DESIGN OF SIPHON

ENGR. WEYNARD JOSEPH P. UNTALAN

SIPHONS
A canal siphon (sometimes called an inverted siphon) is a closed conduit designed to run full and under
pressure, to convey canal water by gravity under roads, railways various types of drainage channels and local
depressions. The structure operates on differential head, just sufficient to compensate hydraulic losses trough
the structure when flowing at the design capacity.

Suitability – economics and other considerations determine the feasibility of using a siphon over other
types of structures, at the given location . If the canal bed level (CBL) is sufficiently above the design flood level
of the drainage channel, an elevated flume will be a possible alternative. If the difference between CB and
drainage bed level (DBL) is not significant, canal siphon is the best choice. To maintain levels and geometrics of
railways and roads, canal siphon becomes a better alternatives. If the CBL is sufficiently above the road/railway
level to provide enough clearance for the vehicles, or in case of a local depression, canal water can as well be
conveyed through an elevated flume.

Generally, a drainage siphon (conveying drain water below the canal by a siphon) is not recommended
because of the possibility of it getting choked due to sediment, debris, floating trees etc. thus endangering the
safety of the canal bank work.
Advantages and disadvantages

Main advantage of a canal siphon is that it provides an unobstructed waterway for drainage channel
which is important in a country like Philippines where floating logs and trees are a common feature during
floods associated with typhoons. As the waterway is not obstructed , lowering of foundations at abutments and
piers (to take care of deeper scouring a such locations) is not necessary. Roads and railways can maintain
their levels and geometrics when canal siphons are utilized.
One disadvantage of a siphon is the high head loss involved as compared to that of an elevated flume . It
results into corresponding loss of command for a contour canal or involves extra expenditures to increase the
canal length to maintain the net service area.

Desilting may also cause maintenance problem at some locations. Possibility of choking due to floating
trash, and hazard to life can be reduced by providing trash rack.
Another disadvantage of a canal siphon across a drainage is that a road crossing (paved dip,
submersible bridge or high level bridge) has to be provided for service road, becoming an additional
expenditure item to be considered in working out costs alternatives. An elevated flume can on the other hand
be combined with a bridge over the top slab conveniently, and at much less extra cost.

Before making a decision, all these points are to be considered, weighed carefully and in case of
important structures cost estimates for possible alternatives should be also made.
Data requirement
Canal Data
i) Canal elements, section properties and elevation upstream and downstream of the structure.
ii) Available drop ( head loss) as per canal profile sheet.
iii) Details of lining provided if any.
iv) Profile along canal center line on either side of the structure, for a distance of 60 to 100m
v) Contour plan around the site
vi) Specific requirements for the type of drainage channel crossing for the service road (low level
cause way, submersible bridge or high level bridge etc.)

Drainage channel data

i) Topo map at proposed siphon site.
ii) Drainage area at the design site and other data such as type of catchment, rainfall record, etc. to
compute design flood discharge
iii) Observed highest flood level record and observed water surface slope record. Probable value of
roughness coefficient ‘n’ at the site.
iv) Profile of channel showing bed levels for a length of 5L u/s subject to a minimum of 300 to 500
m, where L is the width of channel bank to bank. Cross-sections at an interval of 50 m for the same
distance u/s and d/s as for the profile.
v) Type of bed material and its mechanical analysis to decide probable depth of scouring. Trial pit or
boring log data up to proposed foundation level.
Structure components

i) Inlet and Outlet Transition

On considerations of economy (by requiring smaller conduit section) and to maintain
minimum velocity of 1.5 m/sec through the conduit (to avoid silting), there is usually an appreciable
difference between velocity of flow through canal and through the siphon conduit.

ii) Conduit
Rectangular closed conduit are to be designed for internal pressure as well as to
withstand external backfill pressure.

iii) Blowoff Structure and manhole

Blowoff structures may be provided at or near the low point of relatively long important
siphons across a natural drainage, to permit draining the conduit for inspection and maintenance. A
man hole is often included with blowoff on long siphons, 1m by 1m to provide an intermediate
access point for inspection and maintenance.
iv) Combination with Wasteway
For siphons across highways or railways, it is desirable to provide a check structure at the
siphon inlet and provide an overflow wasteway at suitable point on the canal on the upstream, to
divert the canal flow to a natural drain, in case of breach or a other emergency, so as to avoid
interruption to road or rail traffic.

v) Freeboard
Extra freeboard at the siphons is provided.

vi) Erosion Protection

Erosion protection is often provided adjacent to the siphons in earth canals.

vii) Trash Rack

Trash racks or safety racks are provided at the inlet of siphons to prevent entry of floating
trash into the siphon to ensure for safety of people and cattle. Fencing around the inlet may also
be provided for safety. Trash rack is made up of slant mild steel (MS) bars/GI pipes and supporting
horizontal MS bars GI pipes with a clear opening of 0.15 to 0.25 m. Inclination of trash track is
normally kept as 1 (H) : 4 (V) except for small panels which may be kept vertical at the discretion
of the designer. Trash rack should be designed as fully choked (structural design).
Hydraulic design considerations

