Asụsụ Horpa
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Horpa (nke a makwaara n'akwụkwọ ụfọdụ dị ka Stau – Chinese: 道孚语Daofu, 爾龔語Ergong ) bụ ụyọkọ asụsụ Gyalrongic nwere njikọ chiri anya nke China . Aghọtara Horpa nke ọma dị ka ụyọkọ nke otu / asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya ma na-aghọtaghị nke ọma na Horpa Shangzhai ma ọ bụ Stodsde skad . Okwu Stodsde skad bụ aha Tibet nke pụtara "asụsụ obodo."
Aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ethnologue depụtara aha ndị ọzọ na aha olumba maka Horpa dị ka Stau/Daofuhua, Bawang, Bopa, Danba, Dawu, Geshitsa/Geshiza/Geshizahua, Hor, Huo'er, Hórsók, Nyagrong-Minyag, Pawang, Rgu, Western Gyarong/Western Jilongarong'. [1]
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Horpa bụ ụdị asụsụ Gyalrongic, ngalaba nke asụsụ Qiangic nke ezinụlọ Sino-Tibet . Gyalrong (nke ọma), Khroskyabs, na Horpa nọ na obere Gyalrongic. [2] Site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, Horpa bụ alaka dị n'ime West Gyalrongic, nke ọzọ bụ Khroskyabs. Shangzhai bụ sub-ụdị Horpa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, asụsụ Horpa bụ ndị kacha agba akaebe na asụsụ ochie Tangut . [3]
Nkesa ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-asụkarị Horpa na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Sichuan, China, gụnyere na Dasang District, Danba County nke Garzê Tibet Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan . Enwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ Horpa 50,000 na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Sichuan. A na-asụkwa ya na mpaghara Dawu dị nso, ebe a na-akpọ ya 'Stau', nke a na-akpọ [stawuske]. [4] Ergong bụ asụsụ na-abụghị ụda (Sun 2013). [5]
Ụdị dị iche iche
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụdị dị iche iche nke Horpa gụnyere Shangzhai Horpa na Gexi Horpa (Sun 2013). [6]
Jackson Sun (2018) depụtara ụdị Horpa ise ndị a.
- A na-asụ Central Horpa (Stau-Dgebshes) na Rta'u County ( Daofu County道孚县) na Rongbrag County ( Danba County丹巴县), Dkarmdzes Prefecture, yana obodo ole na ole na ọdịda anyanwụ Chuchen County ( Jinchuan County金川 县), Rngaba Prefecture Rngaba. Ọ nwere olumba atọ.
- Rta'u (Daofu 道孚) (na-abụghị tonal). Edekwara ya na Genxia Wengmu (2019). [7]
- Dgebshesrtsa (Geshezha 革什扎) (na-abụghị ụda)
- Upper Stongdgu (Shang Donggu 上东谷) (nwere phonation constrative)
- A na-asụ Northern Horpa (Stodsde) na ndịda Dzamthang County ( Rangtang County壤塘县), Rngaba Prefecture. Ọ bụ ụdị Horpa kachasị na-echekwa ma na-echekwa ọtụtụ atụmatụ morphological oge ochie. Enwere olumba atọ nwere nghọta. Maka nkuzi a, Ethnologue depụtara aha sTodsde (Shangzhai 上寨, Western Jiarong). Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, sTodsde na-asụ na mpaghara Shangzhai, n'ebe ndịda Rangtang County, ebe a na-asụ ya na obodo Puxi, Shili, na Zongke, na gburugburu Duke na Zhongke osimiri' confluence. Enwere ndị ọkà okwu 4,100 dịka nke 2004. Olumba bụ Dayili (Northern), Zongke (宗科乡; Western), na Puxi (蒲西乡; Eastern). Na ụda olu, olumba ndị ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ yitere ibe ha, ebe asụsụ ọwụwa anyanwụ dị iche iche. Ọzọkwa, Gates (2010) na-ewere Erkai ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ "Western rGyalrongic" (Horpa-Shangzhai). Jackson Sun na-ekewa Erkai dị ka ụdị sTodsde (Shangzhai) dị iche iche.
