ARMY, MARINE CORPS, NAVY, AIR FORCE

J-FIRE
MULTISERVICE PROCEDURES FOR THE JOINT APPLICATION OF FIREPOWER

FM 90-20 MCRP 3-16.8B NWP 3-09.2 AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

AIR LAND SEA APPLICATION CENTER

NOVEMBER 1997
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES

FOREWORD
This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respective commands and other commands as appropriate.

WILLIAM W. HARTZOG General, USA Commander Training and Doctrine Command

PAUL K. VAN RIPER Lieutenant General, USMC Commanding General Marine Corps Combat Development Command

G.S. HOLDER Rear Admiral, USN Commander Naval Doctrine Command

RONALD E. KEYS Major General, USAF Commander Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center

PREFACE
1. Scope J-Fire applies to the tactical operating forces of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. It is a United States (US) unilateral-only document, but it includes North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formats where appropriate. Information in J-Fire has been extracted from existing applicable service directives. It is intended primarily for use by members of battalion-level combat units. Navy and Marine information has been coordinated with Naval Doctrine Command (NDC) and the Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC), respectively. 2. Purpose

J-Fire provides a pocket-sized, quick reference guide for requesting fire support. J-Fire contains calls for fire, a format for joint air strike requests, a format for briefing aircrews who provide close air support, structures of communication nets, and data on weapons. 3. Implementation Plan

Participating service command offices of primary responsibility (OPRs) will review this publication, validate the information, and reference and incorporate it in service manuals, regulations, and curricula as follows: Army. The Army will incorporate the procedures in this publication in US Army training and doctrinal publications as directed by the commander, US Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Distribution is in accordance with DA Form 12-11E.
Marine Corps: PCN 14400003300 Air Force Distribution: F i

Marine Corps. The Marine Corps will incorporate the procedures in this publication in US Marine Corps training and doctrinal publications as directed by the commanding general, US Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC). Distribution is in accordance with MCPDS. Navy. The Navy will incorporate these procedures in US Navy training and doctrinal publications as directed by the commander, Naval Doctrine Command (NDC). Distribution is in accordance with MILSTRIP Desk Guide and NAVSOP Pub 409. Air Force. Air Force units will validate and incorporate appropriate procedures in accordance with applicable governing directives. Distribution is in accordance with AFI 37-160. 4. User Information

a. The TRADOC-MCCDC-NDC-AFDC Air Land Sea Application (ALSA) Center developed this publication with the joint participation of the approving service commands. ALSA will review and update this publication as necessary. b. We encourage recommended changes for improving this publication. Key your comments to the specific page and paragraph and provide a rationale for each recommendation. Send comments and recommendation directly to Army Commander US Army Training and Doctrine Command ATTN: ATDO-A Fort Monroe VA 2365l-5000 DSN 680-3153 COMM (757) 727-3153
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Marine Corps Commanding General US Marine Corps Combat Development Command ATTN: C42 3300 Russell Road Quantico VA 22134-5021 DSN 278-6234 COMM (703) 784-6234 Navy Naval Doctrine Command ATTN: N3 1540 Gilbert St Norfolk VA 23511-2785 DSN 565-0563 COMM (757) 445-0563 E-mail: [email protected] Air Force HQ Air Force Doctrine Center ATTN: DJ 216 Sweeney Blvd, Suite 109 Langley AFB VA 23665-2722 DSN 574-8091 COMM (757) 764-8091 E-mail: [email protected] ALSA ALSA Center ATTN: Director 114 Andrews Street Langley AFB VA 23665-2785 DSN 574-5934 COMM (757) 764-5934 E-mail: [email protected]
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c. This publication reflects current joint and service doctrine, command and control organizations, facilities, personnel, responsibilities, and procedures. Changes in service protocol, appropriately reflected in joint and service publications, will likewise be incorporated in revisions to this document.

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*FM 90-20 *MCRP 3-16.8B *NWP 3-09.2 *AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 FM 90-20 US Army Training and Doctrine Command Fort Monroe, Virginia

MCRP 3-16.8B Marine Corps Combat Development Command Quantico, Virginia NWP 3-09.2 Naval Doctrine Command Norfolk, Virginia Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 6 NOVEMBER 1997

AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

J-FIRE Multiservice Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE ............................................................................ i ARTILLERY/MORTAR FIRE ......................................... 1 Target Location Methods ............................................... 2 Message To Observer ...................................................... 3 Artillery/Mortar Definitions .......................................... 3
* This publication supersedes FM 90-20, FMFRP 2-72, ACCP 50-28, USAFEP 50-9, PACAFP 50-28, and CINCLANTFLTINST 3330.5, 11 Feb 94.

NAVAL SURFACE FIRE SUPPORT ............................. 5"/54 Gun Data ................................................................ Danger Close Missions ................................................... Directions ........................................................................ Polar Plot ......................................................................... Shift From Known Point .................................................

12 12 12 12 12 13

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT .................................................... 15 Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT) ...................................... 20 AC-130 Call For Fire ...................................................... 22 Terminal Controller's Calls ........................................... 23 NATO Information .......................................................... 24 Aircraft Capabilities ...................................................... 29 Night CAS Planning Considerations ............................ 33 LASER OPERATIONS ...................................................... 37 Ground Forward Air Controller (GFAC) Responsibilities ............................................................ 37 Pilot Calls ....................................................................... 38 Laser Designation Zones ................................................ 40 GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................ 46 Target Weather Information (TARWI) ......................... 46 Munitions Descriptions .................................................. 49 RISK-ESTIMATE DISTANCES ...................................... 55 Computations ................................................................. 55 Relationships Between Weapon Impact and Point of Intersection .............................................................. 56 Weapon Reliability and Delivery Parameters ............. 56 Casualty Criterion .......................................................... 57 Troops in Contact ........................................................... 57 COMMUNICATIONS ........................................................ 60
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LIAISON ELEMENTS ....................................................... Army Fire Support Elements (FSEs) ............................ Marine Corps Tactical Air Control Party ..................... Air/Naval Gunfire Liaison Company ............................ Air Force Tactical Air Control Party .............................

65 65 66 68 70

FIRE SUPPORT/AIRSPACE COORDINATION .......... 71 Formal Coordination ...................................................... 71 Restrictive ....................................................................... 72 REFERENCES .............................................. References-1 GLOSSARY .......................................................... Glossary-1 FIGURES Figure 1. Adjust Fire Mission Format ......... 5 Figure 2. Fire For Effect Mission Format .... 6 Figure 3. Marking Mission Format .............. 7 Figure 4. Artillery/Mortar Quick Smoke Request Format ........................................... 8 Figure 5. Artillery/Mortar Illumination Mission Format ........................................... 9 Figure 6. Naval Gunfire Call For Fire Format .......................................................... 14 Figure 7. Immediate Close Air Support Request Format ........................................... 15 Figure 8. CAS Check-In Briefing .................. 16 Figure 9. CAS 9-Line Briefing ...................... 17 Figure 10a. CAS Briefing Worksheet ........... 18 Figure 10b. CAS Briefing Worksheet ........... 19 Figure 11. NATO CAS Worksheet (Check-In Information) ................................ 27 Figure 12. NATO CAS Worksheet (FAC To Fighter Information) .................... 28 Figure 13. Joint Tactical Air Strike Request Form .......................................... 34-35
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Figure 14. Assault Support Request Form ............................................................... Figure 15. Laser Designation Zones ............. Figure 16. Hellfire Designation Exclusion Zone ............................................................... Figure 17a. Hellfire Surface Danger Zone .... Figure 17b. Hellfire Surface Danger Zone .... TABLES

36 40 41 42 43

Table 1. Artillery Weapons Capabilities .... 10 Table 2. Mortar Weapons Capabilities ....... 11 Table 3. Targets and Suggested Ammunition ................................................. 11 Table 4. Artillery/Mortar Illumination Factors .......................................................... 11 Table 5. Abort Call Illustration ................... 23 Table 6. Fixed-Wing Aircraft Weapons and Capabilities ............................................ 29-30 Table 7. Rotary-Wing Aircraft ...................... 31 Table 8. Attack Helicopters Weapons and Capabilities ......................................... 32 Table 9. TARWI Data ................................... 46 Table 10. Speed and Time Conversions ....... 47 Table 11. Distance Conversion Table .......... 48 Table 12. Risk-Estimate Distances for Aircraft Delivered Ordnance .................. 58-59 Table 13. Ground Communications Equipment .................................................... 60 Table 14. Rotary-Wing Communications Equipment Summary .................................. 61 Table 15. Fixed-Wing Aircraft Communications Summary ........................................ 62 Table 16. USMC Fire Support Request Nets .............................................................. 63 Table 17. Army Fire Support Request Nets .............................................................. 64

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PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS
The following commands and agencies participated in the development and review of this publication:

Army
HQ, Department of the Army, ODCSOPS (DAMO-FDQ), Pentagon, Washington, DC HQ, TRADOC, DCSDOC (ATDO-A), Ft Monroe, VA U.S. Army Field Artillery School, ATSF-TW, Ft Sill, OK U.S. Army Infantry Center, ATZB-CS, Ft Benning, GA

Marine Corps
Expeditionary Warfare Training Group, Norfolk, VA HQ, U.S. Marine Corps, PP&O Plans Div, Washington, D.C. Marine Corps Combat Development Command, C427, Quantico, VA MAWTS-1, Yuma, AZ

Navy
Department of the Navy, CNO, N511, Pentagon, Washington, D.C. Naval Doctrine Command, N3, Norfolk VA

Air Force
Air Systems Command, XRW, Eglin AFB, FL Air Force Doctrine Center, Langley AFB, VA Detachment 6, 57 WG, Ft Irwin, CA
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HQ, U.S. Air Force, AF XOXD, Washington, D.C. HQ Air Combat Command, Langley Air Force Base, VA XPJD / DOTW/ DOY / INO HQ AFSOC/DOXT, Hurlburt Field FL HQ USAFE, XPX, Ramstein, GE Space Warfare Center, CV, Peterson Field CO USAF Weapons School, CCO Division, Nellis AFB, NV USAF-AGOS, Hurlburt Field, FL 3 ASOG, CC, Ft Hood, TX 9AF, DO, Shaw AFB, SC 12AF, DO, Davis-Mothan AFB, AZ 18 ASOG/CG, Pope AFB, NC Other U.S. Atlantic Command, J723D, Suffolk, VA U.S. Central Command, CCJ5-O, MacDill AFB, FL U.S. European Command, ECJ5-D, APO AE 09128 U.S. Pacific Command, J3832, Camp H.M. Smith, HI U.S. Southern Command, SCJ5-PS, APO AA 34003 U.S. Space Command, SPJ5X, Peterson AFB, CO U.S. Special Operations Command, JSOFI, SOFI-D, Ft Bragg, NC

ARTILLERY/MORTAR ARTILLERY/MORTAR FIRE

A call for fire is a concise message prepared by the observer. It contains all information needed by the fire direction center (FDC) to determine the method of target attack. It is a request for fire, not an order. There are six elements of the call for fire sent to the FDC in three transmissions: The observer identification, warning order, target location, target description, method of engagement, and method of fire and control. There is a break after each transmission and the FDC reads back data. Be ready for a challenge and response after the last readback. 1st Transmission (Mandatory Call) 1. Observer identification (ID). (Call Signs) 2. Warning order (adjust fire; fire for effect; immediate suppression; immediate smoke; suppress; mark; adjust fire, polar; adjust fire, shift (insert the known point or target). 2nd Transmission (Mandatory Call) 3. Target location (can be given in three ways: grid, polar plot, and shift from a known point). 3rd Transmission (Mandatory Call) 4. Target description (brief but accurate statement describing the target). 5. Method of engagement (danger close, high angle, ammo type requested, mark). 6. Method of fire and control (at my command, request time of flight, request splash, request time on target (TOT), direction).
1

LOCATION TARGET LOCATION METHODS There are three methods to define the target location: grid coordinates, polar plot, and shift from a known point. The most common method is grid coordinates. The call for fire formats on following pages are all set up for the grid coordinates method. If the other methods are desired, substitute these formats into the second transmission (target location box). Polar Plot: Direction _______________ in mils/degrees (Observer to target (tgt) line)

deg only irection (Note: Must specify degrees to FDC only if direction is given deg ees. given in degrees.)
Distance ___________________________ in meters Up/ Up/Down __________________________ in meters

Differ erence target respect (Note: Difference in target altitude with respect to observer altitude. observer altitude.)
From Point: Shift From A Known Point: Direction _____________________ in mils/degrees (Observer to tgt line) deg only direction (Note: Must specify degrees to FDC only if direction is given deg ees) given in degrees) Left/Right (Lateral Shift)____________ in meters Add/Drop (Range Shift)______________ in meters Up/Down (Vertical Shift) _____________ in meters

Differ erence target respect (Note: Difference in target altitude with respect to known altitude. known point altitude.)
2

