Battle of Montgisard

Battle of Montgisard
Part of the Crusades
The Battle of Montgisard, 1177. Charles Philippe Larivière, 1842–1844
Date 25 November 1177 Location Montgisard (possibly Gezer), near Ramla, Kingdom of Jerusalem Result Crusader victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar	Ayyubid dynasty
Commanders and leaders
Baldwin IV of Jerusalem Renaud de Châtillon Eudes de Saint-Amand	Saladin Taqi al-Din Umar
Strength
3,000–4,500 men 80 Templars 375 Knights 2,500–4,000 infantry and archers	21,000–26,000 men (exaggerated)
Casualties and losses
1,850 casualties 1,100 killed 750 wounded	Most of the army killed

Late 15th century depiction of the battle from a copy of the Passages d'outremer

The Battle of Montgisard was fought between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Ayyubid Dynasty on 25 November 1177 at Montgisard, in the Levant between Ramla and Yibna. The 16-year-old Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, severely afflicted by leprosy, led outnumbered Christian forces against Saladin's troops in what became one of the most notable engagements of the Crusades. The Muslim Army was quickly routed and pursued for twelve miles. Saladin fled back to Cairo, reaching the city on 8 December, with only a tenth of his army. Muslim historians considered Saladin's defeat to be so severe that it was only redeemed by his victory ten years later at the battles of Cresson and Hattin and the Siege of Jerusalem in 1187. Saladin did defeat Baldwin IV in the Battle of Marj Ayyun and the Siege of Jacob’s Ford in 1179, only to be defeated by Baldwin again at the Battle of Belvoir Castle in 1182 and the Siege of Kerak in 1183.

Background

In 1177, King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, and Philip of Alsace who had recently arrived on pilgrimage, planned an alliance with the Byzantine Empire for a naval attack on Egypt; but none of these plans came to fruition. Instead, Philip decided to join Raymond III of Tripoli’s expedition to attack the Saracen stronghold of Harim in northern Syria. A large Crusader army, the Knights Hospitaller and many Knights Templar followed him. This left the Kingdom of Jerusalem with few troops to defend its various territories. Meanwhile, Saladin was planning his own invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Egypt. When he was informed of the expedition north, he wasted no time in organising a raid and invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem with an army of some 21,000–26,000/30,000 men. Learning of Saladin's plans, Baldwin IV left Jerusalem with, according to William of Tyre, only 375 Knights to attempt a defence at Ascalon, but Baldwin was stalled there by a detachment of troops sent by Saladin. Saladin left part of his army to besiege Gaza and a smaller force at Ascalon and marched northwards with the rest.

Opposing forces

The true numbers are impossible to estimate, since the Christian sources refer only to knights and give no account of the number of infantry and turcopoles, except that it is evident from the number of the dead and wounded that there must have been more men than the 375 Knights. It is also uncertain whether the so-called knights included mounted sergeants or squires, or whether they were true knights. One contemporary chronicler gave a strength of 7,000 for the Crusader army, while another contemporary estimate of 20,000 was probably a textual corruption of 10,000. However, modern historians generally deem the number of Frankish troops to have been lower; 80 Templars and 375 Knights for less than 500 armored heavy cavalry, as well as 2,500 to 4,000 infantry and archers (including spearmen, swordsmen, axemen, crossbowmen and turcopoles).

An 1181 review listed Saladin's Mamluk forces at 6,976 Ghulams and 1,553 Qaraghulams (archers). However, there would have been additional soldiers available in Syria and elsewhere, while auxiliaries might have accompanied the Mamluks. William of Tyre reported Saladin's strength as 26,000, while an anonymous chronicler estimated 12,000 Turkish and 9,000 Arab troops, which Stevenson calls "greatly exaggerated". Accompanying Baldwin was Raynald de Châtillon, Lord of Oultrejordain, who had just been released from captivity in Aleppo in 1176. Raynald of Châtillon was a staunch enemy of Saladin and was King Baldwin's second-in-command. Also with the army were Baldwin of Ibelin, his brother Balian, Reginald Grenier and Joscelin III of Edessa. Eudes de Saint-Amand, Grand Master of the Knights Templar, came with 80 Templar Knights. Another Templar force attempted to meet Baldwin IV at Ascalon to no avail, as they were besieged at Gaza.

Battle

Saladin continued his march onward towards Jerusalem, underestimating the leper-king Baldwin IV and believing he would not be followed. Believing Baldwin and his forces were not an immediate threat, he possibly allowed his army to be spread out over a large area to forage and gather additional resources. Unbeknownst to Saladin, the command he had left to subdue the King had been insufficient, and now both Baldwin and the Templars were marching to intercept him before he reached Jerusalem.

