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John Hoeven

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John Hoeven
Image of John Hoeven

Republican Party

U.S. Senate North Dakota
Tenure

2011 - Present

Term ends

2029

Years in position

14

Prior offices
Governor of North Dakota

Compensation

Base salary

$174,000

Net worth

(2012) $37,115,538

Elections and appointments
Last elected

November 8, 2022

Education

Bachelor's

Dartmouth College, 1979

Graduate

Northwestern University, 1981

Personal
Religion
Christian: Catholic
Profession
Banking executive
Contact

Official website

Official Facebook

Official Twitter

Official Instagram

Official YouTube

Campaign website

Campaign Facebook

Campaign Twitter

Campaign YouTube 

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John Hoeven (Republican Party) is a member of the U.S. Senate from North Dakota. He assumed office on January 3, 2011. His current term ends on January 3, 2029.

Hoeven (Republican Party) ran for re-election to the U.S. Senate to represent North Dakota. He won in the general election on November 8, 2022.

Prior to serving in the U.S. Congress, Hoeven worked as a bank executive and served as North Dakota's 31st governor from 2000 to 2010.[1]

Biography

Hoeven was born in Bismarck, ND. He earned a bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College and a master's degree from Northwestern University.[1]

After graduating from Northwestern in 1981, Hoeven entered the private sector work force. In 1986, he began a nearly fifteen year career as a banking executive. Hoeven spent six years as executive vice president for First Western Bank. He went on to hold the title of president and CEO of the Bank of North Dakota. Hoeven left the latter post in 2000 in order to become Governor of North Dakota. He served 10 years in the governorship before his election to the U.S. Senate.[1]

From 1998 to 2000, prior to his first election to statewide political office, Hoeven served as chairman of the North Dakota Republican Party's 47th District.

Career

Below is an abbreviated outline of Hoeven's academic, professional, and political career:[2]

  • 2011-Present: U.S. Senator from North Dakota
  • 2000-2010: Governor of North Dakota
  • 1993-2000: President/Chief Executive Officer of Bank of North Dakota
  • 1986-1993: Executive Vice President of First Western Bank
  • 1981: Earned Master's from Northwestern University
  • 1979: Graduated from Dartmouth College

Committee assignments

U.S. Senate

2023-2024

Hoeven was assigned to the following committees:[Source]

color: #337ab7,
}

2021-2022

Hoeven was assigned to the following committees:[Source]

color: #337ab7,
}

2017-2018

At the beginning of the 115th Congress, Hoeven was assigned to the following committees:[3]

2015-2016

Hoeven served on the following committees:[4]

2013-2014

Hoeven served on the following Senate committees:[5]

  • Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
    • Subcommittee on Nutrition, Specialty Crops, Food and Agricultural Research Ranking member
    • Subcommittee on Jobs, Rural Economic Growth and Energy Innovation
    • Subcommittee on Commodities, Markets, Trade and Risk Management
  • Appropriations
    • Subcommittee on Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies
    • Subcommittee on Legislative Branch Ranking member
    • Subcommittee on Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies
    • Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development
    • Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies
  • Energy and Natural Resources
    • Subcommittee on Public Lands, Forests, and Mining
    • Subcommittee on National Parks
    • Subcommittee on Energy
  • Indian Affairs

2011-2012

Hoeven served on the following Senate committees:[6]

Key votes

See also: Key votes

Ballotpedia monitors legislation that receives a vote and highlights the ones that we consider to be key to understanding where elected officials stand on the issues. To read more about how we identify key votes, click here.

Key votes: 118th Congress, 2023-2025

The 118th United States Congress began on January 3, 2023, and ended on January 3, 2025. At the start of the session, Republicans held the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives (222-212), and Democrats held the majority in the U.S. Senate (51-49). Joe Biden (D) was the president and Kamala Harris (D) was the vice president. We identified the key votes below using Congress' top-viewed bills list and through marquee coverage of certain votes on Ballotpedia.

