Jump to content

Elusimicrobiota

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Elusimicrobiota
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Pseudomonadati
Phylum: Elusimicrobiota
Geissinger et al. 2021[1]
Classes
Synonyms
  • "Elusimicrobaeota" Oren et al. 2015
  • "Elusimicrobia" Geissinger et al. 2009
  • "Elusimicrobiota" Whitman et al. 2018
  • Candidate phylum TG1

The phylum Elusimicrobiota, previously known as "Termite Group 1", has been shown to be widespread in different ecosystems like marine environment, sewage sludge, contaminated sites and soils, and toxic wastes. The high abundance of Elusimicrobiota representatives is only seen for the lineage of symbionts found in termites and ants.[2]

The first organism to be cultured was Elusimicrobium minutum; however, two other species have been partially described and placed in a separate class, known as Endomicrobia.[3]

History

[edit]

Members of the phylum now named Elusimicrobiota were first identified in the gut of the termite Reticulitermes speratus through 16S rRNA sequencing in 1996. This novel group was named "Termite Group 1".[4] In 1998, Termite Group 1 was designated as a candidate phylum.[5]

In 2005, the name "Endomicrobia" was proposed for the candidate phylum.[6]

In 2009, Elusimicrobium minutum became the first member of Termite Group 1 to be cultured, and "Elusimicrobia" was proposed as the new phylum name.[7]

Now, Elusimicrobia and Endomicrobia are the two classes within phylum Elusimicrobiota.

Members and characteristics

[edit]

The first bacteria in the phylum to be characterized were found in the gut of the termite species Reticulitermes santonensis. Two proposed species, Endomicrobium trichonymphae and Endomicrobium pyrsonymphae, live as endosymbionts in the cytoplasms of two different flagellates, Trichonympha agilis and Pyronympha vertens, respectively. The bacteria are both small, with a length of about 0.6 μm, and have two membranes.[6]

Members of the phylum are not exclusive to the termite gut and have been found in the guts of other organisms including the wood-feeding cockroach and the cow rumen.[8] Elusimicrobiota sequences have also been identified in environmental samples such as soil and marine sediments.[9]

Two species of Elusimicrobiota have been cultured. The first, Elusimicrobium minutum, belongs to the class Elusimicrobia. This gram-negative bacteria was isolated from the hindgut of Pachnoda ephippiata larva, which is a scarab beetle. Elusimicrobium minutum is small at about 0.3 to 2.5 μm long, classifying it as an ultramicrobacterium. It is a mesophile, growing at temperatures from 20 to 32°C. As an obligate anaerobe, it relies solely on fermentation of sugars for energy, producing acetate, ethanol, lactate, hydrogen, and alanine.[7]

The second species that has been cultured is Endomicrobium proavitum.[10] It was isolated from the gut of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis. Unlike the uncultured species previous characterized from this organism[6], Endomicrobium proavitum is free-living, not an endosymbiont. Similar to Elusimicrobium minutum, it is a gram-negative, obligate anaerobe, and also qualifies as an ultramicrobacterium. It can only ferment glucose, producing acetate, lactate, hydrogen, and CO2. Endomicrobium proavitum is also capable of nitrogen fixation. Another feature of Endomicrobium proavitum is that the most common cell shape changes throughout the growth cycle. During the stationary phase when the bacterial population is not growing, the cells are a round cocciod shape. During a period of growth, most cells are rod-shaped. Some of the rod-shaped cells eventually form a bud at one end.[10] Endomicrobium proavitum is a member of the family Endomicrobiaceae. Genomic analysis suggests that all members of this family are also obligate anaerobes that ferment sugars.[11]

Two proposed Elusimicrobiota species were identified by sequencing in black bog soil.[12] Candidatus Liberimonas magnetica belongs to the class Endomicrobia, while Candidatus Obscuribacterium magneticum belongs to the class Elusimicrobia. These species appear to encode genes for magnetosomes, which are cellular structures that contain magnetic crystals. This suggests that they are capable of orienting themselves along magnetic fields in a process called magnetotaxis. Candidatus Liberimonas magnetica may rely on fermentation, while Candidatus Obscuribacterium magneticum may rely on respiration for energy.[12]

Phylogeny

[edit]
16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024[13][14][15] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220[16][17][18]
Elusimicrobiales
Elusimicrobiaceae
Endomicrobiales
Endomicrobiaceae
"Elusimicrobiia"
"Obscuribacteriales"
"Obscuribacteriaceae"

"Ca. Obscuribacterium"

Elusimicrobiales
Elusimicrobiaceae
Endomicrobiia
Endomicrobiales

Taxonomy

[edit]

The currently accepted taxonomy is based solemnly on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [19] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[20]

  • Phylum Elusimicrobiota Geissinger et al. 2021
    • Class "Elusimicrobiia" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020 [Elusimicrobia Geissinger et al. 2010]
      • Order "Obscuribacteriales" Uzun et al. 2023 [F11]
        • Family "Obscuribacteriaceae" Uzun et al. 2023
      • Order Elusimicrobiales Geissinger et al. 2010
        • Family Lloretiaceae" Gago et al. 2024
        • Family Elusimicrobiaceae Geissinger et al. 2010
    • Class Endomicrobiia corrig. Zheng et al. 2018