MESSAGE TO OBSERVER After the FDC processes the call for fire, it will send the following: a. Call sign of the unit firing the mission (Mandatory Call). Call) This is given as the last letter of the call sign of the unit firing the mission. If two letters are given, then the first letter is the unit that will fire for effect, and the second is the unit firing the adjusting rounds. b. Changes to the call for fire (if any are made). c. Number of Rounds (Mandatory Call) Number of Call). rounds, per tube that will fire for effect. d. Target Number (Mandatory Call) For tracking Call). subsequent missions or to record as a target for future use. e. Time of Flight. Time in seconds from shot to impact. Announced when time of flight is requested by observer or when firing high angle, aerial observer, moving target, Copperhead, or coordinated illumination missions. ARTILLERY/MORTAR ARTILLERY/MORTAR DEFINITIONS At My Command - The command used when the observer desires to control the exact time of delivery of fires. Ammo/Fuse Types - Observer may request specific shell/ fuse combinations during the initial call for fire or request a change in shell/fuse combinations during subsequent adjustments. Firing Check Firing - A command to cause a temporary halt in firing. Danger Close - Within 2000 meters (m) for MultipleLaunch Rocket System (MLRS), 600m of friendly troops for
3

mortars and artillery; 750m for 5 inch (in) naval guns. The creeping method of adjustment will be used exclusively during danger close missions. Direction - In artillery and naval gunfire support, a term used by a spotter/observer in a call for fire to indicate the direction from the observer to the target. Preferred units are mils, but the FDC will accept degrees. The observer must specify if using degrees. End of Mission - Transmitted when the mission has been completed. High Angle - Low angle is standard. If high angle is desired, you must request it. Mark - Spotting round (normally white phosphorous [WP]) to indicate targets to aircraft, ground troops, or fire support. Repeat - An order or request to fire again the same number of rounds with the same method of fire. Surveillance - Battle damage assessment (BDA). Shot - Announced by the FDC to alert the observer that rounds have been fired. Splash - In artillery and naval gunfire support, word transmitted to an observer or spotter 5 seconds (sec) before the estimated time of impact of a salvo or round. Time of Flight - The time in seconds from shot to impact of a round. Time on Target - The desired time the observer wants the round(s) to impact.
4

A D JU ST FIR E M ISSIO N
(G rid M ethod )
O bserver: ___________ this is _________ Adjust Fire, O ver (FD C s C all Sign) (O bservers C all Sign) G rid _________________________________________, O ver (6-D igit U TM ) Target D escription _____________ (Target D escription, Size, Activity) M ethod of Engagem ent (O ptional) (D anger C lose, M ark, H igh Angle, Am m o/Fuse Type)

M ethod of Fire and C ontrol (O ptional) (At M y C om m and, Tim e on Target, R equest Splash, R equest Tim e of Flight, O ver) FD C m ay challenge after they read back the above. The observer should be prepared to authenticate.

M essage To O bserver
*= M andatory C all U nits to Fire* C hanges to C all for Fire N um ber of R ounds* Target N um ber* Tim e of Flight (Seconds) (Firing U nit, Adjusting U nit) (If Any) (Per Tube)

G iven After M essage To O bserver

D irection ___________, O ver (M ils or D egrees, M agnetic)

Adjustm ents
Left/R ight __________ (M eters, from Im pact to O bserver Target Line) Add/D rop _________ (M eters, D istance from Im pact to Target)

O nce on target call: Fire for Effect, O ver

M ission Com pletion

End of M ission, _______________________________, O ver. (BDA and Target Activity)

Fire Format Figure 1. Adjust Fire Mission Format

F I R E F O R E F F E C T M IS S IO N
(G rid M e th o d )
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ th is is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ F ire fo r E ffe c t, O v e r
(F D C s C a ll S ig n ) (O b s e rv e rs C a ll S ig n ) (6 -D ig it U T M )

G rid _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , O v e r T a rg e t D e s c rip tio n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (T a rg e t D e s c rip tio n ,

S ize , A c tiv ity ) (D a n g e r C lo s e , M a rk , H ig h A n g le , A m m o /F u s e T y p e )

M e th o d o f E n g a g e m e n t (O p tio n a l)

M e th o d o f F ire a n d C o n tro l (O p tio na l ) (A t M y C o m m a n d , T im e o n T a rg e t, R e q u e s t S p la s h , R e q u e s t T im e o f F lig h t, O v e r) F D C m a y c h a lle n g e a fte r th e y re a d b a c k th e a b o v e . T h e o b s e rv e r s h o u ld b e p re p a re d to a uth e n tic a te .

M e s s a g e T o O b s e rv e r *= M a n d a to ry C a ll
U n its to F ire * C h a n g e s to C a ll fo r F ire N um ber of R ounds* T a rg e t N u m b e r* T im e o f F lig h t
(S e c o n d s ) (If A n y ) (P e r T u b e )

A d ju s tm e n ts
D ire c tio n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , O v e r
(P rio r to 1 s t A d ju s tm e n t) (M ils o r D e g re e s , M a g n e tic )

L e ft/R ig h t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (M e te rs , fro m Im p a c t to O b s e rv e r T a rg e t L in e ) A d d /D ro p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (M e te rs , D is ta n c e fro m Im p a c t to T arg e t) F ire fo r E ffe c t, O v e r R e p e a t, O v e r

M is s io n C o m p le tio n
E n d o f M is s io n , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ , O v e r.
(B D A a n d T a rg e t A c tiv ity)

Fire For Format Figure 2. Fire For Effect Mission Format

MARKING MISSION
(Grid Method) _____________ this is ____________ Fire for Effect, Over
(FDCs Call Sign) (Observers Call Sign) (6-Digit UTM)

Grid ______________________________________, Over Mark, WP, At My Command, Request Time of Flight, Over Method of Engagement (Optional)
(Danger Close, Mark, High Angle, Ammo/Fuse Type)

Method of Fire and Control (Optional)

(At My Command, Time on Target, Request Splash, Request Time of Flight)

FDC may challenge after they read back the above. The observer should be prepared to authenticate.

Message To Observer
*= Mandatory Call Units to Fire* Changes to Call for Fire Number of Rounds* Target Number* Time of Flight
(Seconds) (If Any) (Per Tube)

Mission Completion
End of Mission, Over.

Format Figure 3. Marking Mission Format

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ARTILLERY/MORTAR QUICK SMOKE REQUEST

Observer ___________ this is ___________ Adjust Fire, Over (FDCs Call Sign) (Observers Call Sign) Grid _________________________________________, Over (6-Digit UTM) Target Description ___________________________________ _______________________________ Smoke/WP in Effect, Over a. L: Length of Smoke Screen Desired ___________________ b. M: Maneuver-Target Line ___________________________ c. Dir: Wind Direction _________ (Head, Tail, Right Cross, Left Cross, Headwind, Tailwind) d. T: Time or Duration of the Smoke Screen is to be effective _______

Adjust Fire Up/Down

For Ground Burst up 100 NOTE: High explosive (HE) will be used to adjust rounds onto the desired target area. Once properly adjusted, the observer will request shell smoke; adjustments will be made if necessary. Then Fire for Effect is requested.

Format Figure 4. Artillery/Mortar Quick Smoke Request Format

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A R T I L L E R Y /M O R T A R I L L U M I N A T I O N R E Q U E S T -C A L L F O R F I R E
W A R N I N G : U s e o f i llu m i n a t i o n r e q u i r e s c a r e a n d a d e q u a t e c o o r d i n a t i o n t o a v o i d a d v e r s e im p a c t o n t h e o p e r a t i o n s o f a d ja c e n t a n d s u p p o r t i n g u n i t s a n d t h o s e u s i n g n ig h t -v i s i o n d e v i c e s .
O b s e r v e r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ th is is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(F D C s C a ll S ig n ) (O b s e rv e rs C a ll S ig n )

W a rn in g o rd e r: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , O v e r
(S u c h A s A d ju s t F ir e , F ir e fo r E ffe c t)

T a rg e t L o c a tio n : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , O v e r (S u c h a s G r id ,
P o la r , S h ift)

T a rg e t D e s c rip tio n : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (T a rg e t D e s c rip tio n , S iz e ,

A c tiv ity )

M e th o d o f E n g a g e m e n t: I llu m in a t io n M e th o d o f F ire a n d C o n tro l: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , O v e r (S u c h a s b y S h e ll,

at M y Com m and)

D ir e c tio n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,O v e r A d ju s tm e n t o f illu m in a tio n :

N o te : O b s e r v e r w ill g iv e d ir e c tio n if g r id m is s io n .
C o rre c tio n s in c lu d e R ig h t/le ft A d d /d r o p U p /d o w n in 2 0 0 m in c r e m e n ts in 2 0 0 m in c r e m e n ts in 5 0 m in c r e m e n ts

A d ju s t illu m in a tio n o v e r a d ju s t in g p o in t /t a r g e t . W h e n m a x im u m t a r g e t illu m in a t io n is o b t a in e d , t h e o b s e r v e r t r a n s m it s : I llu m in a t io n m a r k . W h e n t a r g e t is v e r ifie d , o b s e r v e r t r a n s m it s c o o r d in a t e d illu m in a t io n a n d a t t a c k s w it h d e s ir e d m u n it io n s u s in g t h e c a ll fo r fir e fo r m a t . N O T E : C o o r d in a t e d illu m in a t io n d ir e c t s t h e F D C t o c a lc u la t e a n d d ir e c t t h e fir in g o f t h e illu m in a t io n a n d t h e a t t a c k m u n it io n s a t a t im e t h a t s h o u ld r e s u lt in t h e a t t a c k m u n it io n s im p a c t in g w h e n t h e t a r g e t is a t m a x im u m illu m in a t io n . O b s e r v e r s d e s ir in g t o c o n t r o l t h e fir in g o f b o t h t h e illu m in a t io n a n d t h e a t t a c k m u n it io n s t r a n s m it : B y s h e ll, a t m y c o m m a n d . T o r e c e iv e 2 o r 4 g u n illu m in a t io n d u r in g a n illu m in a t io n m is s io n t r a n s m it t h e fo llo w in g : F o r 2 -g u n illu m in a tio n : R a n g e s p r e a d o r L a te r a l s p r e a d . F o r 4 -g u n illu m in a tio n : R a n g e a n d la te r a l s p r e a d .

Format Figure 5. Artillery/Mortar Illumination Mission Format

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Table 1. Artillery Weapons Capabilities

105mm DPICM SUSTAINWEAPONS BASIC EXTENDED RANGE RAP MENT RATE & AMMO RANGE (m) RANGE (m) (m) RANGE (m) (RPM) M102 11,400 N/A 10,500 15,300 3 DPICM RAP (M548) Applicable HE, WP, (M916) Ammo ILLUM, FY99* HC, APICM, SMK M119A1 11,500 14,000 14,100 19,500 3 Applicable HE, WP, HE (M760) DPICM RAP (M913) Ammo ILLUM, (M915) HC, APICM, FY99* SMK

*Expected year-in inventory

105mm BASIC WEAPONS RANGE & AMMO (m) M109A5/A6 18,200 Applicable HE, WP, Ammo ILLUM, HC, APICM, SMK M198 18,300 Applicable HE, WP, Ammo ILLUM, HC, APICM, SMK DPICM BBDPICM RAP SUSTAINRANGE RANGE RANGE (m) MENT RATE (RPM) (m) (m) 17,900 28,100 30,000 1 DPICM, BBDPICM RAP M825 SMK, (M864) (M549A1) FASCAM

18,000 28,200 DPICM, BBDPICM M825 SMK, (M864) FASCAM

30,100 RAP (M549A1)

Copperhead range for M109s and the M198 is 16,000 meters

M270 LAUNCHER MUNITION MLRS M26 ER MLRS FY99* ATACMS M39 BLK 1A FY98* BLK 2 FY01* BLK 2A FY04* RANGE 32,000 45,000 165,000 300,000 140,000 300,000 PAYLOAD DPICM DPICM APAM APAM BAT BAT2

*Expected year-in inventory

For planning purposes danger close is considered 2000m for MLRS and rocket fires, 600m from friendly troops for mortar and artillery fires.
10

Table 2. Mortar Weapons Capabilities

GUN/ M O RTAR MAX RANGE (m ) M IN RANGE (m ) MAX S U S T A IN RATE O F M ENT F IR E RATE (R P M ) (R P M )

AMMO

FUSES

60m m 81m m M 252/ M 29A1

3500

70

30

20

5800/ 4790

8 0 /7 0

3 0 /2 5

1 5 /8

107m m M 329A2

6840

770

18

120m m

7200

200

15

PD, VT, T I, d e la y PD, HE, W P, VT, IL L U M T I, d e la y PD, HE, W P, VT, IL L U M TI d e la y PD, HE, W P, VT, IL L U M TI d e la y HE, W P, IL L U M

Table 3. Targets and Suggested Ammunition

TARGETS Personnel or Light Vehicles Covered Positions or Heavy Vehicles Vehicles or Personnel Bunkers Armor, Bunkers SHELL/FUSE DPICM DPICM HE/VT/MT HE/CP Copperhead

Factors Table 4. Artillery/Mortar Illumination Factors

W E AP O N S H E LL TY P E H O B (m ) B U R N T IM E (S E C ) R ATE O F FALL (m /S E C )