Profile of the structure

Siphon is provided as an inline structure on a canal to cross a highway, railway, village road,
depression or a drainage channel. If the first cases, conduit profile depends on relative levels of canal and
roadway/railway/ depression and is designed to satisfy requirements of cover, slopes, bend angles and expected
submergence of inlet and outlet etc. observing the following requirements
i) Minimum cover over the conduit shall be 1 m for railway or highway crossing and 0.6 m for village roads and
for roadside ditches.

ii) For cross-drainage works, minimum cover shall be1 m and even more if retrogression is anticipated

iii) Minimum cover of 0.2 m for crossing below a lined canal and 0.6 m below an unlined canal shall provided.
Head loss through structure
Inverted siphon works on differential head and it is necessary to check that hydraulic losses through the
structure balance the head loss provided at the structure in the canal profile
For minimum hydraulic loss, it is desirable to provide a seal of 1.5 hv (one and half times the change in
velocity head) with a maximum of 0.1 m at the inlet over the crown of the conduit preferably no submergence at
the conduit outlet. If the submerge at the outlet exceeds 1/6th of height of opening, coefficient of head loss
increases from 0.7 to 1.0

Permissible velocities of flow

Available head loss at the structure, economy and permissible flow velocities determine the size of a
siphon conduit. In order that silt or sediment does not settle at the bottom of the conduit, a minimum velocity of
flow through pipe is kept at 1.5m/sec or even up to 2 m/sec if the head loss permits.

Transitions
Vertical transitions in the bed profile of the siphon shall not be steeper than 1V in 4 H at entry and 1 V
in 6 H at exit. A tangential curve should be provided at the entry, exit and the bottom of siphon at change of
slopes.
For small structures, broken back transitions serve the purpose. But for large discharges it is preferable
to provide curved transition walls so as to reduce the had loss and to ensure streamline flow especially at he
outlet transition, which reduces turbulence, formation of eddies and hence erosion.
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
CANAL ELEMENTS
ABOVE BELOW
Q= 3.80
cms.
V= 0.65 m/s S
A= 5.76 m2
b= 3.00 m. A
d= 1.20 m.
D= 1.70 m. M
r= 0.7862
t= E
S= 0.00037
Ss = 1.5:1
n= 0.025
TB = 204.20 203.70
WS = 203.70 203.20
 b) DRAINAGE -- Bed level 200.00 m
Design flood level = 202.90
Scour level = 197.70
Bed Material – sand, gravel and boulders
Existing bed width = 50 m
Banks – Stable, in erodible, slopes = 1:1
Angle of internal friction for backfill = 30º

 c) Siphon -- RC rectangular barrel n = 0.015

Radius at bends along centre line of box = 4 m
Transition – broken back
 As the banks are stable and in erodible, it is not necessary to work our Lacey’s
regime width. Hence provide the siphon width bottom length of say 60 m ( 10 m wider
than the drainage bed width ) with a slope of 2:1 in the sloping portion. Keep a
minimum cover of 0.60 m below the river bed and over the top of siphon barrel ( in case
of erodible alluvial bed it is preferable to keep a minimum cover of 1.00 m or keep the
level of floor slab below scour depth for the drainage bed material, whichever is lower.

Profile of the siphon will be as shown in the sketch below.

El. 204.45
TB. = 204.20
EL. = 203.90 TB. = 203.70
WS. = 203.70
DFL = 202.90 WS. = 203.20
CB. = 202.50
CB. = 202.00

50.00m

El. 200.00m
El. 199.40

60.00m
El. 204.45
TB. = 204.20 EL. = 203.90
WS. = 203.70 TB. = 203.70
DFL = 202.90 WS. = 203.20
CB. = 202.50
CB. = 202.00

50.00m
El. 200.00m 24
El. 199.40 2. 1
2

60.00m

Length of barrel = 60 + 2 x 2.24 [ 202.50 + 1.20 – 199.40 ]

= 60 +[ 4.48 ( 4.30 ) ]
= 79.26 Say 80 m.

Cross section of barrel

Assume velocity of 2 m/sec. through the barrel. As top of barrel is at RL199.40 and scour level
is 197.70, outside height of barrel can be up to 1.70 m. Assuming thickness of top and bottom slabs as
0.25 m., inside height of barrel will be 1.20 m.
1. Hydraulic Analysis
A. Head Available (ha)
0.15
(ha) = WSabove- WSbelow
= 202.5 - 202.00 0.90
= 0.50 m.
Assume struct. vel,vs = 2.00 m/s 0.15

Q = velocity x b x d
b = 3.80 / ( 2 x 1.20 )
b = 1.583 or say 1.60 m. 0.15 1.30 0.15

Assuming corner fillets of 0.15 x 0.15 m. actual velocity will be:

b =1.60m, with
d =1.20m 15 x L = 80 m
15 cm. -fillets n = 0.015
Asiphon = (1.60 x 1.2 ) - (4 x .5 x 0.15 x 0.15)
A s = 1.875 m2
P = ((2) x (0.90 + 1.3 )) +(( 4 ) x (.152 x .151/2
2
))
Vs = Q/A
Ps = 5.249
= 3.80 / 1.875
R = /AP
Vs = 2.027
= 1.875 / 5.249 = 0.357
B. Velocity Heads
xg)
hvs = Vs2 / (2
= (2.027)2 / ( 2 x 9.81 ) = 0.21 m.
hva = Va2 / (2
xg)
= (0.666)² / ( 2x 9.81 ) = 0.02 m.
xg)
hvb = Vb2 / (2
= (0.666)2 / ( 2 x 9.81 ) = 0.02 m.

