Harshen Hawaiian

Harshen Hawaiian
	‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i
'Yan asalin magana	27,200 (2000); 26,205 (2010)
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) ; Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Harsunan Malay-Polynesian na Tsakiya da Gabas; Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (en) ; Oceanic (en) ; Central–Eastern Oceanic (en) ; Central Pacific (en) ; Polynesian (en) ; Nuclear Polynesian (en) ; Eastern Polynesian (en) ; Marquesic (en) ; Harshen Hawaiian; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Hawaiian alphabet (en)
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2	haw
ISO 639-3	haw
Glottolog	hawa1245

A shekara ta 1896, Jamhuriyar Hawaii ta zartar da Dokar 57, dokar Ingilishi kawai wacce daga baya ta haramta harshen Hawaiian a matsayin matsakaiciyar koyarwa a makarantun da ke da tallafin jama'a kuma ta inganta tsauraran azabtarwa ga yara da aka kama suna magana da harshen Hawaiian. Ba a sake ba da izinin amfani da harshen Hawaiian a matsayin matsakaici na koyarwa a makarantun jama'a na Hawai'i ba har zuwa 1987, tsawon shekaru 91.^[2] Adadin masu magana da harshen Hawaiian a hankali ya ragu a lokacin daga shekarun 1830 zuwa 1950. Ingilishi ya fice Hawaiian a kan tsibirai shida daga cikin tsibirai bakwai da aka zauna. A shekara ta 2001, masu magana da harshen Hawaiian sun kai kasa da 0.1% na yawan jama'ar jihar.

Duk da haka, daga kusan 1949 zuwa yau, an sami karuwar hankali ga kulawa da inganta harshen. An kafa makarantun shiga cikin harshen Hawaiian da ake kira Pūnana Leo a cikin 1984; wasu makarantun shiga sun biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba. Dalibai na farko da suka fara a makarantar sakandare yanzu sun kammala karatu daga kwaleji kuma da yawa suna da ƙwarewar masu magana da harshen Hawaii. Koyaya, har yanzu ana rarraba yaren a matsayin mai haɗari sosai ta UNESCO.^[3]

Harshen creole, Hawaiian Pidgin (ko Hawaii Creole English, HCE), ana yawan magana da shi a Hawai'i fiye da Hawaiian. Wasu masana harsuna, da kuma mazauna yankin da yawa, suna jayayya cewa Hawaiian Pidgin yaren ne na Turanci na Amurka.^[4] An haife shi ne daga karuwar baƙi daga Japan, China, Puerto Rico, Koriya, Portugal, Spain da Philippines, yaren pidgin creole ya zama dole a cikin shuke-shuke. Ma'aikatan Hawaiian da baƙi da kuma luna, ko masu kulawa, sun sami hanyar sadarwa tsakanin kansu. Pidgin daga ƙarshe ya fita daga gonar kuma ya shiga cikin al'umma mafi girma, inda har yanzu ana amfani dashi har zuwa yau.

Sunan

Harshen [./<i id= HawaiSamfuri:Okinai(island)" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii] ya ɗauki sunansa daga tsibirin mafi girma a cikin tsibirin Hawaiian, Hawaii (Hawai'i a cikin harshen Hawaiian). An fara rubuta sunan tsibirin a Turanci a cikin 1778 ta hanyar mai binciken Burtaniya James Cook da ma'aikatansa. Sun rubuta shi a matsayin "Owhyhee" ko "Owhyee". An rubuta "Oh-Me ya sa-hee" a taswirar farko ta Sandwich Islands wanda daga]-linkid="234" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Tobias Conrad Lotter"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Tobias Conrad Lotter"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Tobias_Conrad_Lotter?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwYA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tobias Conrad Lotter" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Tobias Conrad Lotter [de] ya zana a cikin 1781. ^[5] Masu bincike Mortimer (1791) da Otto von Kotzebue (1821) sun yi amfani da wannan rubutun.

"O" na farko a cikin sunan "Oh-Why-hee" yana nuna gaskiyar cewa maganganun Hawaiian suna nuna ainihin asali ta hanyar amfani da nau'in copula, ʻo, nan da nan kafin sunan da ya dace. Don haka, a cikin Hawaiian, ana bayyana sunan tsibirin ta hanyar cewa Samfuri:OkinaO HawaiSamfuri:'okinai'i, wanda ke nufin "[Wannan] shine Hawai'ii." Balaguron Cook ya kuma rubuta "Otaheite" maimakon "Tahiti".

Maganar "me ya sa" a cikin sunan tana nuna furcin wh a cikin karni na 18 (har yanzu ana amfani dashi a wasu sassan Duniya mai magana da Ingilishi). Me ya sa aka furta shi. Rubutun "hee" ko "ee" a cikin sunan yana wakiltar sautunan [hi], ko [i].