60m m 60m m 81m m 105m m 105m m 107m m 107m m 107m m 155m m 155m m

M 83A1 M 8 3 A 2 /3 M 301A3 M 314A2 M 314A3 M 335 M 335A1 M 335A2 M 118 M 485A

160 160 600 750 750 700 700 400 750 600

25 32 60 60 7 0 -7 5 60 70 90 60 120

6 6 6 10 10 10 10 5 10 5

11

NAV NAVAL SURFACE FIRE SUPPORT

DAT 5/54 GUN DATA: Maximum Range: 23,100m (Full Charge) 12,200m (Reduced Charge) 29,181m rocket assisted projectile (RAP) Sustained Fire Rate: 20 rounds per minute (RPM) Ammo: HE, Illum, WP Fuses: quick (Q), mechanical time (MT), controlled variable time (CVT), variable time (VT), delay (del) Illumination: Height of burst (HOB) (m) = 500; Burn Time (sec) = 45/72; Rate of Fall (m/sec)= 10/2 DANGER CLOSE MISSIONS (< 750m) Give cardinal direction and distance to friendlies. Use first salvo offset and creeping method for adjustments at 50m increments. DIRECTIONS Directions are normally given in mils in relation to grid north. Any other combination may be used but must be specified (for example, direction 180 degrees magnetic). POLAR PLOT: PLOT: Direction _________________________ in mils/degrees Distance ______________________________ in meters Up/Down _______________________________ in meters (vertical shift)
12

SHIFT FROM KNOWN POINT: Shift ____________________________________________ (target number/reference point) Direction ____________________________ in mils/degrees (from observer to target) Spotter-TGT Line Line_________________ in mils/degrees Right/Left ______________________________ in meters (lateral shift) Add/Drop ______________________________ in meters (range shift) Up/Down _______________________________ in meters (vertical shift)

13

N G F C A L L F O R F IR E
(G iv en in tw o tra n sm issio n ) (G rid M eth od)
_______ this is ______ Fire M ission, T arget # ______, O ver
(S hip C all S ign) (O bservers C all S ign) (A ssigned by observer)

G rid ________, Altitude ________, D irection _______ O ver (6-D igit U TM ) Target D escription M ethod of E ngagem ent (M eters M S L) (M ils/G rid)
(T arget D escription, S ize, A ctivity, C over) (D anger C lose, A m m o/F use T ype, # S alvos, # G uns, R educed C harge, T O T ) (F ire for E ffect, S hip A djust, S potter A djust, C annot O bserve, A t M y C om m and)

M ethod of C ontrol

M essag e T o O bserver
G un-Target Line R eady/Tim e of Flight/Line of Fire (if firing Illu m ) First Salvo at O ffset S um m it
(F rom G un T o T arget)

(Tim e of Flight in S econds)

(D anger-C lose M issions O nly) (M ax O rd in F eet for A ir S potter, M eters for G round S potter)

C hanges to C all for Fire

14

For Fire Format Figure 6. Naval Gunfire Call For Fire Format

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

IMMEDIATE CLOSE AIR SUPPORT (CAS) REQUEST
(This format is also used to request USMC close-in fire support and USAF AC-130 gunship support.)
1. TACP: ______this is______ with an immediate CAS request.
(ASOC/DASC/AOC) SACC) (TACPs ID)

NOTE: Await acknowledgment. 2. Immediate 3. Target Description: ________________________________ 4. Target Location: __________________________ elevation
(UTM Grid Coordinates)

_______________________________________________ feet 5. Time on Target: ___________________________________ 6. Desired Ordnance/Results: _________________________

Note: When identifying position coordinates for joint operations, include the map data that location coordinates are based on.

7. Final control. Call Sign: ________________________________________ Frequency: ______________________________________ Contact Point of IP: _______________________________ 8. Remarks, such as Friendly Location: _________________________________ Weather: ________________________________________ Threats: __________________________________________

Format Figure 7. Immediate Close Air Support Request Format

15

C A S C H E C K -IN B R IE FING
Aircraft Transm its to Controller

Aircraft: _________________ this is __________________

(Controller Call Sign) (Aircraft Call Sign)

Note: Authentication and appropriate response suggested here. The brief m ay be abbreviated for brevity or security (as fragged or with exception).

Identification/Mission Num ber: ________________________

Num ber and Type of Aircraft: _________________________

Position and Altitude: _______________________________ O rdnance: _______________________________________ Play Tim e: _______________________________________ Abort Code: _____________________________( If applicable) *Rem arks: _____________ (NVG, LST, Special M ission Item s) __________________________________________________ *O ptional Entry

Figure 8. CAS Check-In Briefing

16

C A S B R I E F IN G F O R M A T (9 -L I N E )
(O m it d a t a n o t r e q u ir e d , d o n o t t r a n s m it lin e n u m b e r s . U n it s o f m e a s u r e a r e s t a n d a r d u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c ifie d . * d e n o t e s m in im u m e s s e n t ia l in lim it e d c o m m u n ic a t io n s e n v ir o n m e n t . B O L D d e n o t e s r e a d b a c k it e m s w h e n r e q u e s t e d .)
T e rm in a l c o n tro lle r: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ th is is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(A irc ra ft C a ll S ig n ) (T e rm in a l C o n tro lle r)

* 1 . IP /B P : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ * 2 . H e a d in g : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (M a g n e tic )
(IP /B P to T a rg e t)

O ffs e t: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (L e ft/R ig h t)

* 3 . D is ta n c e : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(IP -to -T a rg e t in N a u tic a l M ile s /B P -to -T a rg e t in M e te rs )

* 4 . T a rg e t E le v a tio n : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(in F e e t/M S L )

* 5 . T a rg e t D e s c rip tio n : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

* 6 . T a r g e t L o c a tio n : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (L a titu d e /L o n g itu d e o r G rid

C o o rd in a te s o r O ffs e ts o r V is u a l)

* 7 . T y p e M a rk : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C o d e : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(W P , L a s e r, IR , B e a c o n ) (A c tu a l C o d e )

L a s e r to T a rg e t L in e : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ D e g re e s

* 8 . L o c a tio n o f F r ie n d lie s : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
P o s itio n M a rk e d B y : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 . E g re s s : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ R e m a rk s (a s a p p ro p ria te ): _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(T h re a ts , R e s tric tio n s , D a n g e r C lo s e , A tta c k C le a ra n c e , S E A D , A b o rt C o d e s , H a z a rd s )

T im e o n T a rg e t (T O T ): _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ o r T im e to T a rg e t ( T T T ): S ta n d b y _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ p lu s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , H a c k . N O T E : W h e n id e n tify in g p o s itio n c o o r d in a te s fo r jo in t o p e r a tio n s , in c lu d e th e m a p d a tu m d a ta . D E S E R T S T O R M o p e r a tio n s h a v e s h o w n th a t s im p le c o n v e r s io n to la titu d e /lo n g itu d e is n o t s u ffic ie n t. T h e lo c a tio n m a y b e r e fe r e n c e d o n s e v e r a l d iffe r e n t d a ta b a s e s ; fo r e x a m p le , la n d b a s e d v e r s u s s e a -b a s e d d a ta .

Figure 9. CAS 9-Line Briefing

17

Figures 10a and 10b are provided for multiple missions.

C a ll S ig n M is s io n # N u m b e r/T yp e A irc ra ft P o s itio n a n d A ltitu d e O rd n a n c e P la ytim e A b o rt C o d e
L S T /D a tu m /N V G L S T /D a tu m /N V G L S T /D a tu m /N V G

1 . IP /B P 2 . H e a d in g O ffs e t L /R 3 . D is ta n c e F /W N M , R /W M 4. Tgt E le v a tio n (m e a n s e a le v e l) 5. Tgt D e s c rip tio n 6 . T g t L o c a tio n 7 . M a rk Laser Code__ L a s e r to T a rg e t L in e 8 . F rie n d lie s 9 . E g re s s R e m a rk s (T h re a t, H a z a rd s , W e a th e r, AC As, R e s tric tio n s ) F in a l A tta c k H e a d in g A ltitu d e R e s tric tio n O th e r F ire s (S E A D , e tc .) F o llo w -o n (R e -a tta c k , e tc .) T T T /T O T

18

Figure 10a. CAS Briefing Worksheet

C a ll S ig n M is s io n # N u m b e r /T yp e A ir c r a ft P o s itio n a n d A ltitu d e O rd n a n c e P la ytim e Ab o rt C o d e

L S T /D a tu m /N V G L S T /D a tu m /N V G L S T /D a tu m /N V G

1 . IP /B P 2 . H e a d in g O ffs e t L /R 3 . D is ta n c e F /W N M , R /W M 4. Tgt E le v a tio n (m e a n s e a le v e l) 5. Tgt D e s c r ip tio n 6. Tgt L o c a tio n 7 . M a rk Laser Code__ L a s e r to T a rg e t L in e 8 . F r ie n d lie s 9 . E g re s s R e m a rk s (T h r e a t, H a z a rd s , W e a th e r , AC As, R e s tr ic tio n s ) F in a l A tta c k H e a d in g A ltitu d e R e s tr ic tio n O th e r F ir e s (S E A D , e tc .) F o llo w -o n (R e -a tta c k , e tc .) T T T /T O T

Figure 10b. CAS Briefing Worksheet

19

ATTACK (JAA AAT) JOINT AIR ATTACK TEAM (JAAT)

Briefings AAT J AAT Air Mission Commander (AMC) to the (TACP)/forward tactical air control party (TACP)/forward air control (FAC)/tactical air coordinator (airborne) TAC[A]) (Omit data not required; do not transmit line numbers.) JAAT AMC: ________________, this is __________________
(FAC Call Sign) (JAAT AMC Call Sign)

1. Target Description: ________________________________ 2. Target Location: ___________________________________

(Grid Coordinates [See note below])

3. Type Mark: ________________ Code: _______________

(WP, Beacon, Laser) (Beacon, Laser)

For laser target marking, include laser-to-target line. 4. Location of Friendlies: _____________________________ 5. Time over target: TOT____________ or Time to Target T (TTT): Hack time will be____________________________ be____________________________ Hack 6. Type of Attack/Timing: ____________________________ 7. Threats: __________________________________________
(Type and Location)

8. Restrictions: ______________________________________

attack aircraft, NOTE: After initial contact with the attack aircraft, CP/FAC/TA brief flight the TACP/FAC/TAC(A) will brief the flight lead using appropr opriate standardiz dized J-Fir brief ire iefing format the appropriate standardized J-Fire briefing format NAT Remarks brief ief, (9-line or NATO). In the Remarks section of the brief, the TACP/FAC/TAC(A) will provide the AMCs call sign pro AMCs CP/FAC/TA radio frequenc equency direct flight and radio frequency, then dir ect the f light lead to contact the AMC.
20

AAT JAAT AMC to Attack Aircraft Flight Lead (Format is flexible and depends on TACP/FAC/TAC(A) availability.) JAAT AMC: _______________, this is ___________________ 1. Target Description: _________________________________ 2. Target Location: ____________________________________
(Grid Coordinates and Visual Reference, if possible. )

3. Threats: ___________________________________________ 4. Type of Attack/Timing: _____________________________ 5. Time over target: TOT______________________________ T or _____________________ Time to target (TTT): Stand by _____________________ Stand
(Minutes)

hack. plus_________________________________________, hack. 6. Restrictions: _______________________________________ seconds. 7. Coordination Call: Call ____________________ seconds. Call 8. Remarks: __________________________________________
(Specific Attack Roles, Laser Codes)

JAA AAT Attack Aircraft Flight Lead to JAAT AMC IP. 1. Departing IP: _____________________, Departing IP. _____________________, 2. Coordination/Weapon Call: _________________________, _________________________,
(Aircraft Call Sign)

____________________seconds, _______________________
(Ordnance)
21

AC-130 CALL FOR FIRE 1. Observer/Warning Order: _________ , this is _________, ______ Fire Mission, Over." (AC-130) (Observer) Over. ire 2. Friendly Location/Mark: My position _______________ My marked by _______________________ (TRP, Grid, etc.)
(Beacon, IR Strobe, etc.)

______________________. 3. Target Location: ______________________. ______________________.

(Bearing (magnetic) & Range (meters), TRP, Grid, etc.)

4. Target Description/Mark: _______________, marked by by ______________, mark (Target Description) Over. _____________, Over.
(IR Pointer, Tracer, etc.)

5. Remarks: ________________________________________. ________________________________________. ________________________________________.

(THREATS, danger close clearance, restrictions, at my command, THREATS THREATS, etc.)

As Required 1. Clearance: Transmission of the fire mission is clearance to fire. Danger close is 200m with the 105mm and 125m with the 40mm, 25mm, and the 20mm. For closer fire, the observer must accept responsibility for increased risk. State Cleared Cleared Danger Close on line five. This clearance may be preplanned. 2. At my command: State At My Command on line five. The gunship will call ready to fire when ready. read eady fir ire 3. Adjust Fire: Only adjust for marking rounds or incorrect target. Adjust from impact by giving range (meters) and cardinal (North, South, East, West) direction. Don'ts 1. Do not ask the gunship to identify colors. 2. Do not reference clock positions. 3. Do not pass run-in headings/no-fire headings. 4. Do not correct left/right or short/long.
22

TERMINAL CONTROLLER'S CALLS Abort Directive/informative to cease action/ attack/event/mission. Ordnance release is authorized. Continue present maneuver, does not imply clearance to engage or expend ordnance.