C. Computations of Headlosses
i) Inlet transition loss -
Assuming broken back transition, K will be 0.30 for inlet and 0.50 for outlet transition.
Inlet transition loss, hi = Ki (hvs - hva)
hi = 0.30 ( 0.21 - 0.02 )
= 0.057 m.
ii) Outlet transition loss
Outlet transition loss, ho = Ko (hvs - h vb)

ho = 0.50 ( 0.21 - 0.02 )

= 0.095 m.

iii) Friction loss in the conduit

Friction loss in the transitions is generally neglected.
( vs n) 2 (L)
Friction loss, hf =
R(4/3)
2
hf = ( 2.027 x 0.015 ) (80) / ( 0.357 )4/3
= 0.2916 m.
iv) Friction loss in the bends
deflection angles :
Bend loss, hb = 0.25 (hvs) (A /90)1/2
1/2 A1 = 26.56°
= 0.25 (0.21) [( 26.56/90) + (26.56/90) ]
A2 = 26.56°
= 0.057 m.
v) Loss in Trashrack 2
TV
Trashrack loss, ht = 0.361 (sin A) (sec B)15/8
D
T = thickness of trashrack bars in cms. =2
D = 20 cm
A = Inclination of angle of trashrack = tan-1 (4/1) = 75.96
B = Horizontal inclination = 0

ht = 0.361 [( 2 x 2.027/20 ) sin (75.96) sec (0)15/8

2

= 0.014 m.

Total head loss (HL) = 0.057 + 0.095 + 0.29 + 0.057 + 0.014

= 0.513

Usually 10% addition is made to these losses as safety factor to ensure that there is no heading
water up of on the U/S of siphon.
Probable loss = 0.513 x 1.10
= 0.564 m > Available head = 0.50 Not OK
As available headloss is only 0.50 m, one alternative is to redesign the section assuming slightly low
velocity of flow. But another acceptable alternative would be to retain the section and allow some heading of water
up to 0.03 to 0.08 m ( 0.512 - 0.50 to 0.58 - 0.50 )which is not very significant and can be taken care of by the
increased freeboard on the upstream side.

Normal FB = 0.4 x 1.20 = 0.48 say 0.50 m

Additional FB on U/S = 0.50 / 2 = 0.25
Canal Bank level on U/S = 202.5 + 1.20 + 0.50 + 0.25= 204.45 m.

This extra freeboard be provided for a length of 50m. On the U/S canal bank level.
Canal bank level on D/S = 202.00 + 1.20 + 0.50 = 203.70

Which is 0.80m. (203.70 – 202.90) above the design flood level for the drainage and hence may be
increased to 203.90 to get FB of 1m. Over the design flood level.
Inlet Transition
Minimum seal of 1.50 hv or 10 cm. whichever is greater shall be provided over the barrel opening.

204.45
204.20
203.70
0.29 m. >1.5hv or 10 cm. which is more
1.20 m.
202.50 1.34 m. Ø

m.
0
1.2
2
Barrel Height 1
height of opening =
cos A1

= 1.20 / cos 26.56 = 1.34m.

minimum seal = 1.5 Δhv =1.50 ( hvs - hva )

= 1.50 ( 0.21 - 0.02 ) = 0.285 use: 0.29 m.

204.45
204.205
203.70
0.29 m. 1.5hv or 10 cm. which is more
1.20 m
202.50 1.34 m. Ø

m.
0
202.07

1.2
2
1
Invert level of barrel at the starting point
= 203.70 - 0.29 - 1.34 = 202.07

Diff in invert transition

= 202.5 - 202.07 =0.43 m. < 0.90 m. OK

(should not exceed 3/4-the barrel height)

= 0.75 x 1.20 = 0.90 m.

Outlet Transition
203.90

203.20
0.16
1.20
Ø 1.34 202.00

1.20 201.70
2
1

height of opening = Barrel Height

cos A1

= 1.20 / cos 26.56 = 1.34m.

Max difference in invert levels of outlet transition = 1/2 barrel height (opening)
= ( 1/ 2 ) x ( 1.34 )
= 0.67 m.
203.90
203.55
203.20
> 1/6 barrel opening 0.16 m.
1.20
Ø 1.34 202.00
201.70 0.43m
1.20
2
1
To begin with, provide a drop of 0.43 m., i.e. same as with the inlet transition
Then the total water depth at the d/s face wall = 1.20 + 0.43 = 1.63
Seal = 1.63 - 1.34 = 0.29 m > 0.22 m Not OK
1/6th of height of opening = 1.34 / 6 = 0.22 m

As the submergence is more than 1/6 of the opening, the invert of the transition at the face wall
may be raised to 201.70.
Seal will be
Seal = 203.20 - 201.70 - 1.34 = 0.16m.
which is less than 0.22 m. and hence acceptable.
Inlet Transition Outlet Transition
5 m. 6 m.
1.80 m.

3.00 m. 1.6 m.