Idan aka haɗa sassan tare, O-why- (h) ee yana nuna [o-hwai-i], kusanci mai ma'ana game da furcin asali, [ʔo həwɐiʔi].

Masu wa'azi na Amurka da ke kan iyaka zuwa Hawai'i sun yi amfani da kalmomin "Harshe na Owhihe" da "Harshe ta Owhyhee" a Boston kafin tashi a watan Oktoba na 1819 da kuma lokacin tafiyarsu ta watanni biyar zuwa Hawai'. Har yanzu suna amfani da irin waɗannan jimloli har zuwa Maris 1822. Koyaya, a watan Yulin 1823, sun fara amfani da kalmar "Hawaiian Language".

A cikin harshen Hawaiian, ana kiran yaren Samfuri:OkinaŌlelo HawaiSamfuri:Okinai, tunda adjectives suna bin sunaye.

Iyali da asalinsa

Hawaiian memba ne na Polynesian na dangin yaren Austronesian . Yana da alaƙa da sauran yarukan Polynesian, kamar su Samoan, Marquesan, Tahitian, Māori, Rapa Nui (harshe na Tsibirin Easter) da Tongan.^[6]

A cewar Schütz (1994), Marquesans sun mallaki tsibirin a cikin kimanin 300 AZ wanda ya biyo bayan raƙuman shige da fice daga tsibirin Society da Samoa-Tonga. Harsunsu, a tsawon lokaci, sun zama harshen Hawaiian a cikin tsibirin Hawaiian. Kimura da Wilson (1983) sun kuma ce:

Masana ilimin harshe sun yarda cewa Hawaiian yana da alaƙa da Gabashin Polynesia, tare da alaƙa mai ƙarfi a Kudancin Marquesas, da kuma alaƙa ta biyu a Tahiti, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar tafiya tsakanin Hawaiian da Society Islands.

Fahimtar juna

Jack H. Ward (1962) ya gudanar da binciken ta amfani da kalmomi na asali da gajerun maganganu don tantance matakin fahimta tsakanin harsunan Polynesian daban-daban. An gano fahimtar juna na Hawaiian ya kasance 41.2% tare da Marquesan, 37.5% tare da Tahitian, 25.5% tare da Samoan da 6.4% tare da Tongan.

Tarihi

Tattaunawa ta farko a Turai

A cikin shekara ta 1778, mai binciken Burtaniya James Cook ya fara hulɗa da Hawai'i a Turai, ya fara sabon mataki a ci gaban Hawaiian. A cikin shekaru arba'in masu zuwa, sautunan Mutanen Espanya (1789), Rasha (1804), Faransanci (1816), da Jamusanci (1816) sun isa Hawai'i ta hanyar wasu masu bincike da 'yan kasuwa. An fara rubuta harshen Hawaiian a karo na farko, galibi an ƙuntata shi ga sunaye da kalmomi, da jerin kalmomin da masu bincike da matafiya suka tattara.

Masu bincike da 'yan kasuwa na farko da suka fara kawo harsunan Turai zuwa tsibirin Hawaiian sun kuma dauki wasu' yan asalin ƙasar da suka kawo harshen Hawaiian cikin sabon yanki. Hawaiians sun dauki wadannan ayyukan jirgin ruwa saboda hanyar rayuwarsu ta gargajiya ta canza saboda shuke-shuke, kuma kodayake babu isasshen waɗannan masu binciken da ke magana da harshen Hawaii don kafa kowane al'umma mai amfani a kasashen waje, har yanzu suna da kasancewar sananne. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, wani yaro a cikin matashi da aka sani da Obookiah (Ōpūkaha'ia), yana da babban tasiri ga makomar yaren. Ya tashi zuwa New England, inda ya zama dalibi a Makarantar Jakadancin Kasashen Waje a Cornwall, Connecticut . Ya yi wahayi zuwa ga New Englanders don tallafawa aikin Kirista zuwa Hawai'i, kuma ya ba da bayani game da harshen Hawaiian ga masu wa'azi na Amurka a can kafin tashi zuwa Hawai 'i a cikin 1819 . Adelbert von Chamisso ma na iya tuntuɓar wani mai magana da harshen Hawaiian a Berlin, Jamus, kafin ya buga ƙamus na Hawaiian (Über die Hawaiische Sprache) a cikin 1837.

Labaran gargajiya

Kamar dukkan harsunan da ake magana da su, harshen Hawaiian asalinsa harshe ne na baki. Mutanen asalin harshen Hawaiian sun ba da addini, al'adu, tarihi, da ra'ayoyin duniyarsu ta hanyar labarun da aka ba da su daga tsara zuwa tsara. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan labarun da aka fi danganta da tsibirin Hawaiian shine hula . Nathaniel B. Emerson ya lura cewa "Ya ci gaba da tunanin jama'a a rayuwa tare da tarihin al'ummar da ta gabata".