Cleared Hot Continue

Continue Dry Ordnance release not authorized.

WARNING wor ord only T he wor d CLEARED will onl y be used when ordnance actually deliver vered. ordnance is actually to be deli vered. This will chances dropping ordnance dry minimize minimize the chances of dropping ordnance on dry further reducing risk fratr atricide. passes further reducing the risk of fratricide.

Table 5. Abort Call Illustration

(The FAC is NAIL 11; the CAS attack flight is SPIKE 41. SPIKE 41 flight has chosen BR (authenticated D) as the abort code.)

Radio Call
(During the CAS check-in briefing): NAIL 11, this is SPIKE 41, abort code BRAVO ROMEO. (The FAC calls for an abort) SPIKE 41, NAIL 11, ABORT DELTA, ABORT DELTA, ABORT DELTA.

Action Taken
NAIL 11 notes the correct reply for BR is D. . SPIKE 41 aborts the pass.

23

NAT INFORMATION NATO INFORMATION

NAT Formats NATO Briefing Formats NAT Fighter (Permissive NAT O F ighter Check-In Briefing (Permissive Environment) (Be prepared to use this format with NATO forces.) Aircraft Transmits to Controller 1. Aircraft Call Sign: _________________________________ 2. Mission Number: __________________________________ 3. Authentication: ___________________________________ FAC Authentication Response: ______________________ 4. Number and Type of Aircraft: _______________________ 5. Ordnance: ________________________________________ 6. Position: _________________________________________ 7. Playtime: ________________________________________ 8. Abort Code: ______________________________________

24

NAT Fighter NATO Fighter Check-In Briefing (Uncertain/ Hostile Environment) (Be prepared to use this format with NATO forces.) Aircraft Transmits to Controller 1. Aircraft Call Sign: _________________________________ 2. Mission Number: __________________________________ 3. Authentication: ___________________________________ FAC Authentication Response: ______________________ 4. Briefing Termination: ______________________________ NAT Forward-Air-Controller-to-Attack NATO Forward-Air-Controller-to-Attack Aircraft Briefing MISSION C/S _____________ABORT CODE______________

are mandatory brief items, Note: 1. A-J are mandatory brief items, are K-O are optional. underlined are D, 2. Items A, D, G, H underlined are mandatory readbac eadback mandatory readback (even if NONE). bearings 3. Heading and bearings magnetic unless true requested. true is requested.

____________________________________________" A. IP ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________ B. BEARING _______________________________________" C. DISTANCE ______________________nautical miles nautical miles
25

LOCATION LAT/LONG D. TARGET LOCATION UTM OR LAT/LONG "_______ ______________________________________________________" ______________________________________________________ E. TARGET ELEVATION "____________________________" F. TARGET DESCRIPTION "_________________________" MANDAT TTACK _____________" G. MANDATORY ATTACK HEADING "_____________ _____________ FRIENDLY H. FRIENDLY FORCES "___________________________ " ___________________________ I. ATTACK TIME TOT/TTT "__________________________" J. ATTACK CLEARANCE FAC C/S _______ TAD _______ ==================================================================== K. TARGET INDICATION: REFERENCE PT [ ] SMOKE [ ] LIGHT/MIRROR [ ] LASER CODE "____________________________________" LASER TO TARGET LINE "________________________" BEACON FREQUENCY "_________________________" BEARING DISTANCE ELEVATION "______________________________" "______________________________" "___________________________FT "

L. THREATS "_______________________________________ "

26

M. WEATHER (IF SIGNIFICANT) "___________________ " N. HAZARDS "______________________________________ " O. EGRESS "________________________________________"

NAT Fighter Point NATO Fighter Departing Initial Point (Information sent to coordinating element as a one-line transmission.) ____________________departing IP, ___________________ departing IP, ___________________
(Mission Number) (Abort Code)

C H E C K -IN IN F O R M A T IO N C a ll S ig n M is s io n # A u t h e n t ic a t io n # /T y p e A ir c r a f t O rd n a n c e P o s it io n P la y t im e A b o rt C o d e
L S T /D a t u m /N V G L S T /D a t u m /N V G L S T /D a t u m /N V G

NAT Figure 11. NATO CAS Worksheet (Check-In Information)

27

FAC TO FIGHTER INFORMATION

A. IP B. Bearing C. Distance nautical miles D. Tgt Location (UTM) Lat/Long E. Tgt Elevation F. Target Description G. Mandatory Attack Heading H. Friendly Forces I. Attack Time TOT/TTT / / / J. Atk Clearance FAC C/S/TAD Ref Pt/Smoke/ Ref Pt/Smoke/ Ref Pt/Smoke/ K. Target Ind Lt Mirror Lt Mirror Lt Mirror Laser Code Laser to Target Beacon Freq Distance Elevation L. Threats M. Weather (if significant) N. Hazards O. Egress Note: 1. A-J are Mandatory Brief items, K-O are optional. 2. Items A, D, G, H underlined are mandatory read-back (Even if NONE). 3. Heading and bearings Magnetic unless true is requested.

NAT Figure 12. NATO CAS Worksheet Fighter (FAC to Fighter Information)
28

CAPABILITIES AIRCRAFT CAPABILITIES

Fixed-W ixed-Wing Table 6. Fixed-Wing Aircraft Weapons and Capabilities
Aircraft M /D/S AV-8B Harrier II Using Service USM C Ordnance Laser Capability LST LTD YES NO M arking Beacon Other Capability Capability Systems Rockets None TV NVG GPS

AV-8B Harrier II (APG-GSRadar) II Plus A/OA-10A

Laser-guided bombs* AGM -65 M averick GP bombs CBUs Napalm Aerial mines 2.75" rockets 5.0" rockets LUU-2 flares 25m m cannon AGM -122 Sidearm USM C As above

NO

NO

Rockets

None

NVG FLIR Radar GPS NVG

AC-130H

Laser-guided bombs* AGM -65 M averick GP bombs CBUs Aerial mines 2.75" rockets LUU-1/-2 flares LUU-5/-6 flares 30m m cannon USAF 105m m howitzer (SOF) 40m m cannon 20m m cannon

USAF

YES

NO

W P rockets 30m m HEI LUU-1 LUU-5 LUU-6

None

NO

AC-130U

USAF SOF

105m m howitzer 40m m cannon 20m m cannon

NO

B-1B B-52H

USAF USAF

GP bombs AGM -142 Have Nap GP bombs CBUs Aerial mines Laser guided bom bs

NO NO

YES GLINT PPN-19 note1 105m m W P SST-181 105m m HE SSB 40m m PLS m isch LTD (1688 only) YES GLINT PPN-19 105m m W P SST-181 105m m HE 40m m m isch codable LTD NO None PPN-19 NO None PPN-19 PPN-20

FLIR LLLTV Radar GPS

FLIR LLLTV Radar GPS

Radar FLIR LLLTV Radar NVG GPS

29

Table 6. (Continued)
Aircraft M/D/S F-14 LANTIRN Using Service USN Ordnance Laser Capability LST LTD YES YES Marking Beacon Other Capability Capability Systems

Laser None NVG Laser-guided Rockets FLIR bombs GP bombs 20mm cannon CBUs Aerial mines LUU-2 flares F-15-E USAF Laser-guided NO YES Laser PPN-19 FLIR bombs PPN-20 Radar GP bombs CBUs 20mm cannon NO NO WP rockets None Radar F-16 (less USAF Laser-guided NVG LANTIRN bombs* GPS** AGM-65 Maverick GP bombs CBUs 20mm cannon NO YES Laser None FLIR F-16C/D USAF Laser-guided GPS (with bombs* NVG LANTIRN) AGM-65 Maverick Radar GP bombs CBUs 20mm cannon YES YES Laser None FLIR F/A-18 USN Laser-guided WP rockets GPS (A/C) bombs HE rockets NVG AGM-65 Maverick Radar USMC AGM-62 W alleye (A/C/D) AGM-84 SLAM AGM-88 HARM GP bombs CBUs Aerial mines 2.75 rockets 5.0 rockets LUU-2 flares Napalm/FAE 20mm cannon NO NO WP rockets None FLIR S-3B USN BP bombs Radar CBUs 2.75 rockets 5.0 rockets Aerial mines LUU-2 flares LST: Laser Spot Tracker. LTD: Laser Target Designator. Note 1: The AC-130H can only designate laser code 1688. *Though these aircraft can carry and release LGBs, they require off-board designation for terminal guidance **GPS on some aircraft (Blocks 40/41; 50/52)

30

Rotary-Wing Table 7. Rotary-Wing Aircraft

Aircraft M/D/S Service Ordnance Marking Laser Capability Capability LST NO LTD NO Other Systems

UH-1N

USMC

7.62 MG .50 cal MG 2.75 rockets BGM-71 TOW 2.75 rockets 20mm cannon BGM-71 TOW AGM-114 Hellfire FAE 5 rockets 2.75 rockets 20mm cannon LUU-2 flares AGM-122 Sidearm

Rockets

AH-1F AH-1W 2

USA

NO

NO

Rockets

LRF NVG FLIR GPS NVG

USMC

NO

YES

Rockets Laser

FLIR NVG GPS

AH-64 A1

USA

AH-64D (including Longbow)

USA

YES YES Laser AGM-114 Note 1 Rockets Hellfire 2.75 rockets 30mm cannon YES YES Laser AGM-114L Note 1 Rockets Hellfire 2.75 rockets 30mm cannon

FLIR 39.8x NVG DTV 127x FLIR 39.8x NVG DTV 127x Radar (air and grnd tgt modes) IDM GPS FLIR 66 2/3x TVS 50x NVG

OH-58D (Kiowa Warrior)

USA

AGM-114 Hellfire 2.75 rockets 50 cal MG

YES

YES

Laser Rockets

Note 1 The AH-64 helicopters cannot designate laser codes 1711 to 1788. Note 2 The AH-1W can designate codes 1111-1488, but has max effectiveness from 1111-1178. IDM = Improved Data Modem

31

Table 8. Attack Helicopter Weapons Capabilities

Weapon

Effective Max Maximum Load Range (m) (Rounds) * 7500 6000

2

2.75RX, 10-lb 2.75RX, 17-lb 2.75 MK 66/M151 22.95-lb 7.62 mm mini-gun 50 cal machine-gun 20mm cannon 30mm cannon
1 1

76 76 38 5000 500 750 1200 265 8 16 8 4

6900 1000 1830 1500 3000 1600 3750 8000

40mm grenade launcher TOW Hellfire 5.00RX

2 2

7200 NA

CBU-55FAE

*Reflects maximum rounds A/C can carry however mission may dictate less ammunition being carried.
__________________________________
1 2

USA only. USMC only.

32

CONSIDERATIONS NIGHT CAS PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS Weather Ceiling/visibility Altitude winds (for flare drift) Sunset/EENT Moon rise/set Moon position Percent of illumination (illum) Equipment Marking flares NVDs Strobes Compass Laser (Colt Team) IR pointer/marking devices/IR chem sticks Arty (for illum rounds) Mortars (for illum rounds) Rules of Thumb 5000 ceiling with no clouds below (possible 3000 with LANTIRN) 5 miles visibility IP must be identifiable Target must be lighted or illuminated (flares, IR wands, or lights on tgt) (NA for LANTIRN) Identify friendly locations Techniques Bring aircraft to target area with vectors Point out range restrictions (if applicable) Vector aircraft and call for flare release Give 10 second warning before flare drop Brief bombing pattern (orbit direction, roll-in heading, laser-tgt line, etc.) Give direction from flare to target
33

Form DD 1972 (Revised) 15 Nov 94 (Supersedes DD Form 1972, 1 Apr 75) 34

Joint Form Figure 13. Joint Tactical Air Strike Request Form

Form DD 1972 (Revised) 15 Nov 94 (Supersedes DD Form 1972, 1 Apr 75)

13 Figure 13. (Continued)

35

ASSAULT SUPPORT REQUEST FORM

1. Action Addressee: ______ this is ______ Request No _______ 2. Request For: ______Helicopter ______ Fixed-Wing Transport 3. Mission Precedence: ____ Mandatory ___ Emergency ___Urgent ___ Priority ___ Routine ___ 4. Type of Mission: _____Troop Lift _____ SAR _____ Retraction ____Logistics ____VIP Code ____Photo ____Recon Insert ____Spot/Obs ____Unit Cdr ____MEDEVAC ____Liaison ____Other 5. Mission Description: # of Troops ___Internal Cargo: (weight/cube) Largest Item (LxWxH) ___x____x___ External Cargo: weight ____lbs 6. Instructions: Pick up Time Coordinates LZ Time Coordinates A. B. C. D. _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _______ _______ _______ _______

