Signal Generation &
Waveform Shaping
Circuit
Astable Multivibrator- Square & triangular pulses
Monostable Multivibrator
555 Timer for astable and monostable operation
Design of function generator
Signal Generation & Waveform
Shaping Circuits
Sinusoidal Oscillator Non-sinusoidal Multivibrator Circuit
LC, RC frequency selective networks Op-Amp based Multivibrator
Amplifiers with positive feedback 555 Timer based Multivibrator
Natural sinusoidal Non-sinusoidal waveforms
waveforms such as square, triangular,
sawtooth waveforms
Comparator, Schmitt Trigger etc.
Triangular to sine wave converter
Multivibrator Circuit
Non-sinusoidal waveforms like triangular, square, pulses
etc. are generated
Three types of multivibrators:
Bistable,
Astable
Monostable
Developed by using Op-Amp IC or Timer IC
Also called “Relaxation Oscillator”
Device operates either in saturation or in cut-off.
In cut-off: device are relaxing
Bistable Multivibrators
As its name indicates, the bistable multivibrator has two stable
states. The circuit can remain in either stable state indefinitely
and moves to the other stable state only when appropriately
triggered.
Bistability can be obtained by connecting a dc amplifier in a
positive-feedback loop having a loop gain greater than unity.
An op-amp and a resistive voltage divider in the positive-
feedback path.
Bistable Multivibrators
Loop gain A >1 & Regenerative process can start
𝑅1
𝑣+ = +𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Two stable states
𝑅1
𝑣+ = −𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝒗+ = 𝟎 is called unstable equilibrium
or metal stable state
Bistable Multivibrators
Ball
Metastable
state
Stable Hill Stable
state #1 state #2
Inverting Input Bistable Multivibrator
+Vsat
VLT VUT
-Vsat
𝑣𝑜 = 𝐴 𝑣+ − 𝑣𝑖
𝑅1
𝑉𝑈𝑇 = 𝑣+ = +𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Two stable states
𝑅1
𝑉𝐿𝑇 = 𝑣+ = −𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Non-Inverting Input Bistable Multivibrator
𝑣𝑜 = 𝐴 𝑣+ − 0
Using superposition
𝑅2 𝑅1
𝑣+ = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑣𝑜 (1)
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝐼𝑛 𝐸𝑞. 1 , 𝑣𝑜 = +𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡 , 𝑣+ = 0 , 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑉𝐿𝑇
𝑅1
𝑉𝐿𝑇 = − +𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑅2
Two stable states
𝐼𝑛 𝐸𝑞. 1 , 𝑣𝑜 = −𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡 , 𝑣+ = 0 , 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑉𝑈𝑇
𝑅1
𝑉𝑈𝑇 =− −𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑡
𝑅2
Precise Output Circuit using Bistable
Multivibrator
Generation of Square Waveforms
using Astable Multivibrators
A square waveform can be generated by arranging for a
bistable multivibrator to switch states periodically.
This can be done by connecting the bistable multivibrator
with an RC circuit in a feedback loop
Bistable multivibrator has an inverting transfer
characteristic
Circuit has no stable states and thus is appropriately
named an astable multivibrator
Operation of Astable Multivibrators
Operation of Astable Multivibrators
Operation of Astable Multivibrators
Concept of Duty Cycle
A duty cycle is the fraction of one period in which a
signal or system is active.
Duty cycle is commonly expressed as a percentage or a
ratio.
DC = (T1/ T) *100 Where, T=T1+T2
T1 T2
T1 T2 T1 T2
Triangular Waveform Generation
Triangular Waveform Generation
The exponential waveforms generated in the astable circuit can
be changed to triangular by replacing the low-pass RC circuit
with an integrator.
The integrator is, after all, a low-pass circuit with a corner
frequency at dc.
The integrator causes linear charging and discharging of the
capacitor, thus providing a triangular waveform.
Triangular Waveform Generation
Triangular Waveform Generation
2𝑅𝑅1 𝐶
𝑇1 = 𝑇2 =
𝑅2
4𝑅𝑅1 𝐶
𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 =
𝑅2
1 𝑅2
𝑓= =
𝑇 4𝑅𝑅1 𝐶
Amplitude can be controlled by R1 and R2 resistors.
Generation of a Standardized
Pulse—The Monostable Multivibrator
In some applications the need arises for a pulse of known
height and width generated in response to a trigger signal.
Such a standardized pulse can be generated by the third type of
multivibrator, the monostable multivibrator.
The monostable multivibrator has one stable state in which it
can remain indefinitely.
It also has a quasi-stable state to which it can be triggered and
in which it stays for a predetermined interval equal to the
desired width of the output pulse.
When this interval expires, the monostable multivibrator
returns to its stable state and remains there, awaiting another
triggering signal.
Alternative name, the one shot.
Operation of Monostable Multivibrator
Triggering Circuit
L+=> +Vsat
L-=> -Vsat
Operation of Monostable Multivibrator
Monostable multivibrator may not be triggered again
until the capacitor C has been recharged completely
to VD1.
Otherwise resulting pulse will be shorter than
normal.
Recharging time is known as recovery period.
555 Timer Circuit
Reset (4)
(8)
(6)
(3)
Control
Voltage (5)
(2)
(7)
(1)
Monostable Multivibrator Operation
Monostable Multivibrator Operation
Single Liner Ramp Generator
Astable Multivibrator by 555 timer
Astable Multivibrator by 555 timer
Astable Multivibrator by 555 timer
Astable Multivibrator by 555 timer
Free Running Ramp Generator
Current Mirror Ckt.
Function Generator
Triangular to Sine Wave Converter
Triangular to Sine Wave Converter