- Phosul (Puxi 蒲西)
- Yunasche (Dayili 大依里)
- Sili-Rtsangkhog (Shili-Zongke 石里-宗科)
- Western Horpa bụ asụsụ ụda gbasasịrị n'ọtụtụ obere mpaghara etiti na ndịda Nyagrong County ( Xinlong County新龙县), Dkarmdzes Prefecture. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-akpọ onwe ha Minyag (mə̀ɲá, mə̀ ɲó, wdg), Western Horpa abụghị otu asụsụ na asụsụ Minyag ma ọ bụ Muya . Enwere olumba atọ dị iche na ibe ya. Van Way (2018) edeela asụsụ Nyagrong Minyag (Western Horpa) asụsụ.
- rGyarwagshis (Jialaxi 甲拉西)
- Yangslagshis (Youlaxi 尤拉西)
- Bangsmad (Bomei 博美)
- Northwwest Horpa, ụdị Horpa dị n'ihe ize ndụ, ka a na-asụ n'ebe ndịda Brag'go County ( Lihuo County炉霍县) na mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ Rta'u County ( Daofu County道孚县). Enwere mmetụta Tibet siri ike yana obere ọdịiche dị n'ime. Ọ bụghị tonal.
- Eastern Horpa bụ ụdị Horpa dị iche iche a na-asụ na Dpa'bo (Bawang 巴旺) na Nyindkar (Niega 聂嘎) obodo, ọwụwa anyanwụ Rongbrag County ( Danba County丹巴县). Beaudouin & Honkasalo (2023) na-atụ aro na Tangut nwere njikọ chiri anya na ụdị Horpa Eastern nke oge a.
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- A na-anụ /q/ dị ka [ɢ] mgbe a na-eso consonant imi.
- A na-anụkwa nkwụsị nke glottal [ʔ], mana ọ bụ naanị mgbe ọ na-eme tupu mkpụrụokwu mmalite-enweghị ụdaume.
- Enwere ike ịnụ /v/ dị ka enweghị olu [f] mgbe ọ na-ebu ụzọ ma ọ bụ na-eso consonants na-enweghị olu.
- /x/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka glottal [h] na mgbanwe n'efu n'etiti ndị ọkà okwu.
- A na-anụ imi uvula [ɴ] naanị mgbe ọ pụtara ọnụ yana consonants uvular /q/, /qʰ/ na [ɢ].
Rhotic consonant
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]/r/ nwere allophone anọ dị ka retroflex enweghị olu [ʂ] ma ọ bụ kwupụta [ʐ] fricatives, dị ka trill [r], ma ọ bụ n'ihi ụdaume rhotacization [V˞]. A na-anụ ya dị ka [ʂ] mgbe ọ na-ebu ụzọ ma ọ bụ na-eso consonants na-enweghị olu ma ọ bụ kwa dị ka okwu ikpeazụ coda. A na-anụ ya dị ka [ʐ] mgbe ọ na-enwe mgbanwe n'efu na ọnọdụ mbụ ma ọ bụ mgbe ọ na-ebu ụzọ ma ọ bụ na-eso consonants ekwuputara. A na-anụ ihe omume ya dị ka trill [r] okwu-medially mgbe ọ gachara ụdaume na n'ihu consonant, mana ọ bụ nke a na-atụghị anya ya n'ihi na ọ na-adaba na nkesa na [ʂ] na karịsịa [ʐ]. Mgbe a na-anụ okwu nwere /r/ iche, a na-anụ ụda dị ka [ʐ], mana ọ na-aghọ trill [r] mgbe ọ dị na okwu okwu ma ọ bụ n'ime ogige. [r] na-agbanwekwa na [ʂ] mgbe ọ nọ na ọnọdụ okwu-ikpeazụ. Rhotacization nke ụdaume [V˞] na-apụta na ụdaume bu ụzọ tupu /r/ n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ, agbanyeghị, a pụkwara ịnụ ya okwu-medially mgbe n'ihu mpụta ihe dị ka /l/. Agbatara rhotacization ahụ na ụdaume /ɛ/, /ə/, /u/ na /ɑ/. [8]
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechie | i | u | |
| N'etiti etiti | e | ə | o |
| Oghere-etiti | ɛ | ||
| Mepee | æ | ɑ |
- A na-anụkwa /i/ dị ka [ɪ], mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ site na consonant coda. [8]
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Tebụlụ ntụnyere ndị a nke ihe okwu nchọpụta Horpa sitere na Sun (2018:4). The Central Horpa (Rta'u) data sitere na Niwan Village, Dgebshes Township, Rta'u County ( Daofu County ), Sichuan. Asụsụ Rgyalrongic Khroskyabs na Rgyalrong ka enyekwara maka ntụnyere, ebe Horpa bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Rgyalrongic . A na-eme ka cognates pụta ìhè n'atụghị egwu .
