Rachel Carson
Rachel Louise Carson (Mayu 27, 1907 - Afrilu 14, 1964) wata kwararriyar nazarin halittun ruwa ce, marubuciya, kuma kwararriyar kiyayewa wacce ilimin teku (1941-1955) da littafin Silent Spring (1962) aka ba da fifiko ga haɓakar kiyaye ruwa da kuma motsin muhalli na duniya.
Carson ta fara aikinta a matsayin masanin halittun ruwa a Ofishin Kifi na Amurka, kuma ta zama cikakken marubucin yanayi a cikin 1950s. Wanda ta yaba da mafi kyawun 1951 The Sea Around Us ta sami lambar yabo ta National Book Award na Amurka,[1] a matsayin ƙwararren marubuci da tsaro na kuɗi. Nasarar da ta samu ya sa aka sake buga littafinta na farko, Under the Sea Wind (1941), a cikin 1952, wanda The Edge of the Sea ya biyo baya a 1955 - dukkansu kuma sun kasance masu siyarwa. Wannan trilogy na teku yana bincika dukan rayuwar teku daga tudu zuwa zurfin.
A karshen shekarun 1950, Carson ta mai da hankalinta ga kiyayewa, musamman ma wasu matsalolin da ta yi imanin cewa magungunan kashe qwari na roba ne suka haifar da su. Sakamakon shi ne littafin Silent Spring (1962), wanda ya kawo matsalolin muhalli zuwa wani kaso na jama'ar Amurka da ba a taba gani ba. Ko da yake Silent Spring ya gamu da mummunar adawa daga kamfanonin sinadarai, hakan ya haifar da koma baya a manufofin kashe kwari na kasa, wanda ya haifar da hana DDT da sauran magungunan kashe kwari a duk fadin kasar. Har ila yau, ta zaburar da wani motsi na muhalli wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. An bai wa Carson lambar yabo ta ‘Yanci ta Shugaban kasa ta Shugaba Jimmy Carter.[2]
An haifi Carson a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1907, a wata gonar iyali kusa da Springdale, Pennsylvania, kusa da kogin Allegheny kusa da Pittsburgh. Ita ce 'yar Maria Frazier (McLean) da Robert Warden Carson, mai siyar da inshora.[3] Ta dauki lokaci mai yawa tana bincike a kusa da gonar danginta mai girman eka 65 (ha 26). Mai karatu mai ƙwazo, ta fara rubuta labarai, waɗanda galibi suka shafi dabbobi, tana da shekaru takwas. Tana da shekaru goma, ta sa aka buga labarinta na farko. Ta ji daɗin karanta Mujallar St. Nicholas, wanda ke ɗauke da labarun farko da aka buga, ayyukan Beatrix Potter, litattafai na Gene Stratton-Porter, da kuma a cikin shekarunta na matasa, Herman Melville, Joseph Conrad, da Robert Louis Stevenson. Duniyar halitta, musamman ta teku, ita ce zaren gama-gari na adabin da ta fi so. Carson ta halarci karamar makarantar Springdale har zuwa aji goma, sannan ta kammala makarantar sakandare a kusa da Parnassus, Pennsylvania, ta kammala karatunta a 1925 a saman aji na ɗalibai 44.[4] A makarantar sakandare, an ce Carson ya kasance ɗan kaɗaici.
Rayuwar baya da karatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Carson a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1907, a wata gonar iyali kusa da Springdale, Pennsylvania, kusa da kogin Allegheny kusa da Pittsburgh. Ita ce 'yar Maria Frazier (McLean) da Robert Warden Carson, mai siyar da inshora.[5] Ta dauki lokaci mai yawa tana bincike a kusa da gonar danginta mai girman eka 65 (ha 26). Mai karatu mai ƙwazo, ta fara rubuta labarai, waɗanda galibi suka shafi dabbobi, tana da shekaru takwas. Tana da shekaru goma, ta sa aka buga labarinta na farko. Ta ji daɗin karanta Mujallar St. Nicholas, wanda ke ɗauke da labarun farko da aka buga, ayyukan Beatrix Potter, litattafai na Gene Stratton-Porter, da kuma a cikin shekarunta na matasa, Herman Melville, Joseph Conrad, da Robert Louis Stevenson. Duniyar halitta, musamman ta teku, ita ce zaren gama-gari na adabin da ta fi so. Carson ta halarci karamar makarantar Springdale har zuwa aji goma, sannan ta kammala makarantar sakandare a kusa da Parnassus, Pennsylvania, ta kammala karatunta a 1925 a saman aji na ɗalibai 44.[6] A makarantar sakandare, an ce Carson ya kasance ɗan kaɗaici.
Carson ta sami gurbin shiga Kwalejin Mata ta Pennsylvania, yanzu Jami'ar Chatham, a Pittsburgh, inda ta fara karatun Turanci amma ta sauya sheka zuwa ilmin halitta a cikin Janairu 1928. Ta ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga jaridar daliban makarantar da kuma karin adabi.[7]
Aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da rokon mai ba da shawara kan ilmin halitta Mary Scott Skinker, Carson ta sami matsayi na wucin gadi tare da Ofishin Kifi na Amurka, inda ta rubuta kwafin rediyo don jerin shirye-shiryen ilimi na mako-mako mai suna Romance Under the Waters. Jerin shirye-shirye na mintuna bakwai na 52 sun mayar da hankali kan rayuwar ruwa kuma an yi niyya ne don samar da sha'awar jama'a game da ilimin kifin kifi da aikin ofishin, aikin da marubuta da yawa kafin Carson ba su gudanar da shi ba. Har ila yau Carson ta fara gabatar da labarai kan rayuwar ruwa a cikin Chesapeake Bay, bisa binciken da ta yi na jerin, zuwa jaridu da mujallu na gida.[8]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Popova, Maria (2022-12-01). "The Poetry of Science and Wonder as an Antidote to Self-Destruction: Rachel Carson's Magnificent 1952 National Book Award Acceptance Speech". The Marginalian. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
- ↑ Paull, John (2013) "The Rachel Carson Letters and the Making of Silent Spring", SAGE Open, 3 (July): 1–12. doi:10.1177/2158244013494861
- ↑ "Maine Women Writers Collection—Research—Featured Writers—Rachel L. Carson Collection, 1946–1964". University of New England. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
- ↑ Lear, pp. 7–24
- ↑ "Maine Women Writers Collection—Research—Featured Writers—Rachel L. Carson Collection, 1946–1964". University of New England. Retrieved
- ↑ Lear, pp. 7–24
- ↑ "Rachel Carson". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 23 April 2014
- ↑ Lear 1997, pp. 63–79