The invading Christians, led by the King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, pursued the Muslims along the coast, finally catching their enemies at Mons Gisardi (Montgisard), near Ramla. The location is disputed, as Ramla was a large region that included the town under the same name. Malcolm Barber equates Mons Gisardi with the mound of Al-Safiya. Saladin's chronicler Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani refers to the battle taking place by the mound of Al-Safiya, potentially modern Tell es-Safi near the village of Menehem, not far from Ashkelon and within the contemporary Ramla province. Al-Safiya means white and, indeed, the Es-Safi hill is white with rocky outcrops, out from which sprouted the foundations of a Crusader Castle that had been hastily built at the top, called Blanchegarde. Ibn al-Athīr, one of the Arab chroniclers, mentions that Saladin intended to lay siege to a Crusader Castle in the area. But Saladin's supply train had allegedly been mired. There is a small stream north of Tell es-Safi bordering farmland that in November might have been plowed up and muddy enough to hinder the passage of the train. The Egyptian chroniclers agree that the supplies had been delayed at a river crossing. It is said that the army of Saladin may have been taken by surprise due to the circumstances. Some estimates assume that the valiant commander underestimated the invading foe. It could have been that their horses had been worn out by the long trek across murky riverland. Saladin had purposely left his baggage train at al-Arish so that his army would more swiftly move through occupied Crusader territory. And so, the army had instead resorted to sourcing their victuals along the way.

It is said that King Baldwin IV ordered the relic of the True Cross to be raised in front of the opposing troops. The King, whose teenage body was already ravaged by aggressive leprosy, was helped from his horse and dropped to his knees before the cross. Sources say he prayed to God for victory and rose to his feet to cheers from his men, moved by what they had just witnessed. Though Baldwin was very ill and could barely ride his horse, he decided it was too late to turn back and so pressed the attack.

The invading crusader army then attacked their exhausted foes, inflicting heavy casualties. King Baldwin IV, fighting with bandaged hands to cover his sores, was said to be in the thick of battle. Egyptian effective command was under Saladin's nephew Taqi ad-Din. Taqi ad-Din apparently attacked while Saladin was preparing his Mamluk guard. Baldwin's army, in turn, caught a portion of Saladin's troops by surprise. Saladin gathered his forces for battle, albeit unprepared, and the sultan signalled for the battle to commence. Taqi's son Ahmad died in the early fighting. Saladin's men were quickly overwhelmed, and the Sultan commander himself narrowly evaded capture, according to Ralph de Diceto, on the swift back of a camel. By nightfall, the Egyptian troops that were with the Sultan had reached Caunetum Esturnellorum, near the mound of Tell el-Hesi (about 25 miles out of Ramla; and 7 km from Tell es-Safi).

King Baldwin routed back to occupied Ascalon. Only a remnant of the Sultan's army had returned to Egypt alongside their commander.

Aftermath

The cause of Saladin's retreat and subsequent Christian victory struck all Muslims. In the wake of the confusion, a few parties initially misinformed the masses about the outcome. Baldwin IV memorialized his victory by erecting a Benedictine monastery on the battlefield, dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria, whose feast day fell on the day of the battle. However, it was a difficult victory; Roger de Moulins, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, reported that 1,100 men had been killed and 750 returned home wounded.

Meanwhile, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemund III of Antioch joined with Philip I of Alsace in a separate expedition against Harim in Syria; the siege of Harim lasted into 1178, and Saladin's defeat at Montgisard prevented him from relieving his Syrian vassals.

Related campaigns

• 1179: Battle of Banias
• 1179: Battle of Marj Ayyun
• 1179: Battle of Jacob's Ford
• 1182: Battle of Belvoir Castle
• 1183: Battle of Al-Fule
• 1183: Siege of Kerak
• 1187: Battle of Cresson
• 1187: Battle of Hattin
• 1187: Siege of Jerusalem
• 1187: Siege of Tyre

Fiction

The Battle of Montgisard is alluded to in the 2005 movie Kingdom of Heaven, as a battle where King Baldwin IV defeated Saladin when he was sixteen. It was also described in the novel Jerusalem, written by Cecelia Holland.

An account of the battle is also given in Swedish author Jan Guillou's novel Tempelriddaren (The Knight Templar) (ISBN 91-1-300733-5), in which the protagonist, Arn Magnusson (de Gothia) is portrayed as a high-ranking member of the Knights Templar, commanding a contingent of the army at the battle of Montgisard. The battle is shown in the movie Arn – The Knight Templar, which was based on Guillou's book.

Bibliography

• Lane-Poole, Stanley (1906). Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Heroes of the Nations. London: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
• Lyons, M. C.; Jackson, D.E.P. (1982). Saladin: the Politics of the Holy War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31739-9.
• Morgan, Philip (2010). "Commemoration of Battles and Warriors". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. 1: Aachen, Siege of - Dyrrachium, Siege and Battle of (1081). Oxford University Press. pp. 411–413.
• Stevenson, W. B. (1907). The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Cambridge University Press. The Latin estimates of Saladin's army are no doubt greatly exaggerated (26,000 in Tyre xxi. 23, 12,000 Turks and 9,000 Arabs in Anon.Rhen. v. 517

Further reading

• Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, ed. D. S. Richards, Ashgate, 2002.
• Willemi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. Huygens. Turnholt, 1986.
• Bernard Hamilton, The Leper King and his Heirs, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
• Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193. Cambridge University Press, 1956.