An yi jayayya da alaƙar mazauna tsibirin da labarun su a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa Kyaftin James Cook ya sami maraba mai kyau. Marshall Sahlins ya lura cewa tatsuniyoyin Hawaiian sun fara ɗaukar irin wannan abun ciki ga na Yammacin duniya a ƙarni na sha takwas. Ya yi jayayya cewa wannan ya faru ne saboda lokacin isowar Kyaftin Cook, wanda ya kasance daidai lokacin da 'yan asalin Hawaii ke murna da Bikin Makahiki, wanda shine bikin shekara-shekara na girbi don girmama allahn Lono. Bikin yana ci gaba a duk Lokacin ruwan sama. Lokaci ne na zaman lafiya tare da mai da hankali sosai kan nishaɗi, abinci, wasanni, da rawa. Labarin mutanen tsibirin ya annabta dawowar allahn Lono a lokacin bikin Makahiki.

Rubuce-rubucen Hawaiian

A cikin 1820, masu wa'azi na Furotesta daga New England sun isa Hawai'i, kuma a cikin 'yan shekaru sun canza shugabannin zuwa Ikilisiya Furotesta, waɗanda su ma suka tuba da talakawan su. Ga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, cikakkiyar Kiristanci na masarautar ya bukaci cikakken fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa Hawaiian, yaren da ba a rubuta ba a baya, sabili da haka ƙirƙirar daidaitattun rubutun da ya kamata ya zama mai sauƙin sarrafawa. Kalmomin da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suka kirkira sun kasance masu sauƙi sosai har da karatu da rubutu ya bazu da sauri tsakanin manya; a lokaci guda, Ofishin Jakadancin ya kafa ƙarin makarantu ga yara.

A cikin 1834, 'yan mishaneri da ke aiki tare da mazauna yankin ne suka buga jaridu na farko na harshen Hawaiian. Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sun kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen buga ƙamus (1836), ƙamus (1854), da ƙamus (1865) na Hawaiian. An kammala Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Hawaiian a cikin 1839; a lokacin, Ofishin Jakadancin yana da irin wannan cibiyar sadarwa ta makaranta da, lokacin da a cikin 1840 ya ba da ita ga gwamnatin Hawaiian, Majalisar Dokokin Hawaiian ta ba da umarnin Ilimi na tilas ga duk yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 14, gami da 'yan mata, shekaru goma sha biyu kafin a kafa irin wannan dokar tilastawa a karon farko a kowane Amurka.

Ilimi a cikin harshen Hawaiian ya yadu sosai har a cikin 1842 doka ta ba da umarnin cewa mutanen da aka haifa bayan 1819 dole ne su kasance masu karatu don a ba su damar yin aure. A cikin rahotonsa ga Majalisar Dokoki na shekara ta 1853 Richard Armstrong, ministan Ilimi na Jama'a, ya yi alfaharin cewa kashi 75% na yawan manya zasu iya karantawa. Amfani da harshe tsakanin yawan jama'a na iya kaiwa kololuwa a kusa da 1881. Duk da haka, wasu mutane sun damu, tun farkon 1854, cewa yaren "ba da daɗewa ba ya ƙare".

Lokacin da Sarkin Hawaii David Kalākaua ya yi tafiya a duniya, ya kawo yarensa na asali tare da shi. Lokacin da matarsa, Sarauniya Kapi'olani, da 'yar'uwarsa, Gimbiya (daga baya Sarauniya) Lili'uokalani, suka yi tafiya a fadin Arewacin Amurka kuma zuwa Tsibirin Burtaniya, a cikin 1887, waƙar Liliʻ "[[Aloha Oe|Aloha Samfuri:OkinaOe]]" ta riga ta zama sanannen waƙa a Amurka.

Cire harshen Hawaiian

Raguwar harshen Hawaiian ta hanzarta ta hanyar juyin mulkin mallaka na Hawaiian kuma ya kawar da sarauniyar Hawaiian da ke akwai. Bayan haka, an kafa doka da ta buƙaci Turanci a matsayin babban harshen koyarwar makaranta.^[7] Dokar da aka ambata an gano ta a matsayin Dokar 57, sashi na 30 na Dokokin Jamhuriyar Hawai'i na 1896:

The English Language shall be the medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools, provided that where it is desired that another language shall be taught in addition to the English language, such instruction may be authorized by the Department, either by its rules, the curriculum of the school, or by direct order in any particular instance. Any schools that shall not conform to the provisions of this section shall not be recognized by the Department.
— The Laws of Hawaii, Chapter 10, Section 123^[8]

