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In this paper, I attempt to refine the generally accepted view on the origin of Indo-Iranian loan... more In this paper, I attempt to refine the generally accepted view on the origin of Indo-Iranian loan vocabulary in Burushaski. Having analyzed extensive lexical material, I come to the conclusion that a very large part of this vocabulary was borrowed before the split of the Proto-Burushaski state, and cannot be derived from any of the traditionally identified donor languages (i.e. Shina, Khowar, Urdu, Persian and East Iranian Pamir languages). It is also demonstrated that this “pan-Burushaski” segment of the Indo-Iranian lexical stratum is etymologically heterogeneous, with some Dardic lect as one of the possible sources.
В статье исследуются некоторые черты традиционного мировоззрения этносов Памиро-Гиндукушского аре... more В статье исследуются некоторые черты традиционного мировоззрения этносов Памиро-Гиндукушского ареала. Демонстрируется, что системы базовых ценностей этих этносов содержат диаметрально противоположные ценностные блоки. Автор пытается найти объяснение данному факту и приходит к выводу, что причину его следует искать в ряде особенностей характерной для региона системы жизнеобеспечения. Важнейшей из таких особенностей является вовлечение в единый хозяйственный механизм весьма различных в ландшафтно-климатическом отношении территорий.
The paper analyzes some features of the traditional worldview of the ethnic groups inhabiting the Pamir-Hindu Kush region. It is demonstrated that the systems of basic values peculiar to these ethnic groups contain diametrically opposed value blocks. The author attempts to explain this fact and concludes that its cause should be sought in certain features of the life support system characteristic for the region. The most prominent of these features is the involvement of the territories quite different in terms of landscape and climate into a single economic structure.
In the present article an attempt is made to etymologize certain lexemes, attributed by medieval ... more In the present article an attempt is made to etymologize certain lexemes, attributed by medieval Tibetan writers to the language of the Bruzha region. This language is widely believed to be related to Burushaski, though some scholars reject such a hypothesis as unfounded. The author demonstrates that the Bruzha vocabulary known to us from Tibetan texts is, apparently, etymologically heterogeneous, some words showing probable Burushaski cognates. The article also includes a special appendix dedicated to the etymological analysis of certain Zhangzhung lexical items for which Indo-Iranian origin seems to be the most likely.
В статье анализируется ряд важных аспектов функционирования искусственного родства у народов Пами... more В статье анализируется ряд важных аспектов функционирования искусственного родства у народов Памира, Гиндукуша и Каракорума, а также делается попытка выявить некоторые факторы генезиса данного института. Выделяются два типа искусственного родства: иерархический и неиерархический. Автор приходит к выводу, что одна из важнейших причин широкого распространения фиктивных родственных отношений и удивительной жизнеспособности некоторых их форм заключалась в том, что они являлись эффективным средством разрешения конфликтов и поддержания определенного уровня общественной сплоченности. Тем самым они обеспечивали выполнение непременных условий бесперебойной работы характерных для Памиро-Гиндукушского региона традиционных хозяйственных систем.
The paper examines some important aspects of functioning of artificial kinship among the peoples of the Pamirs, Hindu Kush and Karakoram, and attempts at identifying certain factors contributing to the genesis of this institution. Two types of artificial kinship are distinguished: hierarchical and non-hierarchical. The author concludes that one of the main reasons why fictive kinship ties were so widespread and some of them were so remarkably viable, consists in the fact that they were an effective tool to resolve conflicts and to maintain a certain level of social cohesion, thus ensuring the conditions indispensable for the trouble-free operation of traditional livelihood systems, peculiar to the Pamir-Hindukush region.
Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2020
The review covers the proceedings of the interdisciplinary academic conference “Man and Nature: P... more The review covers the proceedings of the interdisciplinary academic conference “Man and Nature: Problems of Socio-Natural History” held in September 2019. This scholarly event has been organized annually since 1990, and since 1992 it traditionally takes place in Crimea. The 29th Conference held in 2019 was timed to coincide with the 80th anniversary of its founding father, Eduard S. Kulpin-Gubaidullin (1939–2015). E. S. Kulpin-Gubaidullin was the founder of Socio-Natural History, a new discipline at the intersection of humanities and natural science, studying interactions and interconnections of natural and social processes. The total number of conference participants exceeded 30 academics, representing research centers and higher educational institutions of different cities and regions of Russia. Talks presented at the Conference addressed a wide range of issues pertaining to social as well as natural sciences. Special emphasis was placed on global forecasting and philosophical asp...