| Gloss | Central Horpa (Rta’u 道孚) | Northern Horpa (Rtsangkhog 宗科) | Western Horpa (Rgyarwagshis 甲拉西) | Eastern Horpa (Dpa’bo 巴旺) | Northwestern Horpa (Nyinmo) | Khroskyabs (’brongrdzong) | Rgyalrong (Tshobdun) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sun | ɣbə | ʁɟə̀ | ɣbə̀ | ʁʷbə | ɣbə | ɣnəʔ ~ ʁbjə | tɐ́-ŋɐ |
| water | ɣrə | grə̀ | ɣrə̀ | wrə | ɣrə | ɣdə | tə-ciʔ |
| person | vdzi | vdzì | vdzì | vdzi-sme | vdzi | vɟoʔ | kə-rnbjoʔ |
| mouth | jɑ | ɣmú | ɬó | ʁmo | ja | qʰo | tə-ɣmor |
| heart | zjar | zɟwàʶ | jzò-rdá | zdzʌr | zʒar | sjar | tə-sni |
| liver | sʰi | sʰə̀ | sʰə̀ | sʰi | si | fseʔ | tə-mtsʰi |
| meat | bjoŋnoŋ | bdʒànó | ntʰú | mdʒʌno | pcene | tʰəmʔ | ʃe |
| horse | rɣi | rì | rjí | rji | rji | breʔ | ⁿbri |
| chicken | ɣra | χsó-vjá | ? | wə-rja | ɣə́-ra | pa-kuʔ | pɣe |
| yellow | rȵə-rȵə | ʁrɲə̀ʶ | rȵə̀-rȵə́ | rɲə | rɲə | ʁrɲəɣ | kə-qɐ-rŋɛʔ |
| bitter | sȵa-sȵa | sɲáʶ | sɲà | sɲæ | sɲa | tʃʰaχ | kə-qjev |
| eat | ⁿgə | dzə́ | dzə́ | dzi | ⁿgə ~ tsə | dzeʔ | ⁿdze |
| ill | ŋo | ŋò | ŋú | ŋwa | ŋo | ⁿge | nⁿgiʔ |
| sleep | rgə | ⁿjáp ~ rgə́ | rgə́ | rgə | rgə | jəv | rⁿgu |
| one | ro | réɣ | ré | raw | rəɣ | rʌɣ | cet |
| ten | zʁa | zʁàʶ | zʁò | zʁa | zʁa | sɣə(t) | sqeʔ |
Jacques et al. (2017) depụta okwu ndị a dị ka ihe ọhụrụ nke lexical nke Stau na Khroskyabs (Lavrung) kesara, mana ọ bụghị site na asụsụ Core rGyalrong .
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Shangzhai Horpa (Puxi Shangzhai) bụ olumba nke asụsụ Horpa nke otu prefix na-abụghị nke syllabic na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "s-", nke na-eme ka nrụgide dị na sistemụ mmalite agbasawanye ma na-akpalite ọtụtụ mgbanwe ụda olu (Sun 2007). [9] Asụsụ Gexi Horpa abụghị naanị ekewaala nkwekọrịta ọnụ Sistemu dị ka rGyalrong mana nwekwara usoro ngwakọ gụnyere ihe mgbagwoju anya nke arụ ọrụ na ihe syntactic (Sun 2013). [6] Akara ngwaa ndị dị na ezinụlọ rGyalrongic maka mmadụ na nkwekọrịta, asụsụ Horpa nwekwara ụdị nkwekọrịta nhazi ọkwa.