Key votes: 118th Congress, 2023-2025
Vote Bill and description Status
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (87-13)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (87-11)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (88-9)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (63-36)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (68-23)
Yes check.svg Yea Red x.svg Failed (50-49)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (50-46)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (76-20)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (75-22)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (88-4)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (51-48)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (51-49)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (79-18)
Red x.svg Nay Red x.svg Failed (43-50)
Red x.svg Nay Red x.svg Failed (51-44)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (78-18)
Not Voting Red x.svg Failed (48-44)


Key votes: Previous sessions of Congress

Elections

2022

See also: United States Senate election in North Dakota, 2022

General election

General election for U.S. Senate North Dakota

Incumbent John Hoeven defeated Katrina Christiansen and Rick Becker in the general election for U.S. Senate North Dakota on November 8, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of John Hoeven
John Hoeven (R)
 
56.4
 
135,474
Image of Katrina Christiansen
Katrina Christiansen (D) Candidate Connection
 
25.0
 
59,995
Image of Rick Becker
Rick Becker (Independent)
 
18.5
 
44,406
 Other/Write-in votes
 
0.1
 
265

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 240,140
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. Senate North Dakota

Katrina Christiansen defeated Michael Steele in the Democratic primary for U.S. Senate North Dakota on June 14, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Katrina Christiansen
Katrina Christiansen Candidate Connection
 
76.8
 
17,187
Image of Michael Steele
Michael Steele Candidate Connection
 
23.1
 
5,174
 Other/Write-in votes
 
0.1
 
24

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 22,385
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. Senate North Dakota

Incumbent John Hoeven defeated Riley Kuntz in the Republican primary for U.S. Senate North Dakota on June 14, 2022.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of John Hoeven
John Hoeven
 
77.8
 
59,529
Image of Riley Kuntz
Riley Kuntz Candidate Connection
 
21.4
 
16,400
 Other/Write-in votes
 
0.7
 
557

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 76,486
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

2016

See also: United States Senate election in North Dakota, 2016

Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated North Dakota's U.S. Senate race as safely Republican. Incumbent John Hoeven (R) defeated Eliot Glassheim (D), Robert Marquette (L), and James Germalic (I) in the general election on November 8, 2016. No candidate faced a primary opponent in June.[164]

U.S. Senate, North Dakota General Election, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngJohn Hoeven Incumbent 78.5% 268,788
     Democratic Eliot Glassheim 17% 58,116
     Libertarian Robert Marquette 3.1% 10,556
     Independent James Germalic 1.4% 4,675
     N/A Write-in 0.1% 366
Total Votes 342,501
Source: North Dakota Secretary of State

2010

On November 2, 2010, John Hoeven won election to the United States Senate. He defeated Tracy Potter (D) and Keith J. Hanson (Libertarian) in the general election.[165]

U.S. Senate, North Dakota General Election, 2010
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngJohn Hoeven 76.2% 181,689
     Democratic-Nonpartisan League Tracy Potter 22.2% 52,955
     Libertarian Keith J. Hanson 1.6% 3,890
Total Votes 238,534

Campaign themes

2022

Ballotpedia survey responses

See also: Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection

John Hoeven did not complete Ballotpedia's 2022 Candidate Connection survey.

2016

The following issues were listed on Hoeven's campaign website. For a full list of campaign themes, click here.