1.80 m.
width of the flume portion = 1.60
Water surface width of cutoff = 3 + 1.20 x 1.5 x 2 = 6.60

Water surface divergence, Y = ( 6.6 - 1.6 ) / 2 = 2.50 m.

Length of inlet trans = Ya = 2.5 / tan (27.50) = 4.80 m say 5 m.
tan Ø
Yb
Length of outlet trans= = 2.5 / tan (22.50) = 6.04 m say 6 m.
tan Ø
COMPARE TO:
Inlet trans. = 3.50 da = 3.50 x 1.20 = 4.20 m.
Outlet trans. = 5 db = 5 x 1.20 = 6.00m.
Check for flotation condition
Assume thickness of top slab as 0.22 m. and that of sidewalls and bottom slab as 0.24 m.
Provide 0.15 x 0.15 m fillets at the corners to reduce concentration of stresses. Section will be as
shown below.
a) Assuming that the barrel concreting is complete, backfilling of the trench is not done, there
is no water in the barrel and water level in the trench outside rises to the top of the barrel.

0.22 m.

1.20 m.
1.66 m.

1.6 m.
0.24 m.

0.24 m. 0.24 m.
2.08 m.
Check for flotation condition
0.22 m.

Downward forces = wt. of the barrel 1.20 m.

1.66 m.
= [ (2 x 1.66 x 0.24) + 1.6 (0.22 + 0.24) ] (2400) 1.6 m.
= 3679 kg/rm 0.24 m.
Upward forces = Buoyancy acting on the barrel
0.24 m. 0.24 m.
= wt. of the volume displaced by the barrel.
2.08 m.
= 2.08 x 1.66 x 1000
= 3453 kg/rm

Factor of Safety = Downward force / Upward force

= 3679 / 3453
= 1.07

Therefore the structure is safe against Flotation

Check for flotation condition
b) Assuming that the side wall concreting is done up to start of fillets in the top corners and
water level in the trench outside is up to the completed work of concreting as shown below.
EL. 199.40
0.22 m.
Downward forces = wt. of the barrel
0.15 m.
= [ (2.08 x 0.24) + (1.05 x 2 x 0.24 ) x ( 2400 )
1.05 m.
= 2408 kg 1.20m.

Upward forces = Buoyancy acting on the barrel

1.6 m.
= wt. of the volume displaced by the barrel.
= 2.08 x ( 1.05 + 0.24 ) x ( 1000 ) 0.24 m.
= 2683 kg

Factor of Safety = Downward force / Upward force 0.24 m. 0.24 m.

= 2408 / 2683 2.08 m.

= 0.90
Therefore the structure is not safe against Flotation
Solution to this problem will be the following.
a)

a) Increase thickness of floor and side walls so that the uplift is balanced by the dead weight.

b) Fill bottom 0.3 m of the barrel with sand and gravel before starting of concreting of the sides.

c) Keep 3-4 holes in the side walls so that water will find way inside the structure will not float.
These holes shall be plugged after completing the construction.

If these measures are not properly attended to during construction and the
water on the outside starts rising due to failure of pumps etc. the barrel would float
unless water has access to the inside of the barrel through holes, or wt. of barrel is
increased by filling sand and gravel. These points shall be specifically noted on
construction drawing in all such cases and should not be lost sight of by the field staff.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF SIPHON BARREL
Allowable stresses are assumed as below fc’ = 250 kg/cm²
fc = 85 kg/cm² R = 14kg/cm² n = 9.2
fs = 1270 kg/cm² K = 0.38 j = 0.873

Internal dimensions of the barrel are 1.60 m wide and 1.20 m in height.

Assume thickness of walls and slabs as below

Roof slab - ts = 0.22 m
Floor slab - tf = 0.24 m
Side walls - tw = 0.24 m
Dead load is worked out assuming following densities (para 2.7.1.1)

Submerged (buoyant) wt. of soil = Saturated unit wt. of soil – unit wt. of water

water =
1000 kg/cu m
Well compacted dry earth =
Saturated1900
well kg/cu m
compacted earth = 2200
kg/cu m
Reinforced concrete =
2400 kg/cu m
Natural dry earth Soil particle sp.
= 1600 kg/cu m gravity = 2.65
Saturated natural earth = 2000
void kg/cu
ratio =m40%

Angle of repose = 30˚

(natural dry soil)
Critical condition
When drainage water is at design flood level and siphon barrel is empty, maximum
stresses are likely to occur. Under normal circumstances this condition is not likely to be imposed
on the structure because, emptying the barrel for repairs can be avoided during rainy season when
there is possibility of getting flood. Secondly, if at all there is flood in the river when siphon barrel is
emptied, it may not necessarily rise up to design flood level. But condition similar to this is likely to
occur just after completing the construction and before commissioning of the canal. When the
barrel is empty after completing the construction at the end of dry season and first floods come,
such condition may occur though flood may not rise to design flood level and in affect the condition
may not be as severe as the critical condition explained above. Discretion of the designer is
necessary as to how much weightage should be given to it. For important structures this critical
condition shall be considered for design. For small structures some encroachment on the factor of
safety may be permitted.
In the example solved below, structural analysis is made for this critical condition.
Assuming the barrel frame along the centerline, loading will be sketched below.