Wannan dokar ta kafa Turanci a matsayin matsakaiciyar koyarwa ga makarantun da gwamnati ta amince da su "na jama'a da masu zaman kansu". Duk da yake bai haramta ko ba da harshen Hawaiian a wasu mahallin ba, aiwatarwa a makarantu yana da tasiri mai zurfi. Wadanda suka kasance suna turawa ga makarantun Ingilishi kawai sun ɗauki wannan doka a matsayin lasisi don kashe yaren asali a matakin ilimi na farko. Duk da yake dokar ba ta sanya Hawaiian ba bisa ka'ida ba (har yanzu ana magana da shi a lokacin), yara da yawa da ke magana da Hawaiian a makaranta, gami da filin wasa, an horar da su. Wannan ya haɗa da azabtar da jiki da zuwa gidan yaron da ya yi laifi don ya shawarce su da karfi su daina magana a gidansu. Bugu da ƙari, dokar da aka tanada musamman don koyar da harsuna "ban da harshen Ingilishi", rage Hawaiian zuwa matsayin ƙarin harshe, dangane da amincewar sashen. Ba a koyar da harshen Hawaiian da farko a kowane makaranta ba, gami da Makarantun Kamehameha na Hawaiian. Wannan ya faru ne saboda lokacin da aka kafa waɗannan makarantu, kamar makarantun Kamehameha da aka kafa a 1887 (shekaru tara kafin wannan dokar), ana magana da harshen Hawaiian a gida. Da zarar an kafa wannan dokar, mutane a waɗannan cibiyoyin sun ɗauki kansu don aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a kan Hawaiian. Da farko a cikin 1900, Mary Kawena Pukui, wacce daga baya ta kasance co- marubuciyar littafin Hawaiian-English Dictionary, an hukunta ta saboda yin magana da harshen Hawaiian ta hanyar bugawa a goshi, an ba ta damar cin burodi da ruwa kawai don abincin rana, kuma an hana ziyarar gida a lokacin hutu. An kori Winona Beamer daga makarantun Kamehameha a 1937 don yin waka a Hawaiian . Saboda wani bangare na wannan tsarin hana harshe bayan juyin mulki, har yanzu ana ɗaukar harshen Hawaiian a matsayin harshen da ke cikin haɗari.

Koyaya, tilasta wa jama'a don sauke Hawaiian ba zai yi aiki da kansa ba. Kamar dai abin da ke da mahimmanci shi ne gaskiyar cewa, a cikin wannan lokacin, 'yan asalin Hawaii sun zama' yan tsiraru a ƙasarsu saboda karuwar ma'aikatan kasashen waje da yaransu. Ganin cewa a cikin 1890 ɗaliban Hawaiian masu tsarki sun sami kashi 56% na shiga makaranta, a cikin 1900 lambobin su sun sauka zuwa 32% kuma, a cikin 1910, zuwa 16.9%. A lokaci guda, 'yan Hawaii suna da saukin yin aure: yawan ɗaliban "Part-Hawaiian" (watau, yara na auren White-Hawaian) sun karu daga 1573 a 1890 zuwa 3718 a 1910. ^[9] A cikin irin waɗannan gidaje masu gauraye, ƙarancin matsayi na Hawaiian ya haifar da karɓar Turanci a matsayin harshen iyali. Bugu da ƙari, 'yan Hawaii sun fi zama a cikin birane ko kuma sun warwatse a duk faɗin ƙauyuka, a cikin hulɗa kai tsaye tare da wasu kabilun kuma ba tare da wani sansani ba (ban da Ni'ihau). Don haka, har ma da yara masu tsarki na Hawaii za su tattauna yau da kullun tare da abokan makarantarsu na harsuna daban-daban a Turanci, wanda yanzu ba kawai harshen malamai ba ne har ma da harshen da ake buƙata don sadarwa ta yau da kullun tsakanin abokai da maƙwabta daga makaranta. A cikin ƙarni ɗaya kawai Turanci (ko kuma Pidgin) zai zama harshen farko da ya fi dacewa na dukan yara, duk da ƙoƙarin iyayen Hawaiian da baƙi don kula da yarensu na kakanninsu a cikin iyali.

1949 zuwa yanzu

A cikin 1949, majalisar dokoki ta Yankin Hawai'i ta ba da umarni ga Mary Pukui da Samuel Elbert su rubuta sabon ƙamus na Hawaiian, ko dai sake fasalin aikin Andrews-Parker ko farawa daga farawa. Pukui da Elbert sun ɗauki hanya ta tsakiya, ta amfani da abin da za su iya daga ƙamus na Andrews, amma suna yin wasu ci gaba da ƙari waɗanda suka fi mahimmanci fiye da ƙaramin bita. Littafin da suka samar, a cikin 1957, ya gabatar da zamanin karuwa a hankali ga harshe da al'adu.