“
  • Jobs: Job creation is job number one. We need to foster an environment that will create good jobs and fresh opportunities for all Americans. By empowering the private sector, we will continue to create the jobs and careers that provide a higher standard of living for all of our citizens.
  • Budget: Since I have been elected to the Senate, we have reduced our annual budget deficit by nearly $1 trillion, but there is more work to be done. We must start living within our means and establish a strong financial position for this country, so we don’t burden future generations with unsustainable debt. We must work to find savings within the budget and hold the line on spending. With a growing economy and more fiscal discipline, we can reduce the federal deficit.
  • Education: Our children are our future and quality education unlocks their unlimited potential. We need to: empower schools, administrators and teachers to create local strategies that prepare students to succeed in a global, high-tech economy; implement accountability for educators while allowing for local flexibility and avoiding one-size-fits-all regulations; provide long-term solutions to address student loan debt and higher education affordability.
  • Energy: Our nation must move toward more energy independence. Through a comprehensive energy plan like we developed in North Dakota with EmPower ND, our country can spur development of all our energy resources with good stewardship while still promoting energy efficiency and conservation.
  • Veterans: To help fix the broken system at the VA, I co-sponsored the Veterans Choice Act, which will give veterans more choice and flexibility while reforming the Veterans Health Care system with greater accountability and transparency. The legislation will help to address long wait times or long drives for veterans who need health care services by enabling them to get those services at non-VA facilities closer to home. I am continually working with the VA, our county veteran service officers and our veterans to ensure this law is implemented in a way that works for our veterans and their families.

[166]

”
—John Hoeven's campaign website, http://www.hoevenforsenate.com/issues

Noteworthy events

Letter to Iran

On March 9, 2015, Senator Tom Cotton (R-Ark.) wrote a letter to Iran's leadership, warning them that signing a nuclear deal with the Obama administration without congressional approval constituted only an executive agreement. The letter also stated that "The next president could revoke such an executive agreement with the stroke of a pen and future Congresses could modify the terms of the agreement at any time." The letter was signed by 47 Republican members of the Senate. Hoeven was one of the 47 who signed the letter. No Democrats signed it.[167]

Members of the Obama administration and of Congress reacted to the letter.[168] Vice President Joe Biden said of the letter, "In thirty-six years in the United States Senate, I cannot recall another instance in which senators wrote directly to advise another country — much less a longtime foreign adversary — that the president does not have the constitutional authority to reach a meaningful understanding with them."[169]

Notable endorsements

See also: Ballotpedia: Our approach to covering endorsements

This section displays endorsements this individual made in elections within Ballotpedia's coverage scope.

Notable candidate endorsements by John Hoeven
EndorseeElectionStageOutcome
Kelly Armstrong  source  (R) Governor of North Dakota (2024) PrimaryWon General
Donald Trump  source  (Conservative Party, R) President of the United States (2024) PrimaryWon General
Doug Burgum  source President of the United States (2024) PrimaryWithdrew in Convention
Mitt Romney  source  (R) President of the United States (2012) PrimaryLost General

Campaign finance summary

Note: The finance data shown here comes from the disclosures required of candidates and parties. Depending on the election or state, this may represent only a portion of all the funds spent on their behalf. Satellite spending groups may or may not have expended funds related to the candidate or politician on whose page you are reading this disclaimer. Campaign finance data from elections may be incomplete. For elections to federal offices, complete data can be found at the FEC website. Click here for more on federal campaign finance law and here for more on state campaign finance law.

John Hoeven campaign contribution history
YearOfficeStatusContributionsExpenditures
2022U.S. Senate North DakotaWon general$4,438,837 $5,766,240
2016U.S. Senate, North DakotaWon $3,789,163 N/A**
2010U.S. Senate (North Dakota)Won $3,801,481 N/A**
Grand total$12,029,481 $5,766,240
Sources: OpenSecrets,  Federal Elections Commission ***This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
** Data on expenditures is not available for this election cycle
Note: Totals above reflect only available data.

Personal Gain Index

Congressional Personal Gain Index graphic.png
See also: Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress)

The Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress) is a two-part measurement that illustrates the extent to which members of the U.S. Congress have prospered during their tenure as public servants.
It consists of two different metrics:

PGI: Change in net worth

See also: Changes in Net Worth of U.S. Senators and Representatives (Personal Gain Index) and Net worth of United States Senators and Representatives
Net Worth Metric graphic.png

Based on congressional financial disclosure forms and calculations made available by OpenSecrets.org, Hoeven's net worth as of 2012 was estimated between $10,209,077 to $64,021,999. That averages to $37,115,538, which is higher than the average net worth of Republican Senate members in 2012 of $6,956,438.47. Hoeven ranked as the 7th most wealthy senator in 2012.[170] Between 2009 and 2012, Hoeven's calculated net worth[171] increased by an average of 24 percent per year. Between 2004 and 2012, the average annual percentage increase for a member of Congress was 15.4 percent.[172]

John Hoeven Yearly Net Worth
YearAverage Net Worth
2009$21,415,466
2012$37,115,538
Growth from 2009 to 2012:73%
Average annual growth:24%[173]
Comparatively, the American citizen experienced a median yearly decline in net worth of -0.94%.[174]

The data used to calculate changes in net worth may include changes resulting from assets gained through marriage, inheritance, changes in family estates and/or trusts, changes in family business ownership, and many other variables unrelated to a member's behavior in Congress.

PGI: Donation Concentration Metric

See also: The Donation Concentration Metric (U.S. Congress Personal Gain Index)

Filings required by the Federal Election Commission report on the industries that give to each candidate. Using campaign filings and information calculated by OpenSecrets.org, Ballotpedia calculated the percentage of donations by industry received by each incumbent over the course of his or her career (or 1989 and later, if elected prior to 1988). Hoeven received the most donations from individuals and PACs employed by the Oil & Gas industry.

From 2009-2014, 23.43 percent of Hoeven's career contributions came from the top five industries as listed below.[175]

Donation Concentration Metric graphic.png
John Hoeven Campaign Contributions
Total Raised $4,478,840
Total Spent $3,595,294
Top five industries that contributed to campaign committee
Oil & Gas$304,237
Retired$234,210
Mining$191,656
Insurance$173,850
Leadership PACs$145,592
% total in top industry6.79%
% total in top two industries12.02%
% total in top five industries23.43%

Analysis

Ideology and leadership

See also: GovTrack's Political Spectrum & Legislative Leadership ranking

Based on an analysis of bill sponsorship by GovTrack, Hoeven was a rank-and-file Republican as of July 2014.[176] This was the same rating Hoeven received in July 2013.

Like-minded colleagues

The website OpenCongress tracks the voting records of each member to determine with whom he or she votes most and least often. The results include a member from each party.[177]

Hoeven most often votes with:

Hoeven least often votes with:


Lifetime voting record

See also: Lifetime voting records of United States Senators and Representatives

According to the website GovTrack, Hoeven missed 18 of 1,412 roll call votes from January 2011 to September 2015. This amounts to 1.3 percent, which is better than the median of 1.6 percent among current senators as of September 2015.[178]

Congressional staff salaries

See also: Staff salaries of United States Senators and Representatives

The website Legistorm compiles staff salary information for members of Congress. Hoeven paid his congressional staff a total of $1,354,548 in 2011. He ranked third on the list of the lowest paid Republican senatorial staff salaries and ranked third overall of the lowest paid senatorial staff salaries in 2011. Overall, North Dakota ranked 17th in average salary for senatorial staff. The average U.S. Senate congressional staff was paid $954,912 in fiscal year 2011.[179]

National Journal vote ratings

See also: National Journal vote ratings

Each year National Journal publishes an analysis of how liberally or conservatively each member of Congress voted in the previous year. Click the link above for the full ratings of all members of Congress.

2013

Hoeven ranked 30th in the conservative rankings in 2013.[180]

2012

Hoeven ranked 40th in the conservative rankings in 2012.[181]

2011

Hoeven ranked 36th in the conservative rankings in 2011.[182]

Voting with Party

The website OpenCongress tracks how often members of Congress vote with the majority of the chamber caucus.

2014

Hoeven voted with the Republican Party 85.1 percent of the time, which ranked 30th among the 45 Senate Republican members as of July 2014.[183]

2013

Hoeven voted with the Republican Party 82.6 percent of the time, which ranked 34th among the 46 Senate Republican members as of June 2013.[184]

2011

Hoeven voted with the Republican Party 88.5 percent of the time, which ranked 32nd among the 47 Senate Republicans in 2011.[185]

Personal

Note: Please contact us if the personal information below requires an update.
Hoeven currently resides in his hometown of Bismarck with his wife, Mical. The couple has two children, Marcela and Jack.[1]

See also

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    Footnotes

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 United States Senator John Hoeven for North Dakota, "Biography - About John," accessed August 22, 2013
    2. ↑ Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, "John Hoeven," accessed October 24, 2011
    3. ↑ United States Senate, "Committee Assignments of the 115th Congress," accessed January 19, 2017
    4. ↑ United States Senate, "Committee Assignments of the 114th Congress," accessed February 17, 2015
    5. ↑ Congressional Quarterly, "Senate Committee List," accessed January 22, 2013
    6. ↑ Congressional Quarterly, "Senate Committee List," accessed January 22, 2013
    7. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.2670 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024," accessed February 27, 2024
    8. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6363 - Further Continuing Appropriations and Other Extensions Act, 2024," accessed February 27, 2024
    9. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.5860 - Continuing Appropriations Act, 2024 and Other Extensions Act," accessed February 27, 2024
    10. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3746 - Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023," accessed February 27, 2024
    11. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.J.Res.7 - Relating to a national emergency declared by the President on March 13, 2020." accessed February 23, 2024
    12. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.J.Res.44 - Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives relating to "Factoring Criteria for Firearms with Attached 'Stabilizing Braces'"" accessed February 28, 2024
    13. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.J.Res.30 - Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Labor relating to 'Prudence and Loyalty in Selecting Plan Investments and Exercising Shareholder Rights'." accessed February 23, 2024
    14. ↑ Congress.gov, "Social Security Fairness Act of 2023." accessed February 13, 2025
    15. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.4366 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024," accessed February 13, 2025
    16. ↑ Congress.gov, "FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024," accessed February 13, 2025
    17. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.863- Impeaching Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, Secretary of Homeland Security, for high crimes and misdemeanors." accessed February 13, 2025
    18. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.863- Impeaching Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, Secretary of Homeland Security, for high crimes and misdemeanors." accessed February 13, 2025
    19. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.815 - Making emergency supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2024, and for other purposes." accessed February 13, 2025
    20. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.4361 - Border Act of 2024" accessed February 13, 2025
    21. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.4445 - Right to IVF Act," accessed February 13, 2025
    22. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.9747 - Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025" accessed February 13, 2025
    23. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.7024 - Tax Relief for American Families and Workers Act of 2024," accessed February 13, 2025
    24. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3684 - Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act," accessed April 15, 2022
    25. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1319 - American Rescue Plan Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022
    26. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.5376 - Inflation Reduction Act of 2022," accessed January 20, 2023
    27. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.1605 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022," accessed April 15, 2022
    28. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.7776 - James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023," accessed January 20, 2023
    29. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.3373 - Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of 2022," accessed January 20, 2023
    30. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.4346 - Chips and Science Act," accessed January 20, 2023
    31. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3755 - Women's Health Protection Act of 2021," accessed April 15, 2022
    32. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.2471 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022," accessed January 20, 2023
    33. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.8404 - Respect for Marriage Act," accessed January 20, 2023
    34. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6833 - Continuing Appropriations and Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023," accessed January 20, 2023
    35. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.937 - COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act," accessed April 15, 2022
    36. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3076 - Postal Service Reform Act of 2022," accessed January 23, 2023
    37. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.2938 - Bipartisan Safer Communities Act," accessed January 20, 2023
    38. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.5305 - Extending Government Funding and Delivering Emergency Assistance Act," accessed January 23, 2023
    39. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.Res.24 - Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors.," accessed April 15, 2022
    40. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.350 - Domestic Terrorism Prevention Act of 2022," accessed January 23, 2023
    41. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.Con.Res.14 - A concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2022 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2023 through 2031.," accessed April 15, 2022
    42. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.5746 - Freedom to Vote: John R. Lewis Act," accessed January 20, 2023
    43. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.2617 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023," accessed January 20, 2023
    44. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.748 - CARES Act," accessed March 22, 2024
    45. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.1790 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020," accessed April 27, 2024
    46. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6201 - Families First Coronavirus Response Act," accessed April 27, 2024
    47. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1865 - Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020," accessed April 27, 2024
    48. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6074 - Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020," accessed April 27, 2024
    49. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.J.Res.31 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019," accessed April 27, 2024
    50. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act," accessed April 27, 2024
    51. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6395 - William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021," accessed April 27, 2024
    52. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6395 - William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021," accessed April 27, 2024
    53. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.1 - Strengthening America's Security in the Middle East Act of 2019," accessed April 27, 2024
    54. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.8337 - Continuing Appropriations Act, 2021 and Other Extensions Act," accessed April 27, 2024
    55. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1158 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020," accessed April 27, 2024
    56. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3055 - Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2020, and Further Health Extenders Act of 2019," accessed April 27, 2024
    57. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1327 - Never Forget the Heroes: James Zadroga, Ray Pfeifer, and Luis Alvarez Permanent Authorization of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund Act," accessed April 27, 2024
    58. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.Res.755 - Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors.," accessed April 28, 2024
    59. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.Res.755 - Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors.," accessed April 28, 2024
    60. ↑ Congress.gov, “H.R.5430 - United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act,” accessed April 28, 2024
    61. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.151 - Pallone-Thune Telephone Robocall Abuse Criminal Enforcement and Deterrence Act" accessed April 28, 2024
    62. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3401 - Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Humanitarian Assistance and Security at the Southern Border Act, 2019,' accessed April 28, 2024
    63. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.2157 - Additional Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Act, 2019," accessed April 28, 2024
    64. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.J.Res.46 - Relating to a national emergency declared by the President on February 15, 2019.," accessed April 28, 2024
    65. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment with an Amendment)," December 18, 2018
    66. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Conference Report (Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 2)," December 11, 2018
    67. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Nomination (Confirmation Brett M. Kavanaugh, of Maryland, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," October 6, 2018
    68. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture Re: Brett M. Kavanaugh to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," October 5, 2018
    69. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 2, As Amended)," June 28, 2018
    70. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Amdt. No. 1959)," February 15, 2018
    71. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Amdt. No. 1958 As Modified)," February 15, 2018
    72. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Amdt. No. 1948)," February 15, 2018
    73. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Amdt. No. 1955)," February 15, 2018
    74. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Cloture on the Motion to Proceed (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to the Consideration of S. 2311)," January 29, 2018
    75. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Amendment (McConnell Amdt. No. 667)," July 28, 2017
    76. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Amendment (Paul Amdt. No. 271 )," July 26, 2017
    77. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Waive All Applicable Budgetary Discipline Re: Amdt. No. 270)," July 25, 2017
    78. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion to Proceed (Motion to Proceed to H.R. 1628)," July 25, 2017
    79. ↑ U.S. Senate, "On the Nomination (Confirmation: Neil M. Gorsuch, of Colorado, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," April 7, 2017
    80. ↑ U.S. Senate, "On the Cloture Motion (Upon Reconsideration, Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Nomination of Neil M. Gorsuch of Colorado, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," April 6, 2017
    81. ↑ U.S. Senate, "On the Decision of the Chair (Shall the Decision of the Chair Stand as the Judgment of the Senate?)," April 6, 2017
    82. ↑ U.S. Senate, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Nomination of Neil M. Gorsuch, of Colorado, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," April 6, 2017
    83. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Conference Report (Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 6157)," September 18, 2018
    84. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Conference Report (Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 5895)," September 12, 2018
    85. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H. R. 6157 As Amended)," August 23, 2018
    86. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 5895 As Amended)," June 25, 2018
    87. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1625)," March 23, 2018
    88. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1892 with an Amendment (SA 1930))," February 9, 2018
    89. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 695)," February 8, 2018
    90. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment with Further Amendment)," January 22, 2018
    91. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture: Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 195)," January 22, 2018
    92. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture: House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 195)," January 19, 2018
    93. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1370)," December 21, 2017
    94. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion to Recede from the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1 and Concur with Further Amendment ," December 20, 2017
    95. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Joint Resolution (H.J. Res. 123)," December 7, 2017
    96. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 1 As Amended )," December 2, 2017
    97. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Concurrent Resolution (H. Con. Res. 71 As Amended)," October 19, 2017
    98. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amdt. to the Senate Amdt. with an Amdt. No. 808 to H.R. 601)," September 7, 2017
    99. ↑ U.S. Senate, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 244)," May 4, 2017
    100. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Joint Resolution (S.J. Res. 54, As Amended), December 13, 2018
    101. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 2810 As Amended)," September 18, 2017
    102. ↑ The Hill, "Senate sends $692B defense policy bill to Trump's desk," November 15, 2017
    103. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 3364)," July 27, 2017
    104. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (S. 722 As Amended)," June 15, 2017
    105. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the 113th Congress," accessed April 29, 2015
    106. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, Second Session of the 114th Congress," accessed January 5, 2017
    107. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the One Hundred Fourteenth Congress," April 13, 2015
    108. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 1314," accessed May 25, 2015
    109. ↑ Senate.gov, "H.R. 1314 (Ensuring Tax Exempt Organizations the Right to Appeal Act)," accessed May 25, 2015
    110. ↑ Senate.gov, "Roll Call for HR 2146," June 24, 2015
    111. ↑ The Hill, "Senate approves fast-track, sending trade bill to White House," June 24, 2015
    112. ↑ The Hill, "Obama signs trade bills," June 29, 2015
    113. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.Con.Res.11," accessed May 5, 2015
    114. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Conference Report (Conference Report to Accompany S. Con. Res. 11)," accessed May 5, 2015
    115. ↑ The Hill, "Republicans pass a budget, flexing power of majority," accessed May 5, 2015
    116. ↑ The Hill, "Redone defense policy bill sails through House," accessed November 12, 2015
    117. ↑ Congress.gov, "S. 1356," accessed November 12, 2015
    118. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to S. 1356)," accessed November 12, 2015
    119. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 618," accessed November 12, 2015
    120. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture Re: Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 1735)," accessed October 6, 2015
    121. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 239," accessed May 27, 2015
    122. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R. 1735," accessed May 27, 2015
    123. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 1314 - Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015," accessed November 1, 2015
    124. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1314)," accessed November 1, 2015
