regression coefficients between the upsampled MS and lowresolution PAN regions at a reduced scale. Then, they are multiplied by a global weighting factor computed per spectral band and defined as the ratio of variance between expanded MS bands and PAN image. Finally, the spatial details are modulated by means of the estimated global-local injection coefficients at superpixel level to produce the high-resolution MS image. The validation is assessed with two datasets acquired by IKONOS and WorldView-3 satellites. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a favourable performance both visually and quantitatively compared to the state of-the-art pansharpening algorithms.

The first archaeogeophysical survey at the ancient site of Parion (Biga-Çanakakle) is presented in this paper. During the summer of 2006 we conducted an electrical resistivity tomography survey at the necropolis. Resistivity data were collected along parallel profiles using Wenner-Schlumberger array and electrode spacing of 1 m. A two-dimensional least squares algorithm based on the smoothness-constrained technique inverted the apparent resistivity data. MATLAB-based visualization tools displayed resistivity distribution of the subsurface in three-dimensional volume. These tools yield volumetric resistivity images by combining two-dimensional model resistivity sections. Thus, both the horizontal and vertical extent of the anomalous zones were displayed. This visualization technique revealed high resistivity zones at depths ranging from 0.25 to 2.5 m at the investigation area. Taking into account archaeological evidence, these higher resistivity zones are the most promising locations for archaeological excavation.

Application of Geographic Information Technology with satellite imageries have a vital role in shoreline studies. The Present paper highlights the application of this technology to explore the changes in the coastal tract. The prime aim of the paper is to locate the major changes in terms of erosion and deposition during a period of Four decades. A comparative study had gone using shorelines those extracted from toposheet and satellite imageries between (1972 to 2013). From the extracted Shorelines, changes have identified, Further DSAS employed for getting the Linear Regression Rate(LRR) for the area. The shoreline taken as a length of 9.3 km and it buffered 3 km it having 19.1 km2 of land and 22.62 km2 of sea for the given study. There found a drastic erosional changes. And the studies examine the area is under the threat of erosion with an average of –4.13 m/year

This paper analyzes the collapse of the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) through the lens of the Structural Demographic Theory (SDT), a general framework for understanding the drivers of socio-political instability in state-level societies. Although a number of competing ideas for the collapse have been proposed, none provide a comprehensive explanation that incorporates the interaction of all the multiple drivers involved. We argue that the four-fold population explosion peaking in the 19th century, the growing competition for a stagnant number of elite positions, and increasing state fiscal stress combined to produce an increasingly disgruntled populace and elite, leading to significant internal rebellions. We find that while neither the ecological disasters nor the foreign incursions during the 19th century were sufficient on their own to bring down the Qing, when coupled with the rising internal sociopolitical stresses, they produced a rapid succession of triggering events that culminated in the Qing collapse.

The central sector of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) was characterised by considerable complexity, both in terms of its glacial stratigraphy and geomorphological signature. This complexity is reflected by the large number and long history of papers that have attempted to decipher the glaciodynamic history of the region. Despite significant advances in our understanding, reconstructions remain hotly debated and relatively local, thereby hindering attempts to piece together BIIS dynamics. This paper seeks to address these issues by reviewing geomorphological mapping evidence of palimpsest flow signatures and providing an up-to-date stratigraphy of the region. Reconciling geomorphological and sedimentological evidence with relative and absolute dating constraints has allowed us to develop a new sixstage glacial model of ice-flow history and behaviour in the central sector of the last BIIS, with three major phases of glacial advance. This includes: I. Eastwards ice flow through prominent topographic corridors of the north Pennines; II. Cessation of the Stainmore ice flow pathway and northwards migration of the North Irish Sea Basin ice divide; III. Stagnation and retreat of the Tyne Gap Ice Stream; IV. Blackhall Wood-Gosforth Oscillation; V. Deglaciation of the Solway Lowlands; and VI. Scottish Re-advance and subsequent final retreat of ice out of the central sector of the last BIIS. The ice sheet was characterised by considerable dynamism, with flow switches, initiation (and termination) of ice streams, drawdown of ice into marine ice streams, repeated ice-marginal fluctuations and the production of large volumes of meltwater, locally impounded to form ice-dammed glacial lakes. Significantly, we tie this reconstruction to work carried out and models developed for the entire ice sheet. This therefore situates research in the central sector within contemporary understanding of how the last BIIS evolved over time.

In light of the widespread evidence for global climate and sealevel change, reconstructing Holocene coastal evolution occupies a central role in the effort to predict future responses of coastlines to accelerating sea-level rise. Due to the value of coastal sediment deposits in understanding and therefore enhancing our predictive capability of coastal environmental change, much work has focused on ways to increase the accuracy of existing techniques, for example diatom analysis (Zong and Horton, 1999) and the pursuit of new techniques, for example testate amoebae analysis (Charman et al.,