7. LZ Description: Size _______ Obstacles _______ Wind Direction ______ Friendly Positions _____ Secure/Insecure ______ Enemy Position _______ 8. LZ will be: _______Unmarked ____Marked with ________ (color) ______Panels _____Flares _______Smoke ________Lights ____Other For A/C and LZCP/TACP 9. Comms___ P/U Zone Call Sign/Channel______/_____Freq_____ LZ Call Sign/Channel _________/__________ Freq __________ 10. Local Date/Time ______________Authentication ____________

14. Form Figure 14. Assault Support Request Form

36

OPERATIONS LASER OPERATIONS

FORWARD GROUND FORWARD AIR CONTROLLER (GFAC) RESPONSIBILITIES Include Laser Code and Laser-Target-Line (LTL) on Line 7 of the 9-line brief. Avoid the 20 degree safety zone whose apex is at the target and extends 10 degrees either side of the LTL for aircraft run-ins. The optimal attack zone is a 120 degree fan whose apex is at the target and extends to 60 degrees either side of the LTL, leaving an ideal attack zone of 50 degrees either side excluding the safety zone. Anticipate aircraft will show up with either Laser Spot Trackers (LSTs) or Laser Guided Weapons (LGWs). Prebrief pilot if possible. Plan early and get the FO/FIST ready for mission. Laser code: ensure code in Laser Target Designator (LTD) matches code that pilot passed. Explain ordnance and aircraft characteristics. Explain minimum safe distances of ordnance being used. Laser-Target (LT) line is no more than 5 degrees off briefed LT line. Explain that you are in control and that the LTD is operated at YOUR Command. Ensure communications are in placethe simpler the better. Get coordinates of all friendly locations and ensure that no friendlies are in the flight path.
37

PILOT PILOT CALLS Laser Operations: 10 Seconds - Directive to terminal controller to standby for Laser on call in approximately 10 seconds. Laser On - Directive to start laser designation. Spot - Acquisition of laser designation. Shift - Directive to shift laser illumination energy from offset to target. Terminate Terminate - Cease laser designation. (During peacetime prompt pilot if call is not heard within 20 seconds after Laser on call is made or after weapons impact. Wartime: laser time may exceed 20 seconds; however, be aware of battery life.) Night IR CAS Brevity Terms: Rope - Call made by exception if the terminal controller is to illuminate the aircraft with an IR pointer. Visual Visual - The terminal controller has the attack aircraft in sight, or the attack aircraft has positively identified the terminal controllers or friendly position. Contact - Acknowledges sighting of a specified reference point. Snake - Call made for the terminal controller to jiggle the IR beam on the target.
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Sparkle - Terminal controller marks the target with an IR pointer. Also used by AC-130s to mark the target with 40mm misch. Tally Tally - The enemy position/target is in sight; opposite of NO JOY. Steady - Terminal controller steadies the beam. Stop - Terminal controller stops the beam. Others: Bingo - Prebriefed fuel state that is needed for recovery using prebriefed parameters. Blind - No visual contact with friendly aircraft/ ground positionopposite of term Visual. Chattermark - Begin using briefed radio procedures to counter jamming. Joker Joker - Fuel state above Bingo at which separation/ bugout/event termination should begin. Joy No Joy - Aircrew does not have visual contact with the target/bandit/landmarkopposite of TALLY. Winchester Winchester - No ordnance remaining.

39

DESIGNATION LASER DESIGNATION ZONES Acquisition Areas and Safety Zones. Figure 15 depicts the acquisition areas and safety zones as defined by FMFM 5-41, CAS, 28 Oct 92 and FMFM 5-42, DAS, 4 Mar 93. Reference to Laser Guided Weapons in general, this is the most current template for LGW employment. This depiction conforms to the Joint Warfighting Center Laser safety issues message regarding a recommended change to the J-Laser designator safety zone due to the A-10 incident at Fort Sill, OK (R081957Z JAN 96).

40

Figure 15. Laser Designation Zones

Hellfire Designator Exculsion Zone. Figure 16 depicts the Hellfire designator exclusion zone. This is the most current template for Hellfire employment. This diagram will be listed in the AH-1W TACMAN (Revision F) and the US Armys Point Target Weapon Handbook as the standard exclusion zone diagram for Hellfire employment.

Figure 16. Hellfire Designation Exclusion Zone

41

Hellfire Missile Surface Danger Zones Figure 17a depicts the surface danger zone (SDZ) for a Hellfire launch in which the missile was receiving laser energy prior to launch, regardless of the mode selected. Because of the large surface danger zone and the limited range of the designators, it may be necessary to place designator operators within the surface danger zone. Diagram NOT TO SCALE.

42

Figure 17a. Hellfire Surface Danger Zone

Figure 17b depicts the SDZ for a Hellfire launch in which the missile was not receiving laser energy before launch. The surface danger zones provide for all firing modes of the Hellfire missile at fixed targets to include the effects of the warhead functioning at the edge of the impact area. Three designator zones and their specific range requirements are provided.

Figure 17b. Hellfire Surface Danger Zone

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Prohibited Designator Zone. No designator operators are allowed in this zone due to the unacceptable probabilities associated with the following hazards: (1) there are remote scenarios where the missile seeker can track the laser backscatter energy at the exit aperture of the designator or along the path of the laser beam, and (2) the probability of random missile failures is the highest within this zone. Protected Protected Designator Zone. Designator operators are not vulnerable to a normally functioning missile tracking the laser backscatter energy within this zone. However, there is a possibility that the missile may track and impact an obstruction (for example, trees, grass, or hills) near the designator operator if it is accidentally illuminated by the laser beam. There is a possibility of being injured by a random missile failure impact. The probability of a random missile failure impacting within 150 meters of a designator operator in this area is less than 4 in 10 million. Ground designator operators shall wear flak jackets and military issue helmets and be located in protected positions. The designator shall have a clear unobstructed line-of-sight to the target. Special care must be taken to ensure designator line-of-sight is unobstructed across the entire path of a moving target during the time of missile flight to impact. Unprotected Unprotected Designator Zone. Although designator operators are not vulnerable to a normally functioning missile tracking the backscatter or false targets in this zone, there is still a possibility of being injured by a random missile failure. The probability of a random missile failure impacting within 150 meters of the designator operator is smaller in this zone than in the protected designator zone.
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At a minimum, ground designator operators shall wear flak jackets and military issue helmets. The designator shall have a clear unobstructed line-of-sight to the target. Special care must be taken to ensure designator line-of-sight is unobstructed across the entire path of a moving target during the time of missile flight to impact. Ground designator operators must ensure that they do not inadvertently lase through dust caused by personnel, vehicles, etc. Airborne designators must ensure that they are either over ground conditions which do not create dust or are at altitudes where rotor downwash does not create dust. Two additional areas within the SDZ are Potential Potential Hazard Area - an area designated to contain a malfunctioning missile at the point of launch. Only mission essential personnel may occupy this area. Area F - an area to the rear of the launch point 30 meters wide and 15 meters long. Hazards are launch motor blast, high noise levels, overpressure, and debris. Serious casualties or fatalities may occur to any personnel occupying this area.

Hellfir ire depicted figur igures Note: The Hellfire SDZs depicted in figures 17a and are for fix ixed targets gets. footpr ootprints must 17b are for fixed targets. The footprints must become moving targets gets. dynamic when engaging moving targets.
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INFORMATION GENERAL INFORMATION

TARGET WEATHER INFORMATION (TARWI) WEATHER INFORMATION (TARWI) The TARWI code is a technique for transmitting detailed information about en route or target area weather observations.
Table 9. TARWI Data
Exam ple: 3, 6, 8, 9, X-ray, Kilo, Novem ber this code indicates w eather at the target w as 3/8 cloud at 3000 AGL, visibility at least 8 km (5 NM ), thunderstorm s, W X suitable for m ission, higher terrain obscured, thunderstorm s en route. # Cloud # Ht (AGL) # Vis (NM ) # WX 0 None 0 None 0 0+ 0 Not obs 1 1/8 1 500 1 1+ 1 None 2 1/4 2 1000 2 2+ 2 Sleet 3 3/8 3 1500 3 3+ 3 Dist/Sm oke 4 1/2 4 2000 4 4+ 4 Fog/Haze 5 5/8 5 2500 5 5+ 5 Drizzle 6 3/4 6 3000 6 6+ 6 Rain 7 7/8 7 3500 7 7+ 7 Snow 8 8/8 8 4000 8 8+ 8 Showers 9 Not obs 9 Not obs 9 Not obs 9 T-storm s A B C D E F G H I J K L M W X SIM for Exercise Cloud HT X 10 No Med Cloud Scattered Cloud Broken Overcast Contrails AT FL Mainly IFR Mainly VFR Gusty SFC W inds Fog In Valley Hilltops Obscured VIS Varies in Showers T-storm s N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z T-Storm s En route Ice/Freezing Rain SFC W ind NEG SFC W inds SE SFC W inds SW SFC W inds NW W X Better to North W X Better to East W X Better to South W X Better to W est W X Suitable W X Marginal W X Unsuitable

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follo ollowing figur igure Note: The following tables can be used to figure the take fighter from number of min/secs that it will take a fighter to go from target char hart the IP to the target at speeds (G/S). Also a chart is pro conver meters vert feet provided to convert meters to feet that will be used on briefings. iefings 9-line briefings.
Table 10. Speed and Time Conversions
A/S NM/ (Knots) MIN 300 5 360 6 420 7 450 7.5 480 8 510 8.5 540 9

8NM 1:36 1:20 1:09 1:04 1:00 :57 :53

9NM 1:48 1:40 1:17 1:12 1:08 1:04 1:00

10NM 2:00 1:40 1:26 1:20 1:15 1:11 1:07

11NM 2:12 1:50 1:34 1:28 1:23 1:18 1:13

12NM 2:24 2:00 1:43 1:36 1:30 1:25 1:20

13NM 2:36 2:10 1:51 1:44 1:38 1:32 1:27

14NM 2:48 2:20 2:00 1:52 1:45 1:39 1:33

15NM 3:00 2:30 2:09 2:00 1:53 1:46 1:40

CAS Aircraft Run-In Speeds A/C AC-130 H/U A-10 AV-8B F-16 F/A-18 A/S (knots) 210-250 300-350 420-480 480-540 480-520

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Table 11. Distance Conversion Table Feet (Distance Meters to Feet Multiply by 3.28)

METERS 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500

FEET 82 164 246 328 410 492 574 656 738 820 902 984 1066 1148 1230 1312 1394 1476 1558 1640

METERS 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 850 875 900 925 950 975 1000

FEET 1722 1804 1886 1968 2050 2132 2214 2296 2378 2460 2542 2624 2706 2788 2870 2952 3034 3116 3198 3280

METERS 1025 1050 1075 1100 1125 1150 1175 1200 1225 1275 1275 1300 1325 1350 1375 1400 1425 1450 1475 1500

FEET 3362 3444 3526 3608 3690 3772 3852 3936 4018 4100 4182 4264 4346 4428 4510 4592 4674 4756 4838 4920

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MUNITIONS DESCRIPTIONS
General Purpose Bombs LD, LD, MK-82, LD, 500 lb; MK-83, LD, 1000 lb; MK-84, LD, LD, 2000 lb - All are similar in construction and vary only in size and weight. Streamlined cylindrical body with conical fins designed for low drag. Effects: Blast, frag, and deep cratering (with a delayed fuse). MK-82 HDGP (SNAKE-EYE) - MK-82 with four MK15 retarding fins. Selectable high or low drag. Effects: blast, frag, and deep cratering (with a delayed fuse). MK-82 Air Inflatable Retarder (AIR) HDGP - GP bombs with AIR tail assembly. MK-84 (AIR) HDGP - Uses a ballute as a retarding device. Selectable HDALD. Effects: blast, frag. (DESTRUCTOR) MK-36 (DESTRUCTOR) - MK-82 snake-eye with a MK-75 arming kit which converts the bomb into a land or water mine. Deployed HD only. Timed self-destruct or magnetic fusing. Penetrator BLU-109/B (I-2000) Penetrator Bomb - 2000 lb improved GP bomb. Effects: cratering and hard target penetration. See GBU-24 A/B. M-1 17, 750 lb GP Bomb - Effects: Same as other GP bombs. M-1 17R - Selectable HD/LD by means of a retarding tail assembly. M-1 17D (DESTRUCT OR) - Equipped with a MK-75 (DESTRUCTOR) arming kit for ground implant and shallow water mining. High drag releasable only! M-118 3000 lb Demolition Bomb - Effects: blast, frag, cratering. Not good for penetration.
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Guided Bombs GBU-10/GBU-12 - Laser guided, maneuverable, freefalling weapons. GBU-10 is a MK-84 and the GBU-12 is a MK-82. Effects: Same as MK-82/84 bomb series. GBU-16 - Laser guided maneuverable free-falling weapon. Effects: Same as MK-83. GBU-24/B GBU-24/B LLLGB - Low level, laser guided, maneuverable free-fall weapon. MK-84 body. Can be released at very low altitudes. Bomb bumps up approx 450 ft above release altitude. Effects: Same as MK-84. GBU-24A/B LLLGB - Same as GBU-24/B but uses BL-109/B bomb body. Used for hard target penetration. GBU-15 - TV or IR guided, automatically or manually by the WSO. MK-84 or BLU-109 body. Effects: Same as MK-84/ BLU-109. Missiles (MAVERICK) AGM-65 Missile (MAVERICK) - A and B models are GM-65 guided based on visual contrast. D and G models use infrared guided. The Marine Corps E model is laser guided. Designed for standoff acquisition and destruction of point targets. Effects: Shaped charge produces a good penetration of hard targets such as tanks and bunkers. AGM-130 - Rocket powered version of GBU-15. Standoff range out to 15NM. AGM-114B Hellfire Missile - Solid propellant laser/ radar guided antiarmor missile. Max range in excess of 8000 meters.
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BGM-71A T OW Missile - Solid propellant, wire guided antiarmor missile. Min range 500m; max range 3750m; max time of flight 21.5 sec. Guns 7.62 Mini-Gun - Up to 6000 rounds per minute. TP, AP, and tracer. .50 Cal - 1150 to 1250 rounds per minute. TP, AP, API, and tracer. 20mm - 750 to 850 rounds per minute. AP, HE, and incendiary. 20mm Gattling - 2500 to 6000 rounds per minute. TP, HEI, API, TPI, HEIT. GAU-8, GAU-8, 30mm Gattling - 4200 rounds per minute. 1.5 1b projectile TP, HEI, API on the A/OA-10 only. Practice Bombs BDU-33 - 24 lb practice bomb with spotting charges. BDU-48/B - Practice bomb that simulates Mk-82 HD ballistics. (Similar to Mk-106) BDU-50 - MK-82 inert 500 lb practice bomb. MK-106 - Practice bomb simulating HD ballistics with spotting charge. MK-76 - Navy version of BDU-33.
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Flares (Target LUU-1/B, 5B, 6D (Target Marking Flares [LOGS]) - Designated for a 30 minute burn time on the ground providing a colored flame. LUU-1 burns red, LUU5 burns green, and LUU-6 burns maroon. LUU-2A/B Flare - Parachute flare with a 4.5 minute burn time at an average of 2 million candle power. M257 Flare - Parachute flare with a minimum burn time of 100 seconds at an average of 1 million candle power. Rocket Launchers LAU-3/A, LAU-3/A, A/A, B/A,-60A/61 - 2.75 inch, 19 tubes, ripple fire only. LAU-10 LAU-10 - 5 inch zuni, 4 tubes, single or ripple fire. LAU-68 LAU-68 - 2.75 inch, 7 tubes, single or ripple fire. LAU-5003/A LA U-5003/A - 19 tubes; launches the Canadian hypervelocity CRV-7 rocket. Rocket Warheads MK-1 - HE, 2.75 inch. Effects are blast and frag. MK-5 - HEAT, 2.75 inch shaped charge. Excellent armor penetrator, very little lateral blast effect. MK-61 - TP. A practice MK-1. MK-67 mod 0 - Smoke WP.
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MK-67 mod 1 - Smoke RP. M-151 - HE, 2.75 inch. Primarily frag. M-156 - WP, 2.75 inch. Used for target marking. WDU-4A/A, WDU-13/A - Flechett for antipersonnel. WTU-1/B - TP. A practice M-151. CRV-7 CRV-7 - Canadian hypervelocity rocket with various combinations of warheads and fuses. Clusters Bombs CBU-24 - SUU-30 loaded with 665 BLU-26 bomblets. The BLU-26 submunition is baseball sized, spins to arm, and detonates on impact. Fragmentation results from small steel balls in the casing. Note: Dispersion pattern is torus or Dispersion torus donut donut shaped. CBU-30 - SUU-13 with 40 canisters containing 32 CS bomblets each. Bomblets will start dispensing CS gas 5 to 6 seconds after release and will dispense for 10 to 15 seconds. Note: Dispersion is linear and target must be overflown Dispersion target must overflown verflo downward wnwar due to downward dispensing SUU-13. CBU-38 - SUU-13 containing 40 BLU-49 antimaterial HE bomblets that will penetrate jungle canopies. Note: Dispersion target must overflown verflo Dispersion is linear and target must be overflown due downward wnwar to downward dispensing SUU-13. CBU-49 - Same as CBU-24 except bomblets have delay timers to detonate at random times after impact. Note: Dispersion torus donut Dispersion pattern is torus or donut shaped.
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CBU-52 - SUU-30 loaded with 220 BLU-61 softball sized bomblets with an incendiary lining and a scored steel casing for fragmentation. Note: Dispersion results in a Dispersion results torus donut torus or donut shaped pattern. CBU-55 - Slow speed Fuel Air Explosive (FAE). Used against blast sensitive targets. Kills by over pressurization. CBU-58 - SUU-30 loaded with 650 BLU-63 baseball sized bomblets with incendiary pellets and scored casings for fragmentation. Note: Dispersion results in a torus or Dispersion results torus donut donut shaped pattern. CBU-71 - Same as CBU-58 except submunitions have delay fuses that detonate at random times after impact. Dispersion results torus donut Note: Dispersion results in a torus or donut shaped pattern. CBU-87 (Combined Effects Munitions [CEM]) SUU-65 loaded with 202 BLU-97 bomblets. BLU-97 has a shaped charge for armor, steel scored liner for fragmentation, and incendiary ring. Note: Dispersion is rectangular. Dispersion rectangular ectangular. (GATOR) CBU-89 (GATOR - SUU-64 loaded with a mix of 72 BLU-91/B antiarmor and 22 BLU-92/B antipersonnel mines with preset self-destruct time. Note: Dispersion varies Dispersion var aries from low angles. from circular at high angles to linear at low angles. CBU-97/B (Sensor Fused Weapons) - SUU-64 with an airbag dispensing system and 10 BLU-108/B submunitions designed to provide multiple kill per pass capability against tanks, armored vehicles, artillery, APCs and support vehicles. MK-20 (ROCKEYE) - MK-7 loaded with 247 MK-118 antiarmor submunitions with antipersonnel capabilities. Dispersion var aries from Note: Dispersion varies from circular at high angles low angles. to linear at low angles.
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BL-755 - European munitions loaded with 147 antiarmor submunitions. Designed for low altitude low angle deliveries against armor but produces more fragmentation than the MK-20 ROCKEYE. Note: Disper sion is Dispersion ectangular. rectangular. GBU-55/72 - High speed Fuel Air Explosive (FAE). Used against blast sensitive targets. Kills by over pressurization.

RISK-ESTIMATE DISTANCES RISK-ESTIMATE DISTANCES

Risk-estimate distances are based on the following assumptions. Any changes to the assumptions will increase the risk-estimate distances from those given in Table 12. Risk-estimate distances allow the ground forces commander or combat air commander to estimate the risk in terms of the percent of friendly casualties that may result from an air strike against an enemy threat along the forward line of own troops (FLOT). Risk-estimate distances are based on fragmentation patterns. COMPUTA COMPUTATIONS All attacks are parallel to the FLOT. Distances are computed from the intended impact point of the center of a stick of bombs or a pod of rockets. Deflection distance (from the aiming point toward the friendly troops) is built into the risk-estimate distance. The deflection distance equals the distance from the aircraft centerline to the farthest outboard station, plus the lateral distance that a weapon travels because of rack-ejection velocity. Risk-estimate distances are for are minimum safe are for combat use and are not minimum safe distances training for peacetime training use.
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RELATIONSHIPS IMPACTS RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WEAPON IMPACTS AND POINT OF INTERSECTION For all determinations in Table 12, the position of a prone man was assumed to be on a line perpendicular to the line of flight (or line of weapon impacts) at the midpoint of the line (stick) of weapons. For all sticks of weapons, a weapon was assumed to impact at the point of intersection of these two lines. Thus, for the weapons evaluated, the following relationships between weapon impact and the point of intersection were assumed: GP bombs - center bomb of stick impacts at point of intersection. Rockets - center rocket. Cluster weapons - pattern center of the center dispenser. Guns - center of pattern. Maverick - single-weapon delivery impacting at point of intersection. WEAPON RELIABILITY AND DELIVERY PARAMETERS A weapon reliability of 1.0 was used for all weapons evaluated. Delivery parameters and considerations for specific weapons are in (S) FM 101-50-36-CD/61A1-3-11-CD/ FMFM 10-2-CD/NA 00-130AA-1-3-11-CD.1 _________________ 1 Effecti ectiveness Manual/Air-to-Surface ual/Air-to-Surf Joint Munitions Eff ectiveness Manual/Air-to-Surface for Friendly oops, Nov (JMEM/AS): Risk Estimates for Friendly Troops, 1 Nov 95.
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CASUAL ALTY CASUALTY CRITERION The casualty criterion is the 5-minute assault criterion for a prone soldier in winter clothing and helmet. The probability of incapacitation (PI) means a soldier is physically unable to function in an assault within a 5-minute period after an attack. The 0.1 percent PI value can be interpreted as being less than or equal to one chance in one thousand. CONTACT TROOPS IN CONTACT The FAC should regard friendlies within 1 kilometer of targets as a troops-in-contact situation and advise the ground commander accordingly. The ground commander must accept responsibility for friendly risk when targets are inside 0.1 percent PI. The passing of the ground commanders initials indicates his acceptance of the risk for intentional ordnance delivery inside the 0.1 percent PI distance.

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Table 12. Risk-Estimate Distances for Aircraft Delivered Ordnance

Risk-Estimate Distance (m) Item MK-82 LD MK-82 HD MK-82 LGB MK-83 HD/LD MK-83 LGB MK-84 HD/LD
MK-84 LGB

Description 500-lb Bomb 500-lb Bomb (Retarded) 500-lb Bomb (GBU-12) 1000-lb Bomb 1000-lb Bomb (GBU-16) 2000-lb Bomb
2000-lb Bomb (GBU-10/24)

10% PI

0.1% PI

250 100 2501 275 2751 325

2251

425 375 4251 475 4751 500

500
1

MK-20 2 MK-77 CBU-55/77 2 CBU-52 2 CBU-58/71 2,3 CBU-87 2 CBU-89 3 2.75 FFAR 5.00 FFAR SUU-11 M 4, M 12, SUU-23,M 61 GAU-12 GPU-5A, GAU-8 AGM-65 4 MK-1/MK-21 MK-5/MK-23 AGM-123A AC-130 5
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Rockeye (Antiarm or CBU) 500-lb Napalm (FAE) Fuel-Air Explosive (FAE) CBUs (All Types) CBUs (All Types) CBUs (All Types) CBUs (All Types) Rocket with Various Warheads Zuni with Various Warheads 7.62mm Mini-gun 20mm Gattling Gun 25mm Gun

150 100
1

225 150
1

275 350 175 175 160 150

450 525 275 275 200 200

100 100

150 150 150 100 500

1

30mm Gattling Gun 100 Maverick (TV, IIR, Laser Guided) 25 Walleye II (1000-lb TV Guided Bomb) 275 Walleye II (2400-lb TV Guided 1 Bomb Skipper (1000-lb Laser Guided 2751 Rocket-Booster Bomb) 20mm, 25mm, 40mm 35 105mm Cannon 80

5001 125 200

Table 12. (Continued)

Warning: Risk-estimate distances are for combat use and are not minimum safe distances for peacetime training use.

are For LGBs, 1. Risk-estimate distances are to be determined. For LGBs, values shown are for weapons the values shown are for weapons that do not guide and follo ollow trajector ajectory bombs. that follow a ballistic trajectory similar to GP bombs . recommended for troops 2. Not recommended for use near troops in contact. CBU-71/CB U-71/CBU-84 time-delay 3. CBU-71/CBU-84 bombs contain time-delay fuses that random CBU-89 are detonate at random times after impact. CBU-89 bombs are antipersonnel are recomantitank and antipersonnel mines and are not recommended for use near troops in contact. for troops only B, 4. The data listed applies only to AGM-65A, B, C, and D models. larger warhead models. AGM-65E and G models contain a larger warhead risk-estimate are currentl av ently and risk-estimate distances are not currently available. for 5. This distance is used for all AC-130 engagements as it largest fragmentation for largest has the largest fragmentation pattern f or the largest board. weapon system on board.

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COMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATIONS
request CAS request Note: To request CAS use the tactical air request net/ Force (AFARN). Control CAS Air Force Air Request Net (AFARN). Control of CAS aircraft direction aircraft should be conducted on a tactical air direction net.
Table 13. Ground Communications Equipment
C o m p o n en t F req u en c y F req u en c y S ecu re R ad io s B an d (N o te 1) H o p p in g C ap ab le A N /P R C -119 V H F -F M S IN C G A R S K Y -57 U S A rm y A N /P R C -177 V H F -F M No F IS T A N /V R C -12 No A N /V R C -24 No A N /G R C -206 HF No K Y -65/9 9 A N /G R C -206 V H F -F M No K Y -57 A N /G R C -206 V H F -A M No K Y -57 A N /G R C -206 UHF H ave Q u ick II K Y -57 USAF A N /P R C -77 V H F -F M No K Y -57 TACP A N /P R C -119 V H F -F M S IN C G A R S K Y -57 A N /P R C -104 HF No K Y -65/9 9 A N /P R C -113 V H F -A M No K Y -57 A N /P R C -113 UHF H ave Q u ick II K Y -57 A N /P R C -77 V H F -F M No K Y -57 USMC A N /P R C -119 V H F -F M S IN C G A R S K Y -57 TACP A N /P R C -104 HF No K Y -65/9 9 A N /P R C -113 V H F -A M No K Y -57 A N /P R C -113 UHF H ave Q u ick II K Y -57 A N /V R C -12 V H F -F M No No A N /P R C -117D V H F -F M No K Y -57 A N /P R C -117D V H F (N o te 2) N o K Y -57 SOF A N /P R C -117D U H F (N o te 3) N o K Y -57 SOTAC A N /P R C -126 V H F -F M No K Y -57 LS T -5 UHF No K Y -57 SATCO M LS T -5 N o te 1 : F reque ncy bands for g round radios are as follow s: H F : 2.0 00 to 29.99 9 M H z in 1 kH z increm ent. V H F -F M : 29.950 to 75.95 0 M H z in 50 kH z increm ents. V H F -A M : 116.000 to 1 49.975 M H z in 2 5 kH z increm e nts. U H F : 2 25.000 to 399.9 75 M H z in 25 k H z increm ents. N o te 2 : A N /P R C -117D V H F -A M /F M frequenc y range is 116.000173.995 M H z. N o te 3 : A N /P R C -117D U H F -A M /F M frequenc y range is 225.0 00419.995 M H z.

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Rotary-Wing Table 14. Rotary-Wing Communications Equipment Summary

Aircraft Freq Band Freq Secure Type Radios (Note 1) Hopping Capable AH-1W 2-AN/ARC-182 (Note 2) No KY-58 UH-1N 2-AN/ARC-182 (Note 2) No KY-58 1-AN/ARC-201 VHF-FM SINCGARS KY-58 UH-60 1-AN/ARC-201 VHF-FM No KY-58 1-AN/ARC-115 VHF-AM No No 1-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II KY-58 2-AN/ARC-201 VHF-FM SINCGARS KY-58 OH-58C 1-AN/ARC-115 VHF-AM No No (Note 4) 1- AN/ARC-164 UHF No or AN/ARC-116 No 2-AN/ARC-201 VHF-FM SINCGARS KY-58 OH-58D 1-AN/ARC-186 VHF No KY-58 (Note 5) 1-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II KY-58 1-AN/ARC-199 HF No KY-75 1-AN/ARC-201 VHF-FM SINCGARS KY-58 AH-64 1-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick I KY-58 1-AN/ARC-186 VHF (Note 3) No No Note 1: Frequency bands are as follows: HF = 2.000 to 29.999 MHz in 1 kHz increments. VHF-FM = 29.950 to 87.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments. VHF-AM = 108.000 to 151.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments. UHF = 225.000 to 399.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments. Note 2: The AN/ARC-182 is a multiband radio that operates in any one of four bands: standard VHF-FM, VHF-AM, UHF, or 156.0-173.975 MHz VHF-FM. It can monitor only one band at a time. Note 3: The AN/ARC-186 operates either in the VHF-AM or VHF-FM band. Each radio can monitor only one band at a time. Note 4: Only one AN/ARC-201 is connected to the KY-58. The other one is unsecure. Note 5: The OH-58D has two KY-58s. One is dedicated to an AN/ARC-201. The other KY-58 is shared between the other three radios.

61

Fixed-W ixed-Wing Table 15. Fixed-Wing Aircraft Communications Summary

Radios 2-AN/ARC-164 AC-130 1-AN/ARC-164 3-AN/ARC-186 2-AN/ARC-190 2-AN/ARC-159 EA-6B 1-AN/ARC-175 1-AN/ARC-105 AV-8B 2-AN/ARC-182 1-AN/ARC-164 A/OA-10 1-AN/ARC-186 1-AN/ARC-186 B-1B 2-AN/ARC-164 Freq Band Freq Secure (Note 1) Hopping Capable UHF Have Quick II KY-58 SATCOM No KY-58 VHF (Note 3) No KY-58 HF No KY-75 UHF No VHF No HF No KY-58 (Note 2) No KY-58 UHF Have Quick II KY-58 VHF-FM No KY-58 VHF-AM No No UHF or Have Quick II KY-58 SATCOM 1-AN/ARC-190 HF No No 1-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II KY-58 B-52H 1-AN/ARC-171 UHF or No No SATCOM 1-AN/ARC-190 HF No No F-14 1-AN/ARC-182 (Note 2) Have Quick II KY-58 1-AN/ARC-59 UHF No KY-58 F-15E 2-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II KY-58 F-16 1-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II KY-58 1-AN/ARC-186 VHF (Note 3) No F/A-18 2-AN/ARC-182 (Note 2) No KY-58 (Note 4) 2-AN/ARC-210 VHF Have Quick II KY-58 Note 1: Frequency bands are as follows: HF = 2.000 to 29.999 MHz in 1 kHz increments. VHF-FM = 29.950 to 87.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments. VHF-AM = 108.000 to 151.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments. UHF = 225.000 to 399.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments. Note 2: The AN/ARC-182 is a multiband radio that operates in any one of four bands: standard VHF-FM, VHF-AM, UHF, or 156.0-173.975 MHz VHF-FM. It can monitor only one band at a time. Note 3: The AN/ARC-186 operates either in the VHF-AM or VHF-FM band. Each radio can monitor only one band at a time. Note 4: F/A-18s are fitted with either two AN/ARC-182 radios or two AN/ARC-210 radios. Aircraft Type

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Fire Table 16. USMC Fire Support Request Nets

Net Arty conduct of fire Purpose FO s request and adjust arty fire Net Control DS arty BN Stations on Net DS arty BN, firing battery, arty LNO at BN, FO s, REIN arty Units NAO , arty BN, firing battery, FO s, FSCCs, G CE HQ TACC, DASC, FSCCs, FAC parties, airborne controllers, HDC, TADC TACC, DASC, FSCCs, FAC parties, airborne controllers, O AS aircraft and TAC as required BN NG LO , NG F spot TMs, DS ship, G S ship as required SACC, TACC, FSCCs, DS&GS ships, NAO s Freq VHF

G CE air spot net

Naval aviation observers

Arty regt

VHF

Tactical To request air request im m ediate air support

TACC afloat DASC ashore

HF

Tactical air direction

Direction of aircraft in CAS m issions by a term inal controller

TACC afloat DASC ashore

UHF/VHF aircraft dependent

NG F ground spot

Spot team s request and adjust NG F

NG LO at BN FSCC

HF PRI VHF ALT

NG F air spot

NAO s request and adjust NG F

BN m ortar Mortar FO s request and adjust fires

SACC afloat TACC afloat as required G CE FSCC ashore Mortar PLT cm dr

UHF/VHF aircraft dependent

Mortar PLT VHF cm dr, m ortar FO s, BN FSCC

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Fire Table 17. Army Fire Support Request Nets

Net MVR BN fire support Net Stations Control On Net Freq FM MVR MVR BN FSE, BN FSE MVR BN FSO, FOs, MVR BN Mortar FDC, FIST HQ, any FDC, FSO, or COLTS as required, MVR BDE FSO FM MVR BN MVR Tactical and FSE/FSO, MVR BN technical fire CO FOs, MVR BN mortar direction and mortar FDC, FIST FDC calls for fire to HQ, COLT(S), any the mortar FDC FSO or observer as required FM DS BN DS BN FDC,PLT Tactical and FDC FDCs, FIST HQ, technical fire FOs, AN/TPQ-36 direction and radar, COLT(S), calls for fire to BN FSE/FSO, FA BN, btry, or MVR Bde PLT FDCs FSE/FSO, FA btry FDCs, FA PLT FDCs HF ASOC TACPs, ASOC, TACP request ALO, CAS AC, immediate air FAC(A) support CO FCT, BN FSE HF PRI SALT Fire control VHF ALT and SALT, Bde AT BN teams request FSE and and adjust NGF FSE ANGLICO TM, Div FSE and ANGLICO TM, DS Ship, GS ship as required. Purpose Calls for fire from non FA observers

MVR BN mortar FD

DS BN fire direction

Air Force air request net NGF ground spot

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LIAISON ELEMENTS
ARMY FIRE SUPPORT ELEMENTS (FSEs) Mission Responsibility for command, control, and coordination of fire support begins with the force commander. From the corps down to the company and team, all levels have FSEs. The FSEs assist the maneuver commander in the decision and execution process, advise on fire support capabilities, and assist in the planning and coordination of fire support. Organization FSEs have a fire support coordinator (FSCOORD) and a supporting staff but will otherwise vary according to the available fire support assets. An FSE will usually include an air liaison officer (ALO); representatives from such elements as the air and naval gunfire liaison company (ANGLICO); Army aviation units, and electronic warfare support elements (EWSEs); mortars; and other assets required by the force commander. Echelons Above Corps. The battlefield coordination detachment (BCD) mission is to establish Commander Army Forces (COMARFOR) liaison and interface with the Joint Forces Air Component Commander (JFACC) to facilitate the coordination and synchronization of JFACC air and ground operations. The BCD performs its mission through the exchange of operational and intelligence data between the JFACC and COMARFOR. Additionally, the BCD interprets the land battle situation for the JFACC and the air operations situation for the COMARFOR. It operates on a 24 hour a day basis.
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Corps and Division. The section within the corps commanders command post that performs the deep attack function is called the deep operations coordination cell (DOCC). The DOCC is the centralized planning, coordination and execution center for deep attack operations within the corps area of operations. The DOCC maintains linkages to USAF via the BCD located at the AOC and the Navy via a Navy Surface Fires Liaison Team located in the DOCC. The FSEs provided at the corps and division levels are similar in structure. They are located in the main and tactical command posts, usually with representatives in the rear command post. Brigade and Battalion. The FSCOORD at brigade level is the commander of the direct support field artillery battalion. The brigade FSCOORD establishes fire support organizations in each maneuver battalion and company. The FSEs at brigade and battalion levels are located in the brigade/battalion command post. Company. Company. The fire support organization at company level is the fire support team (FIST). The FIST is headed by the company FSO, who is also the company FSCOORD. The field artillery and mortars provide the primary fire support to the company. The FIST coordinates these assets and, when available, coordinates CAS and naval resources through the appropriate agencies. The FIST also provides forward observer capabilities to the company. MARINE CORPS TACTICAL AIR CONTROL PARTY Mission The Marine TACP establishes and maintains facilities for liaison and communications between supported units and appropriate control agencies. The TACP is led by the air
66

officer (AO), who informs and advises the ground unit commander on the employment of supporting aircraft and requests and coordinates air support missions. Organization The battalion TACP has two forward air control (FAC) parties, while the regimental and division TACPs have none. Division. The division TACP has 2 officers and 11 enlisted communications personnel. They assist the division AO by monitoring all immediate air support requests from supporting units, by supervising the operation of aviation nets in the division fire support coordination center (FSCC), and by keeping the fire support coordinator (FSC) advised of the general air situation and specific requests of subordinate units. Regiment. The regimental TACP has one regimental air officer (RAO) and four enlisted communications personnel. The RAO advises and assists the regimental commander regarding all aviation matters, consolidates all preplanned and support requests from subordinate units, coordinates with the regimental FSC, functions as the air representative with the regimental FSCC, and facilitates the disposition of immediate air support requests if necessary. Battalion. The battalion TACP has 3 officers and 12 enlisted communications personnel. The senior naval aviator/ naval flight officer functions as the battalion air officer, and each of the other two officers is the leader of a FAC party.