Sabunta harshe da al'adun Hawaiian sun ga babban farfadowa tun lokacin da aka sake farfado da Hawaiian a cikin shekarun 1970s.^[10] An kafa shi a cikin 1983, 'Aha Pūnana Leo, ma'ana "gidan harshe" a cikin Hawaiian, ya buɗe cibiyarsa ta farko a cikin 1984. Shirin makarantar sakandare ne na Hawaii wanda ke da tallafi wanda ke gayyatar dattawan Hawaii don yin magana da yara a cikin Hawaiian kowace rana.^[11]

Kokarin inganta yaren ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Makarantu na "immersion" na harshen Hawaiian yanzu suna buɗewa ga yara waɗanda iyalansu ke son sake gabatar da harshen Hawaiian don tsararraki masu zuwa. Makarantun sakandare na harshen Hawaiian na 'Aha Pūnana Leo a Hilo, Hawaii, sun sami karbuwa ta duniya. Tashar Rediyon Jama'a ta Kasa tana da ɗan gajeren ɓangaren da ake kira "Maganar Hawaiian ta Rana" da kuma watsa labarai na harshen Hawaiian. Tashar talabijin ta Honolulu KGMB ta gudanar da shirin harshen Hawaiian na mako-mako, ʻĀhaʻi ʻŌlelo Ola, a kwanan nan a shekara ta 2010.^[12] Bugu da ƙari, fitowar Lahadi na Honolulu Star-Advertiser, babbar jarida a Hawaii, tana da taƙaitaccen labarin da ake kira Kauakukalahale wanda malamai, dalibai, da membobin al'umma suka rubuta gaba ɗaya a cikin Hawaiian.^[13]

A yau, yawan masu magana da harshen Hawaiian, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da 0.1% na yawan jama'ar jihar a cikin 1997, ya karu zuwa 2,000, daga cikin 24,000 da suka iya yaren, bisa ga ƙididdigar Amurka ta 2011. A kan shida daga cikin tsibirai bakwai da aka zauna har abada, Hawaiian ya fi yawa ya fice da Turanci, amma a kan Ni'ihau, masu magana da harshen Hawaiian sun kasance a ware kuma sun ci gaba da amfani da Hawaiian kusan kawai.^[7]^[14]

Ni'ihau

Tsibirin Ni'ihau, wanda ke kudu maso yammacin gabar Kauai, shine tsibirin daya inda ake magana da harshen Hawaiian (musamman yaren Hawaiian da aka sani da Yaren Niihau) a matsayin harshen rayuwar yau da kullun. Elbert & Pukui (1979:23) ya bayyana cewa "[v] bambance-bambance a cikin yarukan Hawaiian ba a yi nazari sosai ba", kuma cewa "[t]he yaren Niʻihau shine mafi banƙyama kuma wanda ya fi buƙatar karatu". Sun fahimci cewa Ni'ihauans na iya magana da harshen Hawaiian a hanyoyi daban-daban. Maganarsu ta dogara ne a wani bangare akan wasu takamaiman abubuwan lura da Newbrand ya yi (1951). (Dubi Hanyoyin sauti na Hawaiian)

Rikici ya ci gaba tsakanin wadanda ke kan Ni'ihau da ke magana da harshen Hawaiian a matsayin yare na farko, da waɗanda ke magana da Hawaiian a cikin yare na biyu, musamman waɗanda Kwalejin Harshe na Hawaii a Jami'ar Hawai'i a Hilo ta ilimantar da su. Jami'ar tana tallafawa Kwamitin Harshen Hawaiian (Kōmike Huaʻōlelo Hou) wanda ke ba da kalmomi don ra'ayoyin da ba su wanzu a cikin harshen ba, kamar "kwamfuta" da " wayar salula". Wadannan kalmomi gabaɗaya ba a haɗa su cikin yaren Ni'ihau ba, wanda sau da yawa ke yin amfani da kalmomin kansa ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta. Wasu sabbin kalmomi sune nau'ikan kalmomin Ingilishi na Hawaii, kuma wasu sun ƙunshi tushen Hawaiian kuma ba su da alaƙa da sautunan Ingilishi.^[15]

Hawaiian a makarantu

Makarantu masu matsakaici na Hawaii

Tsarin ilimi na matsakaici na Hawaii shine haɗuwa da takardar shaidar, na jama'a, da na masu zaman kansu. Makarantu na K-6 suna aiki a karkashin hadin gwiwar shugabancin Ma'aikatar Ilimi da makarantar Yarjejeniya, yayin da tsarin dakin gwaje-gwaje na K-12 ke karkashin jagorancin Ma'aikatan Ilimi, 'Aha Pūnana Leo, da makarantar Yariti. Fiye da kashi 80% na wadanda suka kammala karatu daga waɗannan makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje suna halartar kwaleji, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da makarantun Ivy-League. Hawaiian yanzu ya zama hanyar da aka ba da izini a cikin tsarin karatun harshe na Ma'aikatar Ilimi, kodayake ba duk makarantu ba ne ke ba da harshen.