A na-ejikarị Stau dị ka aha ọzọ maka Horpa, mana n'ezie Stau bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Horpa dị iche iche (Jacques et al. 2014). [10] A na-asụkarị asụsụ Stau na Daofu County nke Ganzi Prefecture, mana a na-asụkwa ya na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mpaghara Luhuo yana n'ime obodo Dangling nke ọdịda anyanwụ Danba County. Ugbu a Jesse P. Gates na-ede ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ Stau (Gates ga-apụta). Edemede ndị ọzọ na akụkụ nke ụtọ asụsụ Stau gụnyere Gates (2017), [11] Gates & Kim (2018), [12] Gates et al. (2019), [13] na Gates et al. (2022). [14]
Asụsụ Stau (Horpa) na-esote àgwà ụfọdụ nke Asụsụ Tibet (Bradley 2012). [15] Dị ka asụsụ Qiangic, Horpa nwere mgbanwe ngwaa pụrụ iche na ọdịdị ọdịdị dị ka atụmatụ nke ịtụgharị atụmatụ ọchịchọ na nhazi nke oge gara aga na nke na-aga n'ihu (Sun 2000). [2]
Ihe atụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkwekọrịta ngwaa Ngwaa Horpa kwenyere na isiokwu ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, zbəcʰa-i [zbəcʰe], pụtara 'ị na-akụ', na zbəcʰa-u [zbəcʰo], pụtara, 'Amụrụ m ihe'. [16]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ndepụta okwu Horpa (Zongke) (Wiktionary)
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ "Horpa", Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2017-05-01.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sun (2000). "Stem Alternations in Puxi Verb Inflection: Toward Validating the rGyalrongic Subgroup in Qiangic" (in en). Language and Linguistics 1 (2): 211–232. Retrieved on 2017-04-30. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Beaudouin. "Tangut and Horpa languages: Some shared morphosyntactic features". Language and Linguistics 24 (4).
- ↑ Gates (2017). "Verbal Triplication Morphology in Stau རྟའུ (Mazi Dialect)" (in en). Transactions of the Philological Society 115 (1): 14–26. DOI:10.1111/1467-968X.12083.
- ↑ Sun (2013). Bā Jiāng liúyù de Zàng Miǎn yǔ (in zh). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sun (2013). "Verb Agreement in Gexi Horpa". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 7 (2): 203–223. DOI:10.1163/2405478X-90000120. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Genxia (2019). Sichuan Daofu Ergong yu 四川道孚尔龚语. Beijing: The Commercial Press. OCLC 1156349336.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Vanderveen (2015). A phonology of Stau. Trinity Western University. Vanderveen, A. Chantel (2015). A phonology of Stau. Trinity Western University. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Sun (2007). "Morphological Causative Formation in Shangzhai Horpa" (in en). Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 2 (1): 211–232. DOI:10.1163/2405478X-90000031.
- ↑ Jacques (2014). "Person Marking in Stau" (in en). Himalayan Linguistics 13 (1): 82–92. DOI:10.5070/H913224068.
- ↑ Gates (2017). "Verbal Triplication Morphology in Stau (Mazi Dialect)" (in en). Transactions of the Philological Society 115 (1): 14–26. DOI:10.1111/1467-968X.12083.
- ↑ Gates (2018). "Vowel Harmony in Stau" (in en). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 41 (2): 263–293. DOI:10.1075/ltba.17016.gat.
- ↑ Gates (2019). "Tibetan Dining Etiquette: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of a Normative Discourse Text in Stau" (in en). Himalayan Linguistics 18 (2): 73–81. DOI:10.5070/H918242739.
- ↑ Gates (2022). "From Transitive to Intransitive and Voiceless to Voiced in Proto-Sino-Tibetan: New Evidence from Stau, Geshiza, and Khroskyabs" (in en). Language and Linguistics 23 (2): 212–239. DOI:10.1075/lali.00104.gat.
- ↑ Bradley (2012). Tibeto-Burman Languages of China (en).
- ↑ Sun (2013). "Horpa Language in Xichuan Province [川西霍爾語格西話動詞對協初探]". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics.