Mapenzi ya jinsia mbili
Mapenzi ya jinsia mbili (pia: mapenzi ya jinsia zote) ni mvuto wa kimapenzi, kingono, au tabia ya kingono kuelekea kwa wanaume na wanawake vilevile.[1][2] Inaweza pia kufasiriwa kama mvuto kuelekea zaidi ya jinsia moja,[3] kwa watu wa jinsia moja na tofauti, au mvuto kwa watu bila kujali jinsia yao au utambulisho wa kijinsia (pansexuality).[4][5]
Neno mapenzi ya jinsia mbili hutumika hasa kwa watu wenye mvuto wa mapenzi ya jinsia tofauti na mapenzi ya jinsia moja.[1][6] Utambulisho wa mtu kama anapenda jinsia zote hauashirii kuwa na mvuto wa kingono sawa kwa jinsia zote mbili; mara nyingi, watu walio na upendeleo wa wazi lakini si wa kipekee kwa jinsia moja kuliko nyingine pia hujitambulisha kama mpenda jinsia zote.[7]
Wanasayansi hawajui hasa nini husababisha mwelekeo wa kijinsia, lakini wanadhani kuwa husababishwa na mchanganyiko mtambuka wa kijenetiki, homoni, na athari ya mazingira,[8][9][10] na hawaoni kuwa ni jambo la hiari.[8][9][11] Ingawa hakuna nadharia kuhusu chanzo cha mwelekeo wa kijinsia iliyokubaliwa kabisa, wanasayansi hupendelea nadharia zinazoegemea ki-biolojia.[8] Kuna ushahidi mwingi zaidi unaounga mkono sababu za kibiolojia zisizo za kijamii za mwelekeo wa kijinsia kuliko za kijamii, hasa kwa wanaume.[2][6][12]
Upenzi huu umeonekana katika jamii mbalimbali za binadamu,[13] na katika ulimwengu wa wanyama,[14][15][16] katika kipindi chote cha historia iliyorekodiwa. Neno mapenzi ya jinsia mbili, kama ilivyo kwa maneno mapenzi ya jinsia tofauti na jinsia moja, lilibuniwa katika karne ya 19 na Charles Gilbert Chaddock.[17][18]
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Sexual Orientation". American Psychiatric Association. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 26 Julai 2011. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Desemba 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul; Diamond, Lisa; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2 Desemba 2019. Iliwekwa mnamo 27 Julai 2019.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Understanding Bisexuality". American Psychological Association. 2019. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Machi 2019. Iliwekwa mnamo 8 Machi 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Soble, Alan (2006). "Bisexuality". Sex from Plato to Paglia: a philosophical encyclopedia. Juz. la 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. uk. 115. ISBN 978-0-313-32686-8.
Some bisexuals' attractions, however, appear to be gender 'blind'; that is, they are attracted to individuals independently of their sex- and gender linked attributes ... People with a gender-blind or 'pansexual' orientation are open not only to relations with men and women as traditionally figured in our society but also to relations with individuals who identify themselves as some combination of man/woman or some alternative gender entirely.
- ↑ Rice, Kim (2009). "Pansexuality". Katika Marshall Cavendish Corporation (mhr.). Sex and Society. Juz. la 2. Marshall Cavendish. uk. 593. ISBN 978-0-7614-7905-5. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 13 Novemba 2020. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Oktoba 2012.
In some contexts, the term pansexuality is used interchangeably with bisexuality, which refers to attraction to individuals of both sexes... Those who identify as bisexual feel that gender, biological sex, and sexual orientation should not be a focal point in potential relationships.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 LeVay, Simon (2017). Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199752966. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 22 Oktoba 2020. Iliwekwa mnamo 27 Julai 2019.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. (2006). "Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time". Journal of Sex Research. 43 (1): 46–58. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298. ISSN 0022-4499. PMC 3215279. PMID 16817067.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence (Juni 2004). "Sexual orientation and adolescents". Pediatrics. 113 (6): 1827–32. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. PMID 15173519. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 20 Machi 2013. Iliwekwa mnamo 27 Julai 2019.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lamanna, Mary Ann; Riedmann, Agnes; Stewart, Susan D (2014). Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. uk. 82. ISBN 978-1-305-17689-8. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 30 Novemba 2016. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Februari 2016.
The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).
{{cite book}}: no-break space character in|quote=at position 96 (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Gail Wiscarz Stuart (2014). Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. uk. 502. ISBN 978-0-323-29412-6. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 30 Novemba 2016. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Februari 2016.
No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Gloria Kersey-Matusiak (2012). Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care. Springer Publishing Company. uk. 169. ISBN 978-0-8261-9381-0. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 30 Novemba 2016. Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Februari 2016.
Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.'
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Balthazart, Jacques (2012). The Biology of Homosexuality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199838820. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 26 Januari 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 27 Julai 2019.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Crompton, Louis (2003). Homosexuality and Civilization. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01197-7.
- ↑ Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. London: Profile Books, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-86197-182-1.
- ↑ Roughgarden, Joan (Mei 2004). Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24073-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Driscoll, Emily V. (Julai 2008). "Bisexual Species: Unorthodox Sex in the Animal Kingdom". Scientific American. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 22 Novemba 2008. Iliwekwa mnamo 28 Agosti 2008.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Nadal, Kevin L. (2017). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4833-8426-9. OCLC 994139871.
- ↑ Harper, Douglas (Novemba 2001). "Bisexuality". Online Etymology Dictionary. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 26 Oktoba 2004. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Jisomee
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kihistoria
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Eva Cantarella. Bisexuality in the Ancient World, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1992, 2002. ISBN 978-0-300-09302-5
- Kenneth J. Dover. Greek Homosexuality, New York; Vintage Books, 1978. ISBN 0-394-74224-9
- Thomas K. Hubbard. Homosexuality in Greece and Rome, U. of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-23430-8
- W. A. Percy III. Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece, University of Illinois Press, 1996. ISBN 0-252-02209-2
- Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe, et al. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature, New York: New York University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8147-7468-7
- J. Wright & Everett Rowson. Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature. 1998. ISBN 0-231-10507-X (pbbk)/ ISBN 0-231-10506-1 (hdbk)
- Gary Leupp. Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995. ISBN 0-520-20900-1
- Tsuneo Watanabe & Jun'ichi Iwata. The Love of the Samurai. A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality, London: GMP Publishers, 1987. ISBN 0-85449-115-5
- Sigmund Freud. Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex. ISBN 0-486-41603-8
Kisasa
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Bisexuality: Theories, Research, and Recommendations for the Invisible Sexuality by D. Joye Swan and Shani Habibi, Editors, ISBN 9783319715346
- Dual Attraction: Understanding Bisexuality by Martin S. Weinberg, Colin J. Williams, & Douglas W. Pryor, ISBN 0195098412
- Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out by Loraine Hutchins, Editor & Lani Ka'ahumanu, Editor, ISBN 1-55583-174-5
- Getting Bi: Voices of Bisexuals Around the World by Robyn Ochs, Editor & Sarah Rowley, Editor, ISBN 0-9653881-4-X
- The Bisexual Option by Fritz Klein, MD, ISBN 1-56023-033-9
- Bi Men: Coming Out Every Which Way by Ron Suresha and Pete Chvany, Editors, ISBN 978-1-56023-615-3
- Bi America: Myths, Truths, And Struggles of an Invisible Community by William E. Burleson, ISBN 978-1-56023-478-4
- Bisexuality in the United States: A Social Science Reader by Paula C. Rodriguez Rust, Editor, ISBN 0-231-10226-7
- Bisexuality: The Psychology and Politics of an Invisible Minority by Beth A. Firestein, Editor, ISBN 0-8039-7274-1
- Current Research on Bisexuality by Ronald C. Fox PhD, Editor, ISBN 978-1-56023-289-6
- Bryant, Wayne M. Bisexual Characters in Film: From Anais to Zee. Haworth Gay & Lesbian Studies, 1997. ISBN 1-56023-894-1.
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Official website of the American Institute of Bisexuality (Kiingereza)
- American Psychological Association's Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Concerns Office (Kiingereza)
- "Bisexuality" at the Magnus Hirschfeld Archive for Sexology (archived 4 October 2008) (Kiingereza)
- The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality (archived 21 May 2008) (Kiingereza)
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