Akwai nau'o'i biyu na makarantun matsakaici na Hawaiian: K-12 duka makarantun hawaian, da maki 7-12 na makarantun hawan Hawaiian, ana koyar da wasu azuzuwan a Turanci kuma ana koyar da su a cikin Hawaiian. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ake mayar da hankali ga makarantun Hawaiian-medium shine koyar da tsari da tsarin harshen Hawaiian ta hanyar tsara kalmomi a matsayin "pepeke", ma'ana squid a cikin Hawaiian. A wannan yanayin pepeke kwatanci ne wanda ke nuna jikin squid tare da muhimman sassa guda uku: poʻo (kai), 'awe (tentacles) da pic (inda poʻo da 'awe suka hadu) wanda ke wakiltar yadda aka tsara jumla. Po'o yana wakiltar maganganu, pic yana wakiltar batun kuma 'awe yana wakiltar abu.^[16] Makarantu na Hawaiian suna koyar da abubuwan da ke bin ka'idodin jihar kuma suna jaddada al'adun Hawaiian da dabi'u. Kasancewar makarantun nutsewa a Hawai'i ya haɓaka damar watsawa tsakanin tsararraki na Hawaiian a gida.

Ilimi mafi girma

Kwalejin Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani na Harshen Hawaiian kwaleji ne a Jami'ar Hawaii a Hilo wanda aka sadaukar don samar da darussan da shirye-shirye gaba ɗaya a cikin Hawaiian. Yana ilmantarwa da kuma ba da horo ga malamai da masu gudanar da makarantu na makarantun sakandare na Hawaii. Ita ce kawai kwalejin a Amurka da ke ba da digiri na biyu da digiri na digiri a cikin harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen da aka bayar a Kwalejin Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani na Harshen Hawaiian an san su gaba ɗaya a matsayin "Hilo model" kuma an yi koyi da shi ta hanyar shirin nutsewar Cherokee da sauran shirye-shiryen farfadowa na asali.

Tun daga 1921, Jami'ar Hawai'i a Manoa da duk Kwalejin Jama'a ta Jami'ar Hawaii'i suma suna ba da darussan yaren Hawaiian ga ɗalibai don bashi. Jami'ar yanzu tana ba da darussan kan layi kyauta ba don bashi ba, tare da wasu shafukan yanar gizo da aikace-aikace kamar Duolingo.^[17]

Rubutun kalmomi

Hawaiians ba su da wani rubutu harshe kafin hulɗar Yamma, sai dai alamomin petroglyph.Harshen Hawaiian na zamani, ka pīʻāpā Hawaiʻi, ya dogara ne akan Rubutun Latin. Kalmomin Hawaiian sun ƙare ne kawai a cikin wasula, kuma kowane ma'ana dole ne a bi shi da wasula. Tsarin haruffa na Hawaiian yana da dukkan wasula a gaban consonants, kamar yadda yake a cikin ginshiƙi mai zuwa.

Aa	Ee	Shi ne	Oo	Uu	Hh	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Pp	Ww	ʻ
/a/	/e/	/i/	/o/	/u/	/h/	/k~t/	/l/	/m/	/n/	/p/	/v~w/	/ʔ/

Asalin

Wannan tsarin rubuce-rubuce ya samo asali ne daga masu wa'azi na Protestant na Amurka a lokacin 1820-1826. Wannan shine abu na farko da suka taba bugawa a Hawai'i, a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1822, kuma da farko ya haɗa da ƙididdigar B, D, R, T, da V, ban da waɗanda ke yanZ (H, K, L, M, N, P, W), kuma yana da F, G, S, Y da Z don "spelling foreign words". Bugawa ta farko ta kuma nuna wasula guda biyar (A, E, I, O, U) da bakwai daga cikin gajerun diphthongs (AE, AI, AO, AU, EI, EU, OU).

A cikin 1826, masu haɓakawa sun jefa kuri'a don kawar da wasu haruffa waɗanda ke wakiltar allophones masu aiki (wanda ake kira "haruffa masu musayar"), suna ba da damar haruffa na Hawaiian don kusantar yanayin da ya dace na alama ɗaya-ɗaya-phoneme, kuma ta haka ne inganta sauƙin da mutane zasu iya koyarwa da koyon karatu da rubuce-rubuce na Hawaiian. Misali, maimakon rubuta kalma ɗaya da kalma ɗaya kamar pule, bule, mai tsabta, da bure (saboda musayar p / b da l / r), ana rubuta kalmar ne kawai a matsayin pule.

Ana iya musayar B / P. B ya sauke, P ya kasance.
Ana iya musayar L / R. An baD="mwAnM">R R da D, an ajiye L.
Ana iya musayar K / T. An sauK T, an ajiye K.
Mai sauyawa V / W. An sauke W">V, an ajiye W.