Genetic relations among Indo-Aryan languages are still unclear. Existing classifications are ofte... more Genetic relations among Indo-Aryan languages are still unclear. Existing classifications are often intuitive and do not rest upon rigorous criteria. In the present article an attempt is made to create a classification of New Indo-Aryan languages, based on up-to-date lexicostatistical data. The comparative analysis of the resulting genealogical tree and traditional classifications allows the author to draw conclusions about the most probable genealogy of the Indo-Aryan languages.
Once more on the language of the documents from Niya (East Turkestan) and its genetic position Th... more Once more on the language of the documents from Niya (East Turkestan) and its genetic position The language of the documents found in the Southeast of present day Xinjiang, mainly in the Niya oasis, is usually reckoned among the Middle Indo-Aryan languages. Some scholars, however, believe it to be a possible ancestor of certain Dardic dialects. In the present article an attempt is made to resolve this controversy, and to establish the exact position of the Niya Prakrit in the Indo-Iranian group. The author concludes that the language in question can by no means be classified as Dardic, though in the past its speakers may have been neighbors of the Dards.
The present article attempts to partially restore the overall picture of language contact in the ... more The present article attempts to partially restore the overall picture of language contact in the historical region of Zhangzhung (northwestern Tibet) prior to its conquest by the Tibetans in the late 1 st millennium A.D. The pre-Tibetan language of Zhangzhung, known chiefly from a number of fragments in medieval Tibetan texts, belongs to the West Himalayan group of the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. However, the vocabulary of this language contains a significant Indo-Iranian etymological stratum. The author shows that certain words belonging to this stratum have exact cognates in Tibetan dialects of Ladakh and Baltistan. Based on the analysis of Indo-Iranian elements in the Zhangzhung language, it is concluded that the pre-Tibetan population of Zhangzhung was likely to have been in a fairly close contact with Aryan, probably Dardic-speaking inhabitants of areas further down the Indus.
В статье делается попытка частично восстановить картину языковых контактов в исторической области Шангшунг на северо-западе Тибета в эпоху, предшествовавшую завоеванию этой области тибетцами во 2-ой половине I тыс. н.э. Язык дотибетского населения Шангшунга, известный, главным образом, по ряду фрагментов в средневековых тибетских текстах, относится к западногималайской группе тибето-бирманской ветви сино-тибетской языковой семьи. При этом, однако, в лексике этого языка имеется значительный по объему индоиранский этимологический пласт. Автор показывает, что
некоторые слова, относящиеся к данному пласту, обнаруживают точные соответствия в тибетских диалектах Ладакха и Балтистана. На основании анализа индоиранских элементов в шангшунгском языке делается вывод о том, что дотибетское население области Шангшунг, вероятно, находилось в достаточно тесном контакте с арийскими (возможно, дардскими) по языку жителями областей, расположенных ниже по течению Инда.
Recent research has shown that the vocabulary of certain Northwestern Tibetan dialects contains ... more Recent research has shown that the vocabulary of certain Northwestern Tibetan dialects contains a significant number of Indo-Iranian loanwords. It is, however, still unclear if these loanwords have been borrowed from a single or from several sources, and whether their presence is the result of substratum or adstratum interference. Likewise, the exact genetic position of the donor-language(s) within the Indo-Iranian group so far remains undeter-mined. The study of all these issues should, no doubt, be based on facts of historical phonol-ogy. In this article I attempt to identify the most conspicuous historical-phonological features of the Indo-Iranian elements found in Northwestern Tibetan varieties. Furthermore, I make some preliminary conclusions concerning the linguistic geography of the region in the pre-Tibetan period, as well as the direction and relative chronology of Tibetan migrations.