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AIR/NAV COMPANY AIR/NAVAL GUNFIRE LIAISON COMPANY Mission and Employment The ANGLICO can support a US Army or allied division, or elements thereof, by providing the control and liaison agencies for the employment of naval surface fire and naval air support in amphibious assault or other operations. The ANGLICO is normally attached to the supported force for a joint or combined operation in which US fleet assets are employed. The ANGLICO can control fleet firepower to help offset the lack of heavy combat support initially available in most expeditionary environments. To support airborne and special operations forces, the ANGLICO maintains an airborne capability. Organization The ANGLICO maintains a high degree of organizational flexibility and can task-organize to meet the needs of the supported force. A company, if fully committed, can support an entire US Army division of three maneuver brigades. An ANGLICO consists of a company headquarters and three air/ naval gunfire liaison platoons. The ANGLICO headquarters performs command and staff functions necessary to administer, plan, direct, and supervise the execution of assigned missions and to advise the supported commander on the employment of the company. The company headquarters can form a task-organized division air/naval gunfire liaison team as necessary to support a division or comparable-sized allied unit. Each platoon has one brigade liaison team to effect fire support coordination at the US Army combat brigade or equivalent level, two supporting arm liaison teams (SALTs) to effect fire support at the maneuver battalion level, and four firepower control
68

teams (FCTs) to provide control of naval surface support, naval air support, and artillery support at the company level. Division Air/Naval Gunfire Liaison Team. The division air/naval gunfire liaison team can provide support to an Army division or comparable-sized allied unit. The division team usually attaches to the supported division headquarters FSCC, FSE, or a comparable agency for planning, liaison, control, coordination, and employment of supporting arms. Brigade Air / Naval Gunfire Team. The brigade air/ naval gunfire liaison team can support a maneuver brigade. The air/naval gunfire teams are task-organized to support an Army maneuver battalion or comparable-sized allied unit. The brigade air/naval gunfire liaison team usually attaches to the supported brigade TOC or comparable supporting arm for an Army brigade or comparable-sized allied unit. Battalion Supporting Arms Liaison Team. SALTs provide the capability to support a battalion. They are taskorganized to support an Army maneuver battalion or a comparable-sized allied unit. The SALT usually attaches to a supported battalion TOC or a comparable agency for planning, requesting, coordinating, and controlling supporting arms for an Army battalion or comparable-sized unit, as well as for liaison. Firepower Control Team. FCTs provide terminal control of naval gunfire and USN and USMC CAS to a supported maneuver company. They are task-organized to support an Army maneuver company or a comparable-sized allied unit. Company commanders employ FCTs much as they would TACPs, FISTs, or comparable agencies-to plan, request, coordinate, and provide terminal control of supporting arms for an Army maneuver company or comparable-sized allied unitas well as for liaison.
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AIR FORCE TACTICAL AIR CONTROL PARTY Mission The Air Force TACP is a control element stationed with and supporting an Army combat unit. The TACP provides the interface between the Army unit it supports and the combat Air Force unit that provides combat air support. The TACP advises the ground commander on the capabilities and limitations of combat aircraft and weapons and assists in planning for combat air support. The airborne forward air controller (AFAC), the air liaison officer (ALO), and the enlisted terminal attack controller (ETAC) in the TACP provide final attack control for CAS missions. Organization TACPs are located at corps, division, brigade, and battalion levels and are tailored in manning and skills to the Army unit they support. While employed, TACPs are under the operational control of an air support operations center (ASOC) or the senior TACP element deployed. Corps and Division. At corps and division levels and sometimes at the field army level, the TACP has a senior ALO, plus the fighter and airlift liaison officers and tactical air command and control specialists (TACCSs). Brigade. The brigade TACP has a brigade ALO, fighter and airlift liaison officers, and TACCs. Battalion. The battalion TACP has one ALO and two TACCSs assigned. At least one TACCS will also be ETACqualified.
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AIRSPACE FIRE SUPPORT AND AIRSPACE COORDINATION COORDINATION

COORDINATION FORMAL COORDINATION The FSCOORD establishes fire support and airspace coordination, with input from his ALO counterpart at the appropriate level of command and control. Formal measures are usually published in the fire support plan and the airspace coordination order (ACO). Formal coordination can be either permissive or restrictive. PERMISSIVE Permissive coordination consists of the following: Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL). A line established by the appropriate land or amphibious force commander to ensure coordination of fire not under the commanders control but which may affect current tactical operations. The FSCL is used to coordinate fires of air, ground,, or sea weapons systems using any type of ammunition against surface targets. The FSCL should follow well-defined terrain features. The establishment of the FSCL must be coordinated with the appropriate tactical air commander and other supporting elements. Supporting elements may attack targets forward of the FSCL without prior coordination with the land or amphibious force commander provided the attack will not produce adverse surface effects on or to the rear of the line. Attacks against surface targets behind this line must be coordinated with the appropriate land or amphibious force commander.
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Fire Coordinated F ire Line. A line beyond which conventional or improved conventional indirect fire weapons (mortars, field artillery, and naval gunfire) may fire at any time within the zone of the establishing headquarters without additional coordination. Free-Fire Area. A designated area in which any weapon ree-Fire system can fire conventional or improved munitions without additional coordination and is normally established on identifiable terrain. RESTRICTIVE Restrictive coordination consists of the following: No-Fire No-Fire Area. An area in which no fires or the effects of fires are allowed without prior clearance from the establishing headquarters, except if the commanders force must defend against an engaging enemy force within the nofire area. Fire Restrictive Fire Area. An area in which specific restrictions are imposed and into which fires that exceed those restrictions are prohibited without prior coordination from the establishing headquarters. Fire Restrictive Fire Line. A line established between converging friendly forces. It prohibits fires or the effects of fires across the line without coordination from the establishing headquarters. Airspace Coordination Area (ACA). An ACA is a threedimensional block of airspace in a target area, established by the appropriate ground commander, in which friendly aircraft are reasonably free from friendly surface fires. The airspace coordination area may be informal or formal.
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Informal. An informal ACA is most often used and is preferred. An informal ACA is normally in effect for a very short time. It can be established by using lateral altitude or time separation or any combination of these separations. Formal A formal ACA is a three-dimensional block of airspace in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly surface fires. A formal ACA is usually in effect longer than an informal ACA. Altitude is in feet above sea level.

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References
Joint
Joint Publication 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms Joint Publication 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations Joint Publication 3-01, Joint Doctrine for Countering Air and Missile Threats Joint Publication 3-05.5, Joint Special Operations Targeting and Mission Planning Joint Publication 3-09, Doctrine for Joint Fire Support Joint Publication 3-09.1, Joint Laser Designation Procedures Joint Publication 3-09.3, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support Joint Publication 3-52, Doctrine for Joint Airspace Control in the Combat Zone Joint Publication 3-56, Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Operations Joint Publication 3-56.1, Command and Control for Joint Air Operations Joint Publication 6-0, Doctrine for Command , Control, Communications, and Computer (C4) System Support to Joint Operations

References-1

Multiservice
FM 100-103-2/FMFRP 5-62/NDC TACNOTE 3-56.2/ ACCP 50-54/PACAFP 50-54/USAFEP 50-54, Multiservice Procedures for the Theater Air Ground System (TAGS) FM 6-20-10/MCRP 3-16.14, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Targeting Process FM 6-60/FMFRP 6-6-60 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) Operations (S) FM 101-50-36-CD/61A1-3-11-CD/FMFM 10-2-CD/ NA 00-130AA-1-3-11-CD, Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual/Air-to-Surface (JMEM/AS): Risk Estimates for Friendly Troops (U)

Army
FM 1-112, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Attack Helicopter Battalions ST 6-60-30, The Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures FM 6-20-20, Fire Support at Battalion Task Force and Below FM 6-30, Observed Fire FM 34-81, Weather Support for Army Tactical Operations

References-2

Marine FMFM 5-41. Close Air Support FMFM 5-42, Deep Air Support FMFM 6-9, Marine Artillery Support FMFM 6-18, Techniques and Procedures for Fire Support Coordination Air Force Multi Command Manual 3-1, Volume 2, Threat Reference Guide and Countertactics Other Federal Aviation Administration Handbook 7340.1 General Use

References-3

Glossary
A A/C A/C/D AAGS ABCCC ACA ACC ACE aircraft aircraft designator army air-ground system airborne battlefield command and control center airspace coordination area air component commander airborne command element (USAF); air combat element (NATO); aviation combat element (USMC) artillery counterfire information form air defense artillery air defense artillery fire control officer area-denial artillery munitions air defense coordinator airborne forward air controller Air Force Air Request Net Air Force Doctrine Center above ground level Air Land Sea Application air liaison officer air mission commander airspace management liaison section ammunition air/naval gunfire liaison company air officer (USMC); aviation ordnance person, area of operations air operations center (USAF) attack position/antipersonnel; average point antipersonnel antimateriel

ACIF ADA ADAFCO ADAM ADCOORD AFAC AFARN AFDC AGL ALSA ALO AMC AMLS ammo ANGLICO AO AOC AP APAM

Glossary-1

APERS-T APICM ARLO arty ASOC ATACMS ATK AWACS A2C2 B BAT BBDPICM BCD BD BDA BLK BOMREP BP C cal CAS CBU CFL chem COC COMARFOR CP
Glossary-2

antipersonnel-tracer anti personnel improved conventional munition air reconnaissance liaison officer artillery air support operations center Army Tactical Missile System attack airborne warning and control system army airspace command and control

brilliant antiarmor technology submunition Base Bleed Dual Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions battlefield coordination detachment base detonating battle damage assessment block bombing report battle position

caliber close air support cluster bomb unit coordinated fire line chemical combat operations center (USMC) Commander Army Forces concrete-piercing; command post; contact point; collection point

CPHD CRC CRP C/S/TAD CVT D DASC DEL DIR DPICM DTACC DTV E EENT ER ET ETAC EWSE F FA FAC FAC-A FAE FASCAM FCT FDC FFA FFAR

copperhead control and reporting center control and reporting post call sign tactical air direction control variable time fuse

direct air support center (USMC) delay direction dual-purpose improved conventional munitions deployed tanker/airlift control center day television

early evening nautical twilight extended range electronic time enlisted terminal attack controller electronic warfare support element

field artillery forward air controller, forward air control forward air controller (airborne) fuel-air explosive family of scatterable mines firepower control team fire direction center free fire area folding-fin aerial rocket
Glossary-3

FFE FIST FL FLIR FLOT FM FO frag freq FSC FSCC FSCL FSCOORD FSE FSO FTR F/W FY G GFAC GLINT GLO GP GPS grnd GTL H HARM HC HD
Glossary-4

fire for effect fire support team flight level forward-looking infrared radar forward line of own troops frequency modulation; field manual forward observer fragmentation frequency fire support coordinator (USMC) fire support coordination center fire support coordination line fire support coordinator (USA) fire support element fire support officer fighter fixed wing fiscal year

Ground Forward Air Controller Gated Laser Intensifier ground liaison officer general group Global Positioning System ground gun to target line

high-speed antiradiation missile smoke high drag (also snakeye and air-inflatable retarded (AIR)

HE HEAT HEI HEP HES HOB HT I ICM ID IDM IFR IIR illum in ind IP J J-SEAD JAAT JFACC JOC K kHz km

high explosive high explosive, antitank High Explosive Incendiary high explosive, plastic high explosive, spotting height of burst height

improved conventional munitions identification improved data modem instrument flight rules imaging infrared illuminating; illumination inch indicator initial point

joint suppression of enemy air defenses joint air attack team joint forces air component commander joint operations center

kilohertz kilometer

Glossary-5

L L/R LANTIRN LAT lb LCC LD LGB LGW LLLTV LOAL LOBL LONG LRF LST LT LTD LTL LZ M m m/d/s mm MAG MAGTF max MCCDC med MG mHz
Glossary-6

left/right low-altitude navigation and targeting infrared for night latitude pounds land component commander low drag laser guided bomb (GBU-10/12/24) laser guided weapon low-light level television lock-on after launch lock-on before launch longitude laser range finder laser spot tracker laser-target laser target designator laser-target-line landing zone

meter; minute model/designator/series millimeter magnetic Marine air-ground task force maximum Marine Corps Combat Development Command medium machine gun megahertz

min MLRS mm MORTREP MSL MT MTSQ N NA NAO nap NATO NAVAIR NCC NDC NEG NFA NM NSFS NVG NW O obs OPRs ord P PD PI pt

minimum multiple-launch rocket system millimeter mortar bombing report mean sea level mechanical time mechanical time, superquick

not applicable naval aviation officer napalm North Atlantic Treaty Organization naval air naval component commander Naval Doctrine Command negative no fire area nautical mile naval surface fire support night vision goggles northwest

obscured offices of primary responsibility ordnance

point detonating/delay probability of incapacitation point

Glossary-7

Q Q R RAAM RAO RAP RECCE Ref rev RFA RFL RPM R/W S SACC SALT SATCOM SDZ SE SEAD sec SFC SHELREP SIM SINCGARS SLAM SMK SOF
Glossary-8

quick

remote antiarmor mine system regimental air officer rocket-assisted projectile reconnaissance reference revolutions restrictive fire area restrictive fire line rounds per minute rotary wing

supporting arms coordination center supporting arms liaison team satellite communications surface danger zone southeast suppression of enemy air defenses second surface wind speed shelling report simulation Single-Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System standoff land attack missile smoke special operations forces

SOTAC STT sust SW T T T-Storms TAC(A) TACC

special operations terminal attack controller special tactics team sustained southwest

TACCS TACP TACS TALCE TALO TAOC TAR TARWI TGL tgt TI TOC TOT TOW TTT TV TVS

tracer thunderstorms tactical air coordinator (airborne) tactical air control center (USN); tactical air command center (USMC); tanker airlift control center (USAF) tactical air command and control specialist tactical air control party theater air control system (USMC) theater airlift coordination element theater airlift liaison officer tactical air operations center (USMC) tactical air reconnaissance target weather information target to gun line target time tactical operations center time on target tube-launched, optically tracked, wireguided missile time to target television television sensor

Glossary-9

U UFN UHF USA USAF USMC USN UTM V VFR VHF VIS VT W WOC WP WX wing operations center white phosphorus weather visual flight rules very high frequency visual variable time until further notice ulta high frequency United States Army United States Air Force United States Marine Corps United States Navy universal transverse mercator (grid)

Glossary-10

FM 90-20 MCRP 3-16.8B NWP 3-09.2 AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 6 NOVEMBER 1997

DISTRIBUTION: Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance with the initial distribution number 114378, requirements for FM 90-20.

MARINE CORPS PCN: 14400003300