Experiement.

04

To study the Astable multivibrator, Monostable multivibrator, Bistable multivibrator,

Hartley oscillator, Colpitt oscillator, Wein’s oscillator
Contents
8.1. Astable Multi-vibrator
8.1.1. Objective…………………………………………….……………….……….…8.3
8.1.2. Expected outcome……………….………….…….…………….…………….....8.3
8.1.3. Theory………………………..….………………………………….………...…8.3
8.1.4. Equipment required……….…………..…………………………………………8.3
8.1.5. Procedure…………..……..……………………………………………………..8.3
8.1.6. Circuit diagram...…..……..……………………………………………………..8.3
8.1.7. Conclusion……………….…………………………………………………...…8.4
8.1.8. Viva questions…....…………………………………………………….………..8.4
8.2. Bistable Multi-vibrator
8.2.1. Objective………………………………………………………………………...8.5
8.2.2. Expected outcome…..………………………………………………………...…8.5
8.2.3. Theory………...…………………………………………………………………8.5
8.2.4. Equipment required………………………..…………………………………….8.5
8.2.5. Procedure………………………………………………………………………..8.5
8.2.6. Circuit diagram…………………...……………………………………………..8.6
8.2.7. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………8.6
8.2.8. Viva questions….……………………………………………………………….8.6
8.3. Mono-stable Multivibrator
8.3.1. Objective………………………………………………………………………...8.7
8.3.2. Expected outcome……………………………………………………………….8.7
8.3.3. Theory…………………………………………………………………………...8.7
8.3.4. Equipment required……………………………………………………………...8.7
8.3.5. Procedure………………………………………………………………………..8.7
8.3.6. Circuit diagram………………………………………………………………….8.8
8.3.7. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………....8.8
8.3.8. Viva questions…………………………………………………………………..8.8

8.1
8.4. Hartley /RF tuned Oscillator
8.4.1. Objective………………………………………………………………….….…8.9
8.4.2. Expected outcome……………………………………………………….…..….8.9
8.4.3. Theory………………………………………….…………………………….…8.9
8.4.4. Equipment required……………………………………………………………..8.9
8.4.5. Procedure………………………………………….…………………………...8.10
8.4.6. Circuit diagram………………………………………………………………...8.10
8.4.7. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..8.11
8.4.8. Viva questions………………………………………………………………….8.11
8.5. Colpitt Oscillator
8.5.1. Objective……………………………………………………………………….8.12
8.5.2. Expected outcome……………………………………………………………...8.12
8.5.3. Theory………………………………………………………………………….8.12
8.5.4. Equipment required………….…………………………………………………8.12
8.5.5. Procedure.………….………………………….……………………………….8.13
8.5.6. Circuit diagram …………………………………..……………………………8.13
8.5.7. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..8.13
8.5.8. Viva questions…………………………………………………………………8.13
8.6. Crystal Oscillator
8.6.1. Objective………………………………………………………………….……8.14
8.6.2. Expected outcome……………………………………………………………...8.14
8.6.3. Theory……………………………………………………………………….…8.14
8.6.4. Equipment required…………………………………………………………….8.14
8.6.5. Procedure …...…………………………………………………………………8.14
8.6.6. Circuit diagram …………………………………..……………………………8.15
8.6.7. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..8.15
8.6.8. Viva questions…………………………………………………………….……8.15

8.2
8.1. Astable Multivibrator
8.1.1. Objective

To study astable multivibrator and observe collector and base waveforms and to measure the
frequency of output

8.1.2. Expected outcome

Waveform comes out to be square at collector terminal which is visible on CRO. And frequency
should vary with R,C and supply voltage.

8.1.3. Theory

A timer IC produces a astable (or free running) square-wave output whose frequency can be
varied by changing the external RC time constant. Astable Multivibrators generate a rectangular
waveform. Astable Multivibrator switches continuously between its two unstable states without
the need for any external triggering. This rectangular-wave oscillator is useful in generating signals
for digital circuitry, lamp flashers, sound generators and various other applications

8.1.4. Equipment required

1. DC power supply 5V
2. CRO
3. Panel no.11
8.1.5. Procedure

1. Connect rhe power supply to panel.

2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Observe the two LEDs of multivivrator.
4. LEDs turn on and off , turn by turn at a fixed period.
5. Observe the two waveforms of base and collector of the one transistor on CRO.
6. Transistor waveforms are similar but out of phase by 180o.
7. Measure the frequency on CRO.
8. Observe the effect of variation in supply voltage on frequency.
8.1.6. Circuit diagram

T = 1.38 RC

8.3
F =0.724RC

Fig 8.1 Actual circuit diagram of astable multivibrator

Wiring sequence:5(+)-1,5V(-)-2,CRO(I/P)-19,CRO(GND)-2
8.1.7. Conclusion
Waveform comes out square at the collector terminal on CRO. And frequency vary with R,C
and supply voltage.

8.1.8. Viva question

Q1. What is a multivibrator ?
Q2. What is the purpose of multivibrator ?
Q3. What is an astable multivibrator called so ?
Q4.What is the disadvantage of an astable multivibrator?

8.2. Monostable Multivibrator

8.2.1. Objective

8.4
To study bistable multivibrator and observe waveforms
8.2.2. Expected outcome
Frequency should come out to be half of the input frequency.
8.2.3. Theory
A bi-stable circuit is one which can exist indefinitely in either of two stable states and which
can be induced to make an abrupt transition from one state to the other by means of external
excitation. The bi-stable circuit is also called as bi-stable multivibrator, Eccles Jordon circuit,
Trigger circuit, Scale-of-2 toggle circuit, Flip-Flop & Binary.
A bistable multivibratior is used in a many digital operations such as counting and the storing
of binary information. It is also used in the generation and processing of pulse-type waveform.
They can be used to control digital circuits and as frequency dividers.
There are two outputs available which are complements of one another. i.e. when one output is
high the other is low and vice versa .

8.2.4. Equipment required

1. DC power supply 5V

2. CRO

3. Panel no.11

4. Functional generator TTL o/p.

8.2.5. Procedure
1. Connect rhe power supply to panel.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Observe the two LEDs of multivivrator.
4. LEDs turn on and off,but OFF LEDs will never be fully off because current is flowing
through the 4.7KΩ and base of the other transistor.
5. Apply TTL level square wave signal of i/p 5V, 100Hz to 450Hz .
6. Check o/p for division of 2 on CRO
7. Observe the waveform at collector and base of one transistor.
8. Owing to the RC time constant of R&C &gain of transistors i/p condition becomes critical.
9. If supply is getting shorted you will still see the waveform

8.5
8.2.6. Circuit diagram

Fig 8.2 Actual circuit diagram of bistable multivibrator

Wiring sequence:5(+)-1,5V(-)-2,FG(O/P)-4,FG(GND)-7,CRO(I/P)-5,CRO(GND)-8

8.2.7. Conclusion
Frequency comes out to be half of the input frequency.

8.2.8. Viva questions

Q1.What is a bistable multivibrator called so?
Q2.What is the disadvantage of a bistable multivibrator?
Q3. What is the application of bistable?

8.3.Bistable multivibrator
8.3.1. Objective
To study bistable multivibrator and observe waveforms

8.6
8.3.2. Expected outcome
It should be stable in only one state. Change in state is temporarily for a predetermined time
and returns to original state.
8.3.3. Theory
Multivibrators have two different electrical states, an output “HIGH” state and an output
“LOW” state giving them either a stable or quasi-stable state depending upon the type of
multivibrator. One such type of a two state pulse generator configuration is called Monostable
Multivibrators.
Monostable Multivibrators have only ONE stable state (hence their name: “Mono”), and
produce a single output pulse when it is triggered externally. Monostable Multivibrators only
return back to their first original and stable state after a period of time determined by the time
constant of the RC coupled circuit.
8.3.4. Equipment required
1.DC power supply 5V
2.CRO
3.Panel no.11

8.3.5. Procedure
1. Put the selector switch to monostable.
2. Connect 5V power supply to the panel.
3. Apply input signal fromfunctional generator(0.1 Hz, TTL Level) to the i/p of monostable.
4. Observe the LEDs at collector of two transisitors
5. LEDs turn on and off. This is the Monostable steady state condition.But OFF LEDs will
never be fully off because current is flowing through the 4.7KΩ and base of the other
transistor.
6. It will glow dimly due to only 1/10th current flowing through it.

8.3.6. Circuit diagram

8.7
Fig 8.3 actual circuit diagram of monostable multivibrator

Wiring sequence: 5(+)-1,5V(-)-2,FG(O/P)-11,FG(GND)-15,CRO(I/P)-12 ,CRO(GND)-2

8.3.7. Conclusion
It gives square waveform at o/p i.e collector terminal. Observe on CRO with time/div 0.2
sec/div only. This slow frequency facilitates easy viewing on LEDs. Frequency is dependent on
R,C and supply voltage.
8.3.8. Viva question
Q1.What is an monostable multivibrator called so ?

Q2.What is the disadvantage of an monstable multivibrator?

Q3. What is the application of monostable?

8.8
8.4. Hartley & RF Tuned Oscillator
8.4.1. Objective
To study the Hartley oscillator & RF tuned oscillator and observe output and measure
frequency.
8.4.2. Expected outcome
Output will be sine wave without any wave input.
8.4.3. Theory
Part 1) Hartley Oscillator:
This is the classic Hartley configuration where is the tapped IFT works as two inductors and
capacitor in the tank circuit act as single capacitance element. O/P can be either tapped A/C
coupled from collector using capacitor or transformer coupled using secondary with V CC
connected to centre tap and other mutually coupled Lgives feedback to base.

Part 2) RF tuned oscillator:

This oscillator is different from Hartley even though same LC components are used. The
change in configuration change its classification.

Differences:

1.The feedback is tapped from secondary. There is isolation between LC tunned tank circuit
& its feedback.