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. PMID 34694987.
  2. ^ Herlemann, D.P.R.; Geissinger, O.; Brune, A. (2007). "The Termite Group I phylum is highly diverse and widespread in the environment". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 (20): 6682–6685. Bibcode:2007ApEnM..73.6682H. doi:10.1128/AEM.00712-07. PMC 2075069. PMID 17704269.
  3. ^ Stingl, U.; et al. (2005). "Endomicrobia: Cytoplasmic Symbionts of Termite Gut Protozoa Form a Separate Phylum of Prokaryotes". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (3): 1473–1479. Bibcode:2005ApEnM..71.1473S. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.3.1473-1479.2005. PMC 1065190. PMID 15746350.
  4. ^ Ohkuma, M; Kudo, T (Feb 1996). "Phylogenetic diversity of the intestinal bacterial community in the termite Reticulitermes speratus". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 62 (2): 461–468. doi:10.1128/aem.62.2.461-468.1996. PMC 167814. PMID 8593049.
  5. ^ Hugenholtz, Philip; Goebel, Brett M.; Pace, Norman R. (1998-09-15). "Impact of Culture-Independent Studies on the Emerging Phylogenetic View of Bacterial Diversity". Journal of Bacteriology. 180 (18): 4765–4774. doi:10.1128/jb.180.18.4765-4774.1998. PMC 107498. PMID 9733676.
  6. ^ a b c Stingl, Ulrich; Radek, Renate; Yang, Hong; Brune, Andreas (March 2005). ""Endomicrobia": Cytoplasmic Symbionts of Termite Gut Protozoa Form a Separate Phylum of Prokaryotes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71 (3): 1473–1479. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.3.1473-1479.2005. PMC 1065190. PMID 15746350.
  7. ^ a b Geissinger, Oliver; Herlemann, Daniel P. R.; Mörschel, Erhard; Maier, Uwe G.; Brune, Andreas (March 2009). "The Ultramicrobacterium "Elusimicrobium minutum" gen. nov., sp. nov., the First Cultivated Representative of the Termite Group 1 Phylum". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75 (9): 2831–2840. doi:10.1128/AEM.02697-08. PMC 2681718. PMID 19270135.
  8. ^ Ohkuma, Moriya; Sato, Tomoyuki; Noda, Satoko; Ui, Sadaharu; Kudo, Toshiaki; Hongoh, Yuichi (Jun 2007). "The candidate phylum 'Termite Group 1' of bacteria: phylogenetic diversity, distribution, and endosymbiont members of various gut flagellated protists". FEMS microbiology ecology. 60 (3): 467–476. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00311.x. ISSN 0168-6496. PMID 17391329.
  9. ^ Herlemann, Daniel P. R.; Geissinger, Oliver; Brune, Andreas (2007-10-15). "The Termite Group I Phylum Is Highly Diverse and Widespread in the Environment". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 (20): 6682–6685. doi:10.1128/AEM.00712-07. PMC 2075069. PMID 17704269.
  10. ^ a b Zheng, Hao; Dietrich, Carsten; Radek, Renate; Brune, Andreas (2016). "Endomicrobium proavitum, the first isolate of Endomicrobia class. nov. (phylum lusimicrobia) – an ultramicrobacterium with an unusual cell cycle that fixes nitrogen with a Group IV nitrogenase". Environmental Microbiology. 18 (1): 191–204. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12960. ISSN 1462-2920.
  11. ^ Mies, Undine S.; Hervé, Vincent; Kropp, Tom; Platt, Katja; Sillam-Dussès, David; Šobotník, Jan; Brune, Andreas (2024-05-14). "Genome reduction and horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of Endomicrobia—rise and fall of an intracellular symbiosis with termite gut flagellates". mBio. 15 (6): e00826–24. doi:10.1128/mbio.00826-24. PMC 11257099. PMID 38742878.
  12. ^ a b Uzun, Maria; Koziaeva, Veronika; Dziuba, Marina; Alekseeva, Lolita; Krutkina, Maria; Sukhacheva, Marina; Baslerov, Roman; Grouzdev, Denis (2023-02-01). "Recovery and genome reconstruction of novel magnetotactic Elusimicrobiota from bog soil". The ISME Journal. 17 (2): 204–214. doi:10.1038/s41396-022-01339-z. ISSN 1751-7362. PMC 9859788. PMID 36302955.
  13. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  14. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  15. ^ "LTP_10_2024 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  16. ^ "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  17. ^ "bac120_r220.sp_labels". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  18. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  19. ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Elusimicrobiota". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2011-11-17.
  20. ^ Sayers; et al. "Elusimicrobiota". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
Stub icon

This bacteria-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elusimicrobiota&oldid=1287577944"