Loading at Center Loading at Bend

DFL = 202.90 EL. 202.90

0.50
2.90 EL. 202.40

BED LEVEL = 200.00

3.11
0.60
EL. 199.40
EL. 199.29 EL. 199.29
0.22
A B

1.20 1.43
1.66 1.43
1.84

C D EL. 197.86 EL. 197.86

0.24

0.24 1.60 0.24

2.08
Calculations of loading will be as low when barrel is empty and drainage water is
at design flood level.

a) Superimposed wt. over top slab/sqm : --

In river `bed:
Ww =1000 kg/cu.mx 2.90 m= 2900 kg/m²
We =2200 kg/cu.mx 0.60 m= 1320 kg/m²
Total 4220 kg/m²
On flanks at bend: -- 3.0 m of saturated natural earth and 0.5 m of water above the top of
barrel.
= 2000 kg/cu.m 3.0x m+ (1000 kg/cu.m x0.5 m)= 6500 kg/m²

This loading being higher that 4220 kg/sqm it shall be taken for all computations.

b) Dead wt. of top slab0.22 m x 2400 kg/cu.m = 528 kg/m²

=
c) Wt. on top slab including its own 6500 kg/cu.m +528 kg/m²= 7028 kg/sqm
wt. =
[ 2 x1.20 m x0.24 m +2.08 m(0.22 m +0.24 m)] x2400 kg/cu.m
d) Total wt. of the siphon =
= 3679 kg/m
e) Net downward force = Bouyant wt. of barrel/rm + buoyant wt. of soil/rm

= wt. of barrel/rm – wt. of volume of water displaced by the barrel/rm + buoyant wt.
of soil r/m
= (3679 – 2.08 x 1.66 x 1000) + (2000 – 1000) x 3 x 2.08
= 6466 / rm
= 6466 / 2.08
= 3109 kg/sqm

This will be the net upward reaction from the soil.

f) Uplift acting on the floor slab

= (1.66 + 3.0 + 0.5) 1000
= 5160 kg/sqm
g) Upward loading on floor slab
= e + f – self wt. of honor

= 3109 + 5160 – (0.24 x 2400)

= 7693 kg/sqm
Pressure acting on side wall

EL. 202.90

0.50 Water
EL. 202.40

Saturated
3.11 soil
EL. 199.29
A B

1.43

1.84

C D EL. 197.86

pressure

pressure
Bouyant
Water

soil
Pressure at A, B =(1- sin ø /1+ sin ø) x (2000 –1000) x 3.11 + 1000 x 3.61

Where ø = 30˚
= 1/3 X 1000 X 3.11 + 3610
= 4647 kg/sqm
Pressure at C, D = 1/3 x 4.54 (2000 – 1000) + 1000 x 5.04

= 6553 kg/sqm
Pressure Diagram
7028 kg/m²
4647
A B

1.43

1.84

C D
6553 kg/m²
4647
1906

7693 kg/m²
Pressure Diagram
Fixing moments 7028 kg/m²
4647
On span AB = wL²/12 = 7028 x 1.84² / 12 = 1983 kgm A B

On span CD = 7693 X 1.84² / 12 = 2170 kgm 1.43

1.84
On span AC and BD, fixed end moments due to rectangular loading. C D
6553

4647
1906
= wL²/12 = 4647 x 1.43²/12792kgm
= kg/m²
7693 kg/m²

Fixed moments due to triangular loading Fixed end moments Diagram

1983 kgm 1983 kgm
MBD = MAC = W.1²/30 = 1906 X 1.43²/30 = 130kgm 922 kgm A B 922 kgm

MDB = MCA = W.1²/20 = 1906 X 1.43²/20 = 195kgm

1.43

Total fixed end moments 1.84

MAC = MBD = 792 + 130 = 922 `kgm 987 kgm C D 987 kgm

MCA = MDB = 792 + 195 = 987 kgm 2170 kgm 2170 kgm
Stiffness:

K = I/L where I = 1/12 bd³ Section of Barrel

L = Length in cm 0.22
A B
b = 1 m = 100 cm
d = t (thickness) in cm
1.20 1.43
KAB = 1/12 (b) (tAB)³/ LAB
1.84
= 1/12 (100) (22)³/(1.84 X
100)= 482cm³ = KAB 0.24
C D

KAC = 1/12 b (tAC)³/LAC 0.24 1.60 0.24

= 1/12 (100) (24)³/(1.43 X 100)
= 806cm³ = KCA = KBD

KCD = 1/12 b (tCD)³/LBD

= 1/12 (100) (24)³/ (1.84 X 100 )
= 626cm³ = KDC
Distribution Factor = DF = K / ΣK

DFAB = DFBA = 482/(482+806) = 0.37

DFAC = DFBD =806/(482+806) = 0.63
DFCA = DFDB =806/(806+626) = 0.56
DFCD = DFDC = 626/(806+626) = 0.44

Carry Over Factor = 1/2

Moment Distribution

A B D C
AC AB BA BD DB DC CD CA
DF 0.63 0.37 0.37 0.63 0.56 0.44 0.44 0.56
M -922 1983 -1983 922 -987 2170 -2170 987
1ST. DF -668 -393 393 668 -662 -521 521 662
C.O. 331 196 -196 -331 334 260 -260 -334
2ND. DF -332 -195 195 332 -333 -261 261 333
C.O. 166 98 -98 -166 166 130 -130 -166
3RD. DF -166 -98 98 166 -166 -130 130 166
M total -1591 1591 -1591 1591 -1648 1648 -1648 1648
Reactions and Maximum Positive Moments
a) Top Slab –- Net moment at the center of the member