The Northwestern fringe of the Tibetan-speaking area, now forming a part of the Jammu and Kashmir... more The Northwestern fringe of the Tibetan-speaking area, now forming a part of the Jammu and Kashmir state of India and of Pakistani-controlled Northern Areas, was in the past an area of intensive ethnic and language contact. This contact resulted in the linguistic assimilation of the local pre-Tibetan population by the Tibetans. More than a century ago it was hypothesized that this pre-Tibetan population may have spoken a certain Dardic language. The article attempts to check this hypothesis through the etymological analysis of the vocabulary of Northwestern Tibetan dialects. The results of this analysis suggest the existence of a significant Indo-Iranian, probably Dardic, lexical stratum, as well as of numerous lexemes borrowed from some early form of Burushaski. The author seeks to define the dialectal distribution of Indo-Iranian and Burushaski loanwords in the area under study.
В статье рассматриваются отношения средневекового Кашмира с его северными и южными соседями. В XI... more В статье рассматриваются отношения средневекового Кашмира с его северными и южными соседями. В XII в. эти отношения приняли характер вооруженных конфликтов. Автор анализирует вероятные последствия этих конфликтов и их возможное влияние на демографические и этнические процессы в Кашмирской долине.
The paper addresses the relations between medieval Kashmir and its northern and southern neighbors. In the 12th century these relations assumed the shape of armed conflicts. The author analyses probable consequences of these conflicts and their possible impact upon demographical and ethnical processes in the Kashmir Valley.
В статье анализируются истоки кашмирского конфликта в связи с проблемой этнической собственности ... more В статье анализируются истоки кашмирского конфликта в связи с проблемой этнической собственности на землю. Автор показывает, что с установлением в Кашмирской долине власти догрской династии было нарушено фундаментальное право этноса на свой вмещающий ландшафт. Это, несомненно, стало одной из главных причин межэтнической и межконфессиональной напряженности в регионе. Экономические и правовые реформы, проведенные правительством в конце 1940-х - 1950-е гг. существенно улучшили положение: мусульманское большинство стало главным собственником земли. Однако в новой ситуации возникли новые вызовы. Рост населения усилил демографическое давление на земельные ресурсы, а сохранявшаяся неопределенность статуса Джамму и Кашмира лишила людей уверенности в завтрашнем дне, вселяя в них подсознательное опасение потери автономии штата и всех результатов реформ середины XX в. Совместное действие этих двух факторов (эколого-демографического и психологического) привело к росту социальной напряженности, религиозного экстремизма и сепаратизма в Кашмире в течение последней четверти века.
The paper analyzes the origin and genesis of the Kashmir conflict in connection with the problem of ethnic land ownership. The author shows that the fundamental right of an ethnic group to possess its accommodating landscape was violated with the beginning of the Dogra rule in the Kashmir valley. This fact is undoubtedly one of the main causes of ethnic and interfaith tensions in the region. Economic and law reforms undertaken by the government in late 1940s and 1950s improved the situation significantly. The Muslim majority of Kashmir became the principal owner of land. Nevertheless new challenges arose in this new situation. Population growth increased demographic pressure on land resources, and uncertain status of Jammu and Kashmir deprived people of sense of security and caused them to fear subconsciously that the autonomy of the state and all the fruits of the mid-20th century reforms can be lost. The joint action of these two factors (ecological-demographic and psychological) gave rise to social tension, religious extremism and separatism in Kashmir during the last quarter of century.