    125. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 579," accessed November 1, 2015
    126. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 1191," accessed May 8, 2015
    127. ↑ Senate.gov, "H.R. 1191," accessed May 8, 2015
    128. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.Amdt.2640 to H.J.Res.61," accessed September 10, 2015
    129. ↑ Congress.gov, "HJ Res 61," accessed September 10, 2015
    130. ↑ Senates.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on McConnell Amdt. No. 2640 )," accessed September 16, 2015
    131. ↑ Congress.gov, "HJ Res 61," accessed September 10, 2015
    132. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on McConnell Amdt. No. 2640 )," accessed September 17, 2015
    133. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.Amdt.2656 to S.Amdt.2640," accessed September 17, 2015
    134. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on McConnell Amdt. No. 2656)," accessed September 17, 2015
    135. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.2048," accessed May 26, 2015
    136. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 2048)," accessed June 2, 2015
    137. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Nomination (Confirmation Loretta E. Lynch, of New York, to be Attorney General)," accessed April 29, 2015
    138. ↑ Congress.gov, "S 754," accessed November 1, 2015
    139. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (S. 754, As Amended)," accessed November 1, 2015
    140. ↑ Congress.gov, "S 2146," accessed November 2, 2015
    141. ↑ Senate.gov, "On Cloture on the Motion to Proceed (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to S. 2146)," accessed November 2, 2015
    142. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the 112th Congress," accessed September 5, 2013
    143. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, Second Session of the 113th Congress," accessed March 4, 2014
    144. ↑ Washington Post, "S RES 65," May 22, 2013
    145. ↑ Washington Post, "Confirmation of John Owen Brennan," March 7, 2013
    146. ↑ CNN, "Rand Paul says he's heard from White House after filibuster," March 7, 2013
    147. ↑ USA Today, "Rand Paul filibuster ranks among Senate's longest," March 7, 2013
    148. ↑ ABC News, "Rand Paul wins applause from GOP and liberals," March 7, 2013
    149. ↑ Breitbart, "AWOL: Meet the GOP senators who refused to stand with Rand," March 7, 2013
    150. ↑ Politico, "Rand Paul filibuster blasted by Sens. John McCain, Lindsey Graham," March 7, 2013
    151. ↑ Politico, "Rand Paul pulls plug on nearly 13-hour filibuster," March 7, 2017
    152. ↑ Washington Post, "Eric Holder responds to Rand Paul with ‘no’," March 7, 2013
    153. ↑ Washington Post, "Which lawmakers will refuse their pay during the shutdown?" accessed October 3, 2013
    154. ↑ The Washington Post, "Reid, McConnell propose bipartisan Senate bill to end shutdown, extend borrowing," accessed October 16, 2013
    155. ↑ Senate.gov, "H.R. 2775 As Amended," accessed October 31, 2013
    156. ↑ Washington Post, "HR 1911," July 24, 2013
    157. ↑ Washington Post, "HR 325," January 31, 2013
    158. ↑ Washington Post, "S 744," June 18, 2013
    159. ↑ Washington Post, "HR 933," March 13, 2013
    160. ↑ Washington Post, "S 649 Expand background check to gun shows and Internet," April 17, 2013
    161. ↑ Washington Post, "S 649 Ban assault weapons," April 17, 2013
    162. ↑ Washington Post, "S 47," February 12, 2013
    163. ↑ U.S. Senate, "Roll Call Vote on the Fiscal Cliff," accessed January 4, 2013
    164. ↑ North Dakota Secretary of State, "2016 Primary Election Contest/Candidate List," accessed April 12, 2016
    165. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
    166. ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
    167. ↑ The Wall Street Journal, "Text of GOP Senators’ Letter to Iran’s Leaders on Nuclear Talks," March 9, 2015
    168. ↑ Politico, "Iran letter blowback startles GOP," March 12, 2015
    169. ↑ Fox News, "Firestorm erupts over GOP letter challenging Obama's power to approve Iran nuclear deal," March 10, 2015
    170. ↑ OpenSecrets, "Hoeven, 2012," accessed January 14, 2014
    171. ↑ This figure represents the average annual percentage growth from either 2004 (if the member entered office in 2004 or earlier) or their first year in office (as noted in the chart below) to 2012, divided by the number of years calculated.
    172. ↑ This number was found by dividing each member's total net worth growth percentage by the number of years included in the calculation.
    173. ↑ This figure represents the total percentage growth divided by the number of years for which there are net worth figures for each member.
    174. ↑ This figure was calculated using median asset data from the Census Bureau. Please see the Congressional Net Worth data for Ballotpedia spreadsheet for more information on this calculation.
    175. ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Sen. John Hoeven," accessed September 23, 2014
    176. ↑ GovTrack, "John Hoeven," accessed July 28, 2014
    177. ↑ OpenCongress, "Sen. John Hoeven," archived February 28, 2016
    178. ↑ GovTrack, "John Hoeven," accessed September 23, 2015
    179. ↑ LegiStorm, "Hoeven," accessed August 7, 2012
    180. ↑ National Journal, "2013 Congressional Vote Ratings," accessed July 28, 2014
    181. ↑ National Journal, "2012 Congressional Vote Ratings," accessed March 7, 2013
    182. ↑ National Journal, "Searchable Vote Ratings Tables: House," accessed February 23, 2012
    183. ↑ OpenCongress, "Voting With Party," accessed July 2014
    184. ↑ OpenCongress, "Voting With Party," accessed July 2014
    185. ↑ OpenCongress, "Voting With Party," accessed October 24, 2011

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