Wts = 7028 kg/m²

1591 1591
kgm kgm
A 1.84 m. B
Reaction RA = RB
RA = 6466kgs. RB = 6466kgs. = 7028 (1.84) /2
= 6466 kgs.
6466kgs

Maximum Positive Moment

6466kgs.
M = Wts L² /8 - 1591
= 7028 (1.84)² /8 – 1591
1383 kgm
= 1383 kgm

1591 1591
kgm kgm
b) Floor Slab – Net moment at the center

Wts = 7693 kg/m²

1648 1648
kgm kgm
C D
1.84 m.
RC = RD = 7693(1.84) /2
RA = 7078kgs. RB = 7078kgs.
= 7078 kgs.

7078kgs

7078kgs. Maximum Positive Moment

M = Wfs L² /8
1608 kgm = 7693 (1.84)² /8 -1648

= 1608 kgm

1648 1648
kgm kgm
c) Side walls – Net moment near the center

X
Taking moments at point C we get,
1.43 RA – 4647(1.43)² /2 - (6553 – 4647) (1.43)² /(2x3)
6553

+ 1648 – 1591 = 0

4647
1648 1591 RA = {4647(1.43)² /2 + (1906) (1.43² /6) - 1648 + 1591)} /1.43
C A
kgm 1.43 m. kgm
= 3737 kgs
RC = 4271kgs. RA = 3737kgs.
X

Taking moments at point A we get,

1.43 (RC) – 4647 (1.43)² /2 – (6553 – 4647) (1.43)² (2/3) /(2)

- 1648 + 1591 = 0

RC = {4647(1.43)² /2 +(1906)(1.43)² (2/3) /(2) + 1648 – 1591} /1.43

= 4271 kgs
-1608 -1608
kgm kgm
Point of Zero Shear
X by ratio and proportion
X = 0.73
Wx 6553 - 4647
=
6553
Wx
X 1.43

4647
1648 1591 Wx = 1333 X = 973
C A
kgm 1.43 m. kgm
Section x -- x
RC = 4271kgs. RA = 3737kgs.
X
Taking summation of horizontal forces
above X –- X we get,
RA – Wx X/2 – 4647 X = 0
Substituting the value of Wx in the equation we get,
3737 – 1333 (X/2) – 4647 X = 0
X² + 6.97 X – 5.60 = 0
- 188 kgm X = 0.73 m.
Maximum Moment
Mx = 3737 (0.73) - (0.73)(4647)(1/2) (0.73) - (1/2)(0.73) (973) (1/3) (0.73)
-1648 -1591 -1591
kgm kgm
Mx = -188 kgm
Summary of Reaction and Moments

6466 kg 6466 kg
+1383 kgm

3737 kg 3737 kg
A B -1591 A B
-1591
kgm kgm
-188 -188
1.43
kgm kgm
1.84 -1648 -1648
kgm kgm
4271 kg C D 4271 kg C D

7078 kg 7078 kg +1608 kgm

Design thickness of members for maximum BM.
1) Top Slab

√
M
d=
- M = 1591 kgm; + M = 1393 kgm. R.b

R = 14kg/cm² where b = 1 m = 100 cm

√
d= 1591 (100)
= 10.66 cm say 11 cm
14 (100)

Use tTS = 22 cm: provide minimum concrete cover = 7.5 cm

Actual d = 22 – 7.5 – 14 cm which is more than 11cm and hence acceptable.
0.5 =
(Bar diam assumed as 10 mm).
(For water retaining structures total thickness less than 15 to 20 cms is not advisable.

It is preferable to provide thickness of 20 cms and hence more thickness has been provided here.)
2) Bottom Slab

-M = 1648 kgm; +M = 1608 kgm

√
d= 1648 (100)
= 10.84 cm say 11 cm
14 (100)

Use tBS = 24 cm: minimum clear concrete cover = 7.5 cm

actual d = 24 – 7.5 – 0.5 = 16 cm which is more than 11 cm and hence acceptable.

3) Side wall

-M = 1648 kgm;

√
d= 1648 (100)
= 10.84 cm say 11 cm
14 (100)

Use tSW = 24 cm: minimum clear concrete cover = 7.5 cm

actual d = 24 – 7.5 – 0.5 = 16 cm which is more than 11 cm and hence acceptable.