Koyaya, an karɓi daruruwan kalmomi cikin sauri zuwa Hawaiian daga Turanci, Girkanci, Ibrananci, Latin, da Syriac. Kodayake waɗannan kalmomin aro dole ne a Hawaiianised, sau da yawa suna riƙe da wasu "haruffa marasa Hawaiian" a cikin siffofin da aka buga. Misali, Brazil cikakkiyar Hawaiianised ita ce Palakila, amma riƙe "haruffa na kasashen waje" ita ce Barazila. Wani misali shine Gibraltar, wanda aka rubuta a matsayin Kipalaleka ko Gibaraleta. Duk da yake b="#mwt" class="IPA nowr" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Template:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"[z]"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwApk" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">[z] da [ɡ] ba a ɗauka a matsayin sautunan Hawaiian ba, [b], [ɹ], da [t] an wakilta su a cikin haruffa na asali, don haka haruffa (b, r, da t) na ƙarshe ba "ba na Hawaiian" ba ne ko "baƙi", duk da cewa amfani da su bayan 1826 a cikin abubuwan da aka buga gabaɗaya kalmomin asalin ƙasashen waje.

Tsayar da jini

''oki' (ʻoki 'yanka' + -na '-ing') shine Sunan Hawaiian na zamani don alamar (wasika) wanda ke wakiltar tsayawar glottal. An 'u'ina an san shi da ʻuʻina ("snap").

Don misalai na 'okina, la'akari da kalmomin 'Hawaii'i Hawai'i da O'ahu (sau da yawa kawai Hawaii da Oahu a cikin rubutun Ingilishi). A cikin harshen Hawaiian, ana kiran waɗannan kalmomi [hʌˈʋʌi.ʔi] da [oˈʔʌ.hu], kuma an rubuta su da ʻ inda ake kiran tsayar da glottal. ^[18]

Elbert & Pukui's Hawaiian Grammar ya ce "The glottal stop, ', an yi ta hanyar rufe glottis ko sarari tsakanin igiyoyin murya, sakamakon ya zama wani abu kamar hiatus a Turanci oh-oh. "

Tarihi

Tun daga farkon 1823, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sun yi amfani da ƙayyadadden apostrophe don wakiltar tsayawar glottal, amma ba su sanya shi harafin haruffa ba. A cikin buga Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Hawaiian, sun yi amfani da shi don rarrabe ko'u ('na') daga kou ('Ku'). A cikin 1864, William DeWitt Alexander ya buga wani harshe na Hawaiian wanda ya bayyana a fili cewa dakatarwar glottal (yana kiranta "rashin ciki") tabbas shine ainihin ma'anar harshen Hawaiian. Ya rubuta shi ta amfani da apostrophe. A cikin 1922, ƙamus na Andrews-Parker na Hawaiian ya yi amfani da alamar buɗewa guda ɗaya, sannan ake kira "apostrophe mai juyawa" ko "maɓallin maɓallin", don wakiltar tsayawar glottal. Ƙamus na gaba da kayan rubuce-rubuce da ke da alaƙa da farfado da harshen Hawaiian sun fi son amfani da wannan alamar, ''okina', don wakiltar harshen Hawaiian. Duk da haka, ban da ''okina' na iya sauƙaƙa dubawa tare da kafofin watsa labarai na Turanci, ko ma wasu masu magana da Hawaiian sun fi son su, don girmama rubuce-rubucen rubuce-riji na ƙarni na 19. Don haka akwai bambanci a yau a cikin amfani da wannan alamar.

Rubuce-rubucen lantarki

An rubuta 'okina a hanyoyi daban-daban don amfani da lantarki:

ya juya comma: ʻ, Unicode hex darajar 02BB (decimal 699). Wannan ba koyaushe yana da bayyanar daidai ba saboda ba a goyi bayan shi a wasu fonts.
buɗewa guda ɗaya, a.k.a. hagu guda ɗaya alamar ƙididdiga: ' Unicode hex darajar 2018 (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga 8216). A cikin nau'o'i da yawa wannan halayen yana kama da ko dai alamar ƙididdiga guda ɗaya ta hagu ko alamar ƙididdigar da ta fi ƙima a ƙasa fiye da a saman. A cikin wasu siffofi na gargajiya kamar Times New Roman yana iya kama da ƙaramin "6" tare da da'irar da aka cika da baki: '.