История и современность, № 1, март 2015 81-98 А. И. КОГАН НЕКОТОРЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСТОРИИ КАШМИРСКОГО ... more История и современность, № 1, март 2015 81-98 А. И. КОГАН НЕКОТОРЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСТОРИИ КАШМИРСКОГО СУЛТАНАТА (окончание) * В статье исследуются некоторые вопросы культурной истории Кашмира в XIV-XV вв., связанные, в частности, с распространением в стране ислама. Автор пытается определить хронологические границы этого процесса и выявить его основные движущие силы. Основываясь на свидетельствах некоторых исторических источников, он приходит к заключению, что уже в первой половине XVI в. Кашмирская долина была преимущественно мусульманским регионом. Кроме того, приводится целый ряд фактов, показывающих, что основной причиной массовой исламизации не могла быть деятельность миссионеровсуфиев. Наиболее вероятным автору представляется объяснение конфессиональных изменений миграциями населения, приведшими к смене этнического состава. На этом основании делается вывод, что перемены в области религии не должны изучаться изолированно от метаморфоз в других сферах жизни, в частности в хозяйстве и технологиях. Их следует рассматривать как различные измерения этнических процессов в средневековом Кашмире.
In this paper, I attempt to refine the generally accepted view on the origin of Indo-Iranian loan... more In this paper, I attempt to refine the generally accepted view on the origin of Indo-Iranian loan vocabulary in Burushaski. Having analyzed extensive lexical material, I come to the conclusion that a very large part of this vocabulary was borrowed before the split of the Proto-Burushaski state, and cannot be derived from any of the traditionally identified donor languages (i.e. Shina, Khowar, Urdu, Persian and East Iranian Pamir languages). It is also demonstrated that this “pan-Burushaski” segment of the Indo-Iranian lexical stratum is etymologically heterogeneous, with some Dardic lect as one of the possible sources.
В статье исследуются некоторые черты традиционного мировоззрения этносов Памиро-Гиндукушского аре... more В статье исследуются некоторые черты традиционного мировоззрения этносов Памиро-Гиндукушского ареала. Демонстрируется, что системы базовых ценностей этих этносов содержат диаметрально противоположные ценностные блоки. Автор пытается найти объяснение данному факту и приходит к выводу, что причину его следует искать в ряде особенностей характерной для региона системы жизнеобеспечения. Важнейшей из таких особенностей является вовлечение в единый хозяйственный механизм весьма различных в ландшафтно-климатическом отношении территорий.
The paper analyzes some features of the traditional worldview of the ethnic groups inhabiting the Pamir-Hindu Kush region. It is demonstrated that the systems of basic values peculiar to these ethnic groups contain diametrically opposed value blocks. The author attempts to explain this fact and concludes that its cause should be sought in certain features of the life support system characteristic for the region. The most prominent of these features is the involvement of the territories quite different in terms of landscape and climate into a single economic structure.
In the present article an attempt is made to etymologize certain lexemes, attributed by medieval ... more In the present article an attempt is made to etymologize certain lexemes, attributed by medieval Tibetan writers to the language of the Bruzha region. This language is widely believed to be related to Burushaski, though some scholars reject such a hypothesis as unfounded. The author demonstrates that the Bruzha vocabulary known to us from Tibetan texts is, apparently, etymologically heterogeneous, some words showing probable Burushaski cognates. The article also includes a special appendix dedicated to the etymological analysis of certain Zhangzhung lexical items for which Indo-Iranian origin seems to be the most likely.
В статье анализируется ряд важных аспектов функционирования искусственного родства у народов Пами... more В статье анализируется ряд важных аспектов функционирования искусственного родства у народов Памира, Гиндукуша и Каракорума, а также делается попытка выявить некоторые факторы генезиса данного института. Выделяются два типа искусственного родства: иерархический и неиерархический. Автор приходит к выводу, что одна из важнейших причин широкого распространения фиктивных родственных отношений и удивительной жизнеспособности некоторых их форм заключалась в том, что они являлись эффективным средством разрешения конфликтов и поддержания определенного уровня общественной сплоченности. Тем самым они обеспечивали выполнение непременных условий бесперебойной работы характерных для Памиро-Гиндукушского региона традиционных хозяйственных систем.
The paper examines some important aspects of functioning of artificial kinship among the peoples of the Pamirs, Hindu Kush and Karakoram, and attempts at identifying certain factors contributing to the genesis of this institution. Two types of artificial kinship are distinguished: hierarchical and non-hierarchical. The author concludes that one of the main reasons why fictive kinship ties were so widespread and some of them were so remarkably viable, consists in the fact that they were an effective tool to resolve conflicts and to maintain a certain level of social cohesion, thus ensuring the conditions indispensable for the trouble-free operation of traditional livelihood systems, peculiar to the Pamir-Hindukush region.
Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2020
The review covers the proceedings of the interdisciplinary academic conference “Man and Nature: P... more The review covers the proceedings of the interdisciplinary academic conference “Man and Nature: Problems of Socio-Natural History” held in September 2019. This scholarly event has been organized annually since 1990, and since 1992 it traditionally takes place in Crimea. The 29th Conference held in 2019 was timed to coincide with the 80th anniversary of its founding father, Eduard S. Kulpin-Gubaidullin (1939–2015). E. S. Kulpin-Gubaidullin was the founder of Socio-Natural History, a new discipline at the intersection of humanities and natural science, studying interactions and interconnections of natural and social processes. The total number of conference participants exceeded 30 academics, representing research centers and higher educational institutions of different cities and regions of Russia. Talks presented at the Conference addressed a wide range of issues pertaining to social as well as natural sciences. Special emphasis was placed on global forecasting and philosophical asp...
Genetic relations among Indo-Aryan languages are still unclear. Existing classifications are ofte... more Genetic relations among Indo-Aryan languages are still unclear. Existing classifications are often intuitive and do not rest upon rigorous criteria. In the present article an attempt is made to create a classification of New Indo-Aryan languages, based on up-to-date lexicostatistical data. The comparative analysis of the resulting genealogical tree and traditional classifications allows the author to draw conclusions about the most probable genealogy of the Indo-Aryan languages.
Once more on the language of the documents from Niya (East Turkestan) and its genetic position Th... more Once more on the language of the documents from Niya (East Turkestan) and its genetic position The language of the documents found in the Southeast of present day Xinjiang, mainly in the Niya oasis, is usually reckoned among the Middle Indo-Aryan languages. Some scholars, however, believe it to be a possible ancestor of certain Dardic dialects. In the present article an attempt is made to resolve this controversy, and to establish the exact position of the Niya Prakrit in the Indo-Iranian group. The author concludes that the language in question can by no means be classified as Dardic, though in the past its speakers may have been neighbors of the Dards.
The present article attempts to partially restore the overall picture of language contact in the ... more The present article attempts to partially restore the overall picture of language contact in the historical region of Zhangzhung (northwestern Tibet) prior to its conquest by the Tibetans in the late 1 st millennium A.D. The pre-Tibetan language of Zhangzhung, known chiefly from a number of fragments in medieval Tibetan texts, belongs to the West Himalayan group of the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. However, the vocabulary of this language contains a significant Indo-Iranian etymological stratum. The author shows that certain words belonging to this stratum have exact cognates in Tibetan dialects of Ladakh and Baltistan. Based on the analysis of Indo-Iranian elements in the Zhangzhung language, it is concluded that the pre-Tibetan population of Zhangzhung was likely to have been in a fairly close contact with Aryan, probably Dardic-speaking inhabitants of areas further down the Indus.
В статье делается попытка частично восстановить картину языковых контактов в исторической области Шангшунг на северо-западе Тибета в эпоху, предшествовавшую завоеванию этой области тибетцами во 2-ой половине I тыс. н.э. Язык дотибетского населения Шангшунга, известный, главным образом, по ряду фрагментов в средневековых тибетских текстах, относится к западногималайской группе тибето-бирманской ветви сино-тибетской языковой семьи. При этом, однако, в лексике этого языка имеется значительный по объему индоиранский этимологический пласт. Автор показывает, что
некоторые слова, относящиеся к данному пласту, обнаруживают точные соответствия в тибетских диалектах Ладакха и Балтистана. На основании анализа индоиранских элементов в шангшунгском языке делается вывод о том, что дотибетское население области Шангшунг, вероятно, находилось в достаточно тесном контакте с арийскими (возможно, дардскими) по языку жителями областей, расположенных ниже по течению Инда.
Recent research has shown that the vocabulary of certain Northwestern Tibetan dialects contains ... more Recent research has shown that the vocabulary of certain Northwestern Tibetan dialects contains a significant number of Indo-Iranian loanwords. It is, however, still unclear if these loanwords have been borrowed from a single or from several sources, and whether their presence is the result of substratum or adstratum interference. Likewise, the exact genetic position of the donor-language(s) within the Indo-Iranian group so far remains undeter-mined. The study of all these issues should, no doubt, be based on facts of historical phonol-ogy. In this article I attempt to identify the most conspicuous historical-phonological features of the Indo-Iranian elements found in Northwestern Tibetan varieties. Furthermore, I make some preliminary conclusions concerning the linguistic geography of the region in the pre-Tibetan period, as well as the direction and relative chronology of Tibetan migrations.
The Northwestern fringe of the Tibetan-speaking area, now forming a part of the Jammu and Kashmir... more The Northwestern fringe of the Tibetan-speaking area, now forming a part of the Jammu and Kashmir state of India and of Pakistani-controlled Northern Areas, was in the past an area of intensive ethnic and language contact. This contact resulted in the linguistic assimilation of the local pre-Tibetan population by the Tibetans. More than a century ago it was hypothesized that this pre-Tibetan population may have spoken a certain Dardic language. The article attempts to check this hypothesis through the etymological analysis of the vocabulary of Northwestern Tibetan dialects. The results of this analysis suggest the existence of a significant Indo-Iranian, probably Dardic, lexical stratum, as well as of numerous lexemes borrowed from some early form of Burushaski. The author seeks to define the dialectal distribution of Indo-Iranian and Burushaski loanwords in the area under study.
В статье рассматриваются отношения средневекового Кашмира с его северными и южными соседями. В XI... more В статье рассматриваются отношения средневекового Кашмира с его северными и южными соседями. В XII в. эти отношения приняли характер вооруженных конфликтов. Автор анализирует вероятные последствия этих конфликтов и их возможное влияние на демографические и этнические процессы в Кашмирской долине.
The paper addresses the relations between medieval Kashmir and its northern and southern neighbors. In the 12th century these relations assumed the shape of armed conflicts. The author analyses probable consequences of these conflicts and their possible impact upon demographical and ethnical processes in the Kashmir Valley.
В статье анализируются истоки кашмирского конфликта в связи с проблемой этнической собственности ... more В статье анализируются истоки кашмирского конфликта в связи с проблемой этнической собственности на землю. Автор показывает, что с установлением в Кашмирской долине власти догрской династии было нарушено фундаментальное право этноса на свой вмещающий ландшафт. Это, несомненно, стало одной из главных причин межэтнической и межконфессиональной напряженности в регионе. Экономические и правовые реформы, проведенные правительством в конце 1940-х - 1950-е гг. существенно улучшили положение: мусульманское большинство стало главным собственником земли. Однако в новой ситуации возникли новые вызовы. Рост населения усилил демографическое давление на земельные ресурсы, а сохранявшаяся неопределенность статуса Джамму и Кашмира лишила людей уверенности в завтрашнем дне, вселяя в них подсознательное опасение потери автономии штата и всех результатов реформ середины XX в. Совместное действие этих двух факторов (эколого-демографического и психологического) привело к росту социальной напряженности, религиозного экстремизма и сепаратизма в Кашмире в течение последней четверти века.
The paper analyzes the origin and genesis of the Kashmir conflict in connection with the problem of ethnic land ownership. The author shows that the fundamental right of an ethnic group to possess its accommodating landscape was violated with the beginning of the Dogra rule in the Kashmir valley. This fact is undoubtedly one of the main causes of ethnic and interfaith tensions in the region. Economic and law reforms undertaken by the government in late 1940s and 1950s improved the situation significantly. The Muslim majority of Kashmir became the principal owner of land. Nevertheless new challenges arose in this new situation. Population growth increased demographic pressure on land resources, and uncertain status of Jammu and Kashmir deprived people of sense of security and caused them to fear subconsciously that the autonomy of the state and all the fruits of the mid-20th century reforms can be lost. The joint action of these two factors (ecological-demographic and psychological) gave rise to social tension, religious extremism and separatism in Kashmir during the last quarter of century.
История и современность, № 1, март 2015 81-98 А. И. КОГАН НЕКОТОРЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСТОРИИ КАШМИРСКОГО ... more История и современность, № 1, март 2015 81-98 А. И. КОГАН НЕКОТОРЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСТОРИИ КАШМИРСКОГО СУЛТАНАТА (окончание) * В статье исследуются некоторые вопросы культурной истории Кашмира в XIV-XV вв., связанные, в частности, с распространением в стране ислама. Автор пытается определить хронологические границы этого процесса и выявить его основные движущие силы. Основываясь на свидетельствах некоторых исторических источников, он приходит к заключению, что уже в первой половине XVI в. Кашмирская долина была преимущественно мусульманским регионом. Кроме того, приводится целый ряд фактов, показывающих, что основной причиной массовой исламизации не могла быть деятельность миссионеровсуфиев. Наиболее вероятным автору представляется объяснение конфессиональных изменений миграциями населения, приведшими к смене этнического состава. На этом основании делается вывод, что перемены в области религии не должны изучаться изолированно от метаморфоз в других сферах жизни, в частности в хозяйстве и технологиях. Их следует рассматривать как различные измерения этнических процессов в средневековом Кашмире.
The text of my paper on Siraji and Rambani dialects, read on ICOSAL-10 (10th International Confer... more The text of my paper on Siraji and Rambani dialects, read on ICOSAL-10 (10th International Conference of South Asian Languages and Literartures, Moscow, July 2012)
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Papers by Anton I Kogan
languages (i.e. Shina, Khowar, Urdu, Persian and East Iranian Pamir languages). It is also demonstrated that this “pan-Burushaski” segment of the Indo-Iranian lexical stratum is etymologically heterogeneous, with some Dardic lect as one of the possible sources.
The paper analyzes some features of the traditional worldview of the ethnic groups inhabiting the Pamir-Hindu Kush region. It is demonstrated that the systems of basic values peculiar to these ethnic groups contain diametrically opposed value blocks. The author attempts to explain this fact and concludes that its cause should be sought in certain features of the life support system characteristic for the region. The most prominent of these features is the involvement of the territories quite different in terms of landscape and climate into a single economic structure.
The paper examines some important aspects of functioning of artificial kinship among the peoples of the Pamirs, Hindu Kush and Karakoram, and attempts at identifying certain factors contributing to the genesis of this institution. Two types of artificial kinship are distinguished: hierarchical and non-hierarchical. The author concludes that one of the main reasons why fictive kinship ties were so widespread and some of them were so remarkably viable, consists in the fact that they were an effective tool to resolve conflicts and to maintain a certain level of social cohesion, thus ensuring the conditions indispensable for the trouble-free operation of traditional livelihood systems, peculiar to the Pamir-Hindukush region.
В статье делается попытка частично восстановить картину языковых контактов в исторической области Шангшунг на северо-западе Тибета в эпоху, предшествовавшую завоеванию этой области тибетцами во 2-ой половине I тыс. н.э. Язык дотибетского населения Шангшунга, известный, главным образом, по ряду фрагментов в средневековых тибетских текстах, относится к западногималайской группе тибето-бирманской ветви сино-тибетской языковой семьи. При этом, однако, в лексике этого языка имеется значительный по объему индоиранский этимологический пласт. Автор показывает, что
некоторые слова, относящиеся к данному пласту, обнаруживают точные соответствия в тибетских диалектах Ладакха и Балтистана. На основании анализа индоиранских элементов в шангшунгском языке делается вывод о том, что дотибетское население области Шангшунг, вероятно, находилось в достаточно тесном контакте с арийскими (возможно, дардскими) по языку жителями областей, расположенных ниже по течению Инда.
The paper addresses the relations between medieval Kashmir and its northern and southern neighbors. In the 12th century these relations assumed the shape of armed conflicts. The author analyses probable consequences of these conflicts and their possible impact upon demographical and ethnical processes in the Kashmir Valley.
The paper analyzes the origin and genesis of the Kashmir conflict in connection with the problem of ethnic land ownership. The author shows that the fundamental right of an ethnic group to possess its accommodating landscape was violated with the beginning of the Dogra rule in the Kashmir valley. This fact is undoubtedly one of the main causes of ethnic and interfaith tensions in the region. Economic and law reforms undertaken by the government in late 1940s and 1950s improved the situation significantly. The Muslim majority of Kashmir became the principal owner of land. Nevertheless new challenges arose in this new situation. Population growth increased demographic pressure on land resources, and uncertain status of Jammu and Kashmir deprived people of sense of security and caused them to fear subconsciously that the autonomy of the state and all the fruits of the mid-20th century reforms can be lost. The joint action of these two factors (ecological-demographic and psychological) gave rise to social tension, religious extremism and separatism in Kashmir during the last quarter of century.
languages (i.e. Shina, Khowar, Urdu, Persian and East Iranian Pamir languages). It is also demonstrated that this “pan-Burushaski” segment of the Indo-Iranian lexical stratum is etymologically heterogeneous, with some Dardic lect as one of the possible sources.
The paper analyzes some features of the traditional worldview of the ethnic groups inhabiting the Pamir-Hindu Kush region. It is demonstrated that the systems of basic values peculiar to these ethnic groups contain diametrically opposed value blocks. The author attempts to explain this fact and concludes that its cause should be sought in certain features of the life support system characteristic for the region. The most prominent of these features is the involvement of the territories quite different in terms of landscape and climate into a single economic structure.
The paper examines some important aspects of functioning of artificial kinship among the peoples of the Pamirs, Hindu Kush and Karakoram, and attempts at identifying certain factors contributing to the genesis of this institution. Two types of artificial kinship are distinguished: hierarchical and non-hierarchical. The author concludes that one of the main reasons why fictive kinship ties were so widespread and some of them were so remarkably viable, consists in the fact that they were an effective tool to resolve conflicts and to maintain a certain level of social cohesion, thus ensuring the conditions indispensable for the trouble-free operation of traditional livelihood systems, peculiar to the Pamir-Hindukush region.
В статье делается попытка частично восстановить картину языковых контактов в исторической области Шангшунг на северо-западе Тибета в эпоху, предшествовавшую завоеванию этой области тибетцами во 2-ой половине I тыс. н.э. Язык дотибетского населения Шангшунга, известный, главным образом, по ряду фрагментов в средневековых тибетских текстах, относится к западногималайской группе тибето-бирманской ветви сино-тибетской языковой семьи. При этом, однако, в лексике этого языка имеется значительный по объему индоиранский этимологический пласт. Автор показывает, что
некоторые слова, относящиеся к данному пласту, обнаруживают точные соответствия в тибетских диалектах Ладакха и Балтистана. На основании анализа индоиранских элементов в шангшунгском языке делается вывод о том, что дотибетское население области Шангшунг, вероятно, находилось в достаточно тесном контакте с арийскими (возможно, дардскими) по языку жителями областей, расположенных ниже по течению Инда.
The paper addresses the relations between medieval Kashmir and its northern and southern neighbors. In the 12th century these relations assumed the shape of armed conflicts. The author analyses probable consequences of these conflicts and their possible impact upon demographical and ethnical processes in the Kashmir Valley.
The paper analyzes the origin and genesis of the Kashmir conflict in connection with the problem of ethnic land ownership. The author shows that the fundamental right of an ethnic group to possess its accommodating landscape was violated with the beginning of the Dogra rule in the Kashmir valley. This fact is undoubtedly one of the main causes of ethnic and interfaith tensions in the region. Economic and law reforms undertaken by the government in late 1940s and 1950s improved the situation significantly. The Muslim majority of Kashmir became the principal owner of land. Nevertheless new challenges arose in this new situation. Population growth increased demographic pressure on land resources, and uncertain status of Jammu and Kashmir deprived people of sense of security and caused them to fear subconsciously that the autonomy of the state and all the fruits of the mid-20th century reforms can be lost. The joint action of these two factors (ecological-demographic and psychological) gave rise to social tension, religious extremism and separatism in Kashmir during the last quarter of century.