Adopt:
tSW = 24 cm ; dSW = 16 cm
tTS = 22 cm ; dTS = 14 cm
tBS = 24 cm ; dBS = 16 cm

Calculations of reinforcement to resist external loading

a) Top Slab M
As =
fs j d
1. Negative Reinforcement
-As =1591 kgmx 100/(1270x 0.873x 14) =10.25 cm²
AØ (100)
Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.20 cm Ø; A = 1.13 cm² Sp =
- AS
1.13 (100) =11.02 cm Provide 12 mm Sp. 11 cm
Sp =
10.25

2. Positive Reinforcement
-As =1383 kgmx 100/(1270x 0.873x 14) =8.91 cm²

Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.20 cm Ø; A = 1.13 cm²

1.13 (100)
Sp = = 12.68 cmProvide 12 mm Sp. 12
8.91 cm
3. Shrinkage & Temp Reinforcement

AST = 0.002 x b x t = 4.40 cm² Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.00 cm Ø; A = 0.78 cm²

AST= 0.002x 100x 22= 4.40 cm² 0.78 (100)

Sp = = 17.72 cm Provide 10 mm Sp. 17
4.40
cm
b. Bottom Slab
1) Negative Reinforcement
-As =1648 kgmx 100/(1270x 0.873x 16) =9.29 cm²
Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.20 cm Ø; A = 1.13 cm²
1.13 (100)
Sp = = 12.16 cm Provide 12 mm Sp. 12 cm
9.29
2) Positive Reinforcement
-As =1608 kgmx 100/(1270x 0.873x 16) =9.06 cm²
Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.20 cm Ø; A = 1.13 cm²
1.13 (100) = 12.47 cm Provide 12 mm Sp. 12 cm
Sp =
9.06
3) Shrinkage & Temp Reinforcement
Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.00 cm Ø; A = 0.78 cm²
AST= 0.002x 100x 24= 4.80 cm²
0.78 (100)
Sp = = 16.25 cmProvide 10 mm Sp. 16
4.80
cm
c) Sidewalls
1) Negative BM (At the top and bottom near fixed ends)

-As =1592 kgmx 100/(1270x 0.873x 16) =8.98 cm²

Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.20 cm Ø; A = 1.13 cm²
1.13 (100)
Sp = = 12.58 cm Provide 12 mm Sp. 12 cm
8.98

2) Negative BM (At the center of side walls)

-As =188 kgm x 100/(1270x 0.873x 16) =1.06 cm²
Reinforcement is negligible

3) Shrinkage & Temperature reinforcement

AST= 0.002x 100x 24= 4.80 cm²

Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.00 cm Ø; A = 0.78 cm²
0.78 (100)
Sp = = 16.25 cmProvide 10 mm Sp. 16
4.80
cm
Check for shear:
S= V/bd
a) Top slab
S = 6466 / (100) (14) = 4.62 kg/cm²

b) Sidewalls
S = 3737 / (100) (16) = 2.34 kg/cm²

S = 4271/ (100) (16) = 2.67 kg/cm²

c) Bottom slab
S = 7078/ (100) (16) = 4.42 kg/cm²
As the shear stress in all cases is within permissible limits, no
shear reinforcement is necessary.

To reduce concentration of stress at the corners and to increase fixity at the corners, fillets are usually
provided in all the four corners and some nominal reinforcement is provided at the corners. The siphon barrel in
this example is smaller in size and relative thickness of members is more hence fillets may not be considered
necessary . But for barrels of large size it is desirable to provide fillets.
Conditions No. 2
When there is no earth pressure or water pressure on the outer side of barrel
but barrel is flowing with full capacity.

In case of siphon, if there is some heading up of water on the u/s in the

canal, hydrostatic pressure at the lowest point in the barrel will correspondingly increase.
Actual pressure at the lowest point will be the difference in levels between it and the water
level, minus losses in the structure up to the lowest point . But for safety sake, we may
neglect the losses and consider the pressure as difference in levels.
Pressure on roof slab = w h
= 1000(203.70– 199.18)
= 4520 kg/sqm
Net pressure = hydrostatic pressure- sefl wt.

4520 kg/sqm
= 4520– 0.22x 2400
= 3992 kg/sqm
Pressure Diagram
Pressure on floor slab = w h
= 1000(203.70– 197.98) A B
= 5720 kg/sqm
3992 kg/sqm
Total wt, of barrel with water
= [ 2 x 1.66 x 0.24 + 1.6 (0.22+ 0.24) ]x 2400 + 1.6 x 1.2 x 1000 3028 kg/sqm
= 5599 kg/sqm (kg per running water of barrel) C D
5599

5720 kg/sqm
= = 2692 kg/sqm
2.08

This will be the upward reaction from soil

Net loading on the floor slab = water pressure - soil reaction
= 5720 - 2692 = 3028 kg/sqm
Fixed end moments Pressure Diagram 4520
1) 0n span AB (top slab) 1.84 kg/sqm

M = WTS L² /12
A B
= 3992 (1.84)² /12 = 1126kgm
2) On span CD (bottom slab) 3992 kg/sqm
1.43
M = WBS L² /12
3028 kg/sqm
= 3028 (1.84)² /12 = 854kgm
3) On span AC & BD: C D
5720
- i) due to rectangular loading
kg/sqm
M = WL² /12 Fixed end Moments
= 4520 (1.43)² /12 = 770kgm Diagram
ii) Due to triangular loading 1126kgm 1126kgm
MBD = MAC = W L²/30 = 1200 (1.43)² / 30 = 82kgm 852 kgm A B 852 kgm
MDB = MCA = W L²/20 = 1200 (1.43)² / 20 = 123kgm
Total fixed end moments on spa n AC and BD will be
MBD = MAC= 770 + 82 = 852 kgm
MDB = MCA = 770 + 123 = 893 kgm 893 kgm C D 893 kgm
854kgm 854kgm
Moment Distribution
A B D C
DF 0.63 0.37 0.37 0.63 0.56 0.44 0.44 0.56
M -852 1126 -1126 852 -893 854 -854 893
1ST. DF -173 -101 101 173 22 17 -17 -22
C.O. -11 50 -50 11 86 -8 8 -86
2ND. DF -25 -14 14 25 -44 -34 34 44
C.O. 22 7 -7 -22 12 17 -17 -12
3RD. DF -18 -11 11 18 -16 -13 13 16
C.O. 8 5 -5 -8 9 7 -7 -9
4th. DF -8 -5 5 8 -9 -7 7 9
M total -1057 1057 -1057 1057 -833 833 -833 833
Reactions and Maximum Positive Moments
a) Top Slab –- Net moment at the center of the member