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Hawaiian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Gutierrez, Ben (2022-04-28). "Lawmakers adopt resolution apologizing for ban on Hawaiian language in schools". www.hawaiinewsnow.com. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
↑ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger" (in Turanci). UNESCO. Retrieved 2017-11-20.
↑ Fishman, Joshua A. (1977). "'Standard' versus 'Dialect' in Bilingual Education: An Old Problem in a New Context". The Modern Language Journal. 61 (7): 315–325. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1977.tb05146.x. ISSN 0026-7902.
↑ "Carte de l'OCÉAN PACIFIQUE au Nord de l'équateur / Charte des STILLEN WELTMEERS nördlichen des Äequators" [Chart of the PACIFIC OCEAN north of the Equator] (JPG). Princeton University Library. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
↑ "Polynesian languages". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-06-02.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 "Meet the last native speakers of Hawaiian". 28 July 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2017. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Congress, United States. (1898). Congressional Edition. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1–PA23. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
↑ Snyder-Frey, Alicia (2013-05-01). "He kuleana kō kākou: Hawaiian-language learners and the construction of (alter)native identities". Current Issues in Language Planning. 14 (2): 231–243. doi:10.1080/14664208.2013.818504. ISSN 1466-4208. S2CID 143367347.
↑ Wilson, W.H.; Kamanä, K. (2006). ""For the Interest of the Hawaiians Themselves": Reclaiming the Benefits of Hawaiian-Medium Education". Hūlili: Multidisciplinary Research on Hawaiian Well-Being. 3 (1). Archived from the original on October 12, 2021.
↑ "Hawaiian News: ʻÂhaʻi ʻÔlelo Ola – Hawaii News Now – KGMB and KHNL". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
↑ "KAUAKUKALAHALE archives". Honolulu Star-Advertiser (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-01-20.
↑ Ramones, Ikaika. "Niʻihau family makes rare public address". Hawaii Independent. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
↑ Nina Porzucki (2016-07-28). "Meet the last native speakers of Hawaiian". The World (The World in Words podcast).
↑ "The Kāhulu Pepeke Relative Clause". www.hawaiian-study.info (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-01.
↑ "Kawaihuelani Center for Hawaiian Language | 2021–2022 Catalog" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-01.
↑ In English, the glottal stop is usually either omitted, or is replaced by a non-phonemic glide, resulting in [hʌˈwai.i] or [hʌˈwai.ji], and [oˈa.hu] or [oˈwa.hu].

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Hawaiian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Gutierrez_2022-2] Gutierrez, Ben (2022-04-28). "Lawmakers adopt resolution apologizing for ban on Hawaiian language in schools". www.hawaiinewsnow.com. Retrieved 2023-01-21.

[3] "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger" (in Turanci). UNESCO. Retrieved 2017-11-20.

[4] Fishman, Joshua A. (1977). "'Standard' versus 'Dialect' in Bilingual Education: An Old Problem in a New Context". The Modern Language Journal. 61 (7): 315–325. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1977.tb05146.x. ISSN 0026-7902.

[Princeton_Library-5] "Carte de l'OCÉAN PACIFIQUE au Nord de l'équateur / Charte des STILLEN WELTMEERS nördlichen des Äequators" [Chart of the PACIFIC OCEAN north of the Equator] (JPG). Princeton University Library. Retrieved 2020-10-26.

[6] "Polynesian languages". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-06-02.

[:1-7] 7.0 ^7.1 "Meet the last native speakers of Hawaiian". 28 July 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2017. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content

[Congress_1898_p._1-PA23-8] Congress, United States. (1898). Congressional Edition. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1–PA23. Retrieved 2017-07-20.

[:4-9] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4

[10] Snyder-Frey, Alicia (2013-05-01). "He kuleana kō kākou: Hawaiian-language learners and the construction of (alter)native identities". Current Issues in Language Planning. 14 (2): 231–243. doi:10.1080/14664208.2013.818504. ISSN 1466-4208. S2CID 143367347.

[11] Wilson, W.H.; Kamanä, K. (2006). ""For the Interest of the Hawaiians Themselves": Reclaiming the Benefits of Hawaiian-Medium Education". Hūlili: Multidisciplinary Research on Hawaiian Well-Being. 3 (1). Archived from the original on October 12, 2021.

[Hawaii_News_Now-12] "Hawaiian News: ʻÂhaʻi ʻÔlelo Ola – Hawaii News Now – KGMB and KHNL". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2012.

[13] "KAUAKUKALAHALE archives". Honolulu Star-Advertiser (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-01-20.

[14] Ramones, Ikaika. "Niʻihau family makes rare public address". Hawaii Independent. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.

[15] Nina Porzucki (2016-07-28). "Meet the last native speakers of Hawaiian". The World (The World in Words podcast).

[16] "The Kāhulu Pepeke Relative Clause". www.hawaiian-study.info (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-01.

[17] "Kawaihuelani Center for Hawaiian Language | 2021–2022 Catalog" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-01.

[18] In English, the glottal stop is usually either omitted, or is replaced by a non-phonemic glide, resulting in [hʌˈwai.i] or [hʌˈwai.ji], and [oˈa.hu] or [oˈwa.hu].

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