2.due to parallel resonance offering maximum impedance in collector circuit at resonance

causing maximum gain at feedback given from secondary causes oscillation.

8.4.4. Equipment required

1. DC power supply +5V.
2.CRO.
3.frquency oscillator.
4. Panel no. 11.
Wiring sequence:
For Hartley osc: 5V(+)-1, 5V(-)-2, CRO(I/P)-3, CRO(GND)-4, Keep SW2 left side.
For RF tuned osc: connections are same as above . keep SW2 right side.

8.9
8.4.5. Procedure
1. Connect +5V supply to oscillator VCC .

2. Set SW2 to right select RF tuned and left for Hartley as per following table.

8.4.6. Circuit diagram

Fig.8.4. Connection circuit for Hartley/ RF tuned osc.

Table 1.1

Name SW2 Frequency (theoretical)

Harley osc. Left 625 KHz
RF tuned osc. Right 500 KHz

3. Connect CRO to the output terminals of Hartley oscillator.

4. Observe the wave shape and measure and record the frequency of oscillation.
1
Frequency =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

8.10
Observed frequency =____________ (RF tuned)
=____________(Hartley)
8.4.7. Conclusion
The circuit works as oscillator i.e. it gives out sine wave as output without any wave input.
8.4.8. Viva questions
1. What is an Oscillator?
2.What is the output of an oscillator if transistor is ideal?
3. How an oscillator generates oscillations without any input?
4. Which feedback used in oscillators?

8.5. Colpitt Oscillator

8.11
8.5.1. Objective
To study the Colpitt oscillator and observe output and measure frequency
8.5.2. Expected outcome
It behaves like LC oscillator.
8.5.3. Theory
A Colpitts oscillator is the electrical dual of a Hartley oscillator, where the feedback signal is
taken from an "inductive" voltage divider consisting of two coils in series (or a tapped coil).L and
the series combination of C1 and C2 form the parallel resonant tank circuit which determines the
frequency of the oscillator. The voltage across C2 is applied to the base-emitter junction of the
transistor, as feedback to create oscillations. The frequency of oscillation is approximately the
resonant frequency of the LC circuit, which is the series combination of the two capacitors in
parallel with the inductor.
8.5.4. Equipment required
1. DC power supply +5V.
2. CRO.
3. Frequency oscillator.
4. Panel no. 11.

8.5.5. Procedure

1. Put the selector to colpitt’s oscillator position.

2. Connect to 5V power supply to the panel.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Connect CRO to the o/p of the oscillator.
5. Observe the o/p and measure the frequency and record it.
1
Frequency =
𝐶1×𝐶2
2𝜋√𝐿
𝐶1+𝐶2

8.5.6. Circuit diagram

8.12
Fig. 8.5 Connection circuit for colpitt osc.

Wiring sequence: 5V(+)-1, 5V(-)-2, CRO(I/P)-9, CRO(GND)-13

8.5.7. Conclusion

Colpitt is a LC oscillator with a tap on capacitor.

8.5.8. Viva questions

1) What is a Colpitts oscillator?

2) Compare Hartley and Colpitts Oscillator.

8.6. Cryatal Oscillator

8.13
8.6.1. Objective

To study the crystal oscillator and observe output and measure frequency

8.6.2. Expected outcome

It should show the stable frequency o/p.

8.6.3. Theory

Crystal oscillators are used in order to get stable sinusoidal signals despite of variations in
temperature, h umidity, transistor and circuit parameters. A piezoelectric crystal is used in this
oscillator as resonant tank circuit. Crystal works under the principal of piezoelectric effect. i.e.,
when an AC signal applied across the crystal, it vibrates at the frequency of the applied voltage.
Conversely if the crystal is forced to vibrate it will generate an AC signal. Commonly used crystals
are Quartz, Rochelle salt etc.

8.6.4. Equipment required

1. DC power supply +5V.
2. CRO.

3. Frquency oscillator.

4. Panel no. 11.

8.6.5. Procedure
Wiring sequence:15V(+)-1,15V(-)-2, CRO(I/P)-17,CRO(GND)-20
1. Put the selector to crystal oscillator position.
2. Connect to 5V power supply to the panel.
3. Here variable supply is recommended to check frequency stability with respect to supply
variation
4. Switch on the power supply.
5. connect CRO to the o/p of the oscillator.
Frequency =f=_________ MHz
𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙−𝐹𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑
% error = × 100
𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙

8.6.6. Circuit diagram

8.14
Fig. 8.6. Connection circuit for crystal osc
1. Put the selector to crystal oscillator position.
2. Connect to 5V power supply to the panel.
3. Here variable supply is recommended to check frequency stability with respect to supply
variation
4. Switch on the power supply.
5. connect CRO to the o/p of the oscillator.
Frequency =f=_________ MHz
𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙−𝐹𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑
% error = × 100
𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙

8.6.7. Conclusion
Observation shows stable frequency o/p with little or on variation in o/p frequency of
oscillation.

8.6.8. Viva questions

1. What is piezoelectric effect?
2. Where is it used?

8.15