Wts = 3992 kg/m²

1057 1057
kgm kgm
A B
1.84 m.
Reaction RA = RB
RA = 3673kgs. RB = 36736kgs.
= 3992 (1.84)/2
= 3673 kgs.
3673kgs

3673kgs.
Maximum Positive Moment

M = Wts L²/8 -
1057
632 kgm
= 3992 (1.84)²/8 – 1057
= 632 kgm

1057 1057
kgm kgm
c) Side walls – Net moment near the center

X
Taking moments at point C we get,
1.43 RA – 4520(1.43)² /2 - (5720 – 4520) (1.43)² /(2x3)
5720

- 1057 + 833 = 0

4520
833 1057 RA = {4520(1.43)² /2 + (1200) (1.43² /6) + 1057- 833)} /1.43
C A
kgm 1.43 m. kgm
= 3674 kgs
RC = 3647kgs. RA = 3674kgs.
X

Taking moments at point A we get,

1.43 (RC) – 4520 (1.43)² /2 – (5720 – 4520) (1.43)² (2/3) /(2)

- 833 + 1057 = 0

RC = {4520(1.43)² /2 +(1200)(1.43)² (2/3) /(2) + 833 – 1057} /1.43

= 3647 kgs
-833 -1057
kgm kgm
Point of Zero Shear
X by ratio and proportion
X = 0.76
Wx 5720 - 4520
=
5720
Wx
X 1.43

4520
833 1057 Wx = 839 X = 638
C A
kgm 1.43 m. kgm
Section x -- x
RC = 3647kgs. RA = 3674kgs.
X
Taking summation of horizontal forces
above X –- X we get,
RA – Wx X/2 – 4520 X = 0
Substituting the value of Wx in the equation we get,
3674 – 839X (X/2) – 4520 X = 0
3674 – 419.50 X² – 4520 X = 0
X = 0.76 m.
368kgm
Maximum Moment
Mx = 3674 (0.76) - (0.76)(4520)(1/2) (0.76) - (1/2)(0.76) (638) (1/3) (0.76)
-833 -1057 -1057
kgm kgm
Mx = 368kgm
b) Bottom Slab– Net moment at the center

Wts = 3028 kg/m²

833 833
kgm kgm
C D
1.84 m.
RC = RD = 3028(1.84) /2
RA = 2786kgs. RB = 2786kgs.
= 2786 kgs.

2786kgs

2786kgs. Maximum Positive Moment

M = Wfs L² /8
448 kgm = 3028 (1.84)² /8 -833

= 448 kgm

833 833
kgm kgm
Summary of Reaction and Moments

3673 kg 3673 kg
-1057 -1057
3673 kg 3674 kg kgm kgm
A B A B

1.43 368 368

+ 632 kgm
kgm kgm
1.84 + 448 kgm

3647 kg C D 3647 kg C D
- 833 - 833
kgm kgm
2786 kg 2786 kg
Calculations of reinforcement to resist internal loading
a) Top Slab M
As =
fs j d
1. Negative Reinforcement
-As =1057 kgmx 100/(1270x 0.873x 14) =6.81 cm²
AØ (100)
Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.20 cm Ø; A = 1.13 cm² Sp =
- AS
1.13 (100) =16.59 cm Provide 12 mm Sp. 16 cm
Sp =
6.81

2. Positive Reinforcement
-As =632 kgm x 100/(1270x 0.873x 14) =4.07 cm²

Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.20 cm Ø; A = 1.13 cm²

1.13 (100)
Sp = = 27.76 cmProvide 12 mm Sp. 27
4.07 cm
3. Shrinkage & Temp Reinforcement
AST = 0.002 x b x t = 4.40 cm² Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.00 cm Ø; A = 0.78 cm²

AST= 0.002x 100x 22= 4.40 cm² 0.78 (100)

Sp = = 17.72 cm Provide 10 mm Sp. 17
4.40
b. Bottom Slab
1) Negative Reinforcement
-As =833 kgm x 100/(1270x 0.873x 16) =4.70 cm²
Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.20 cm Ø; A = 1.13 cm²
1.13 (100)
Sp = = 24.04 cm Provide 12 mm Sp. 24 cm
4.70

2) Positive Reinforcement

-As =448 kgm x 100/(1270x 0.873x 16) =2.53 cm²

Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.20 cm Ø; A = 1.13 cm²

1.13 (100) = 30.83 cm Provide 12 mm Sp. 44 cm
Sp =
2.53

3) Shrinkage & Temp Reinforcement

AST= 0.002x 100x 24= 4.80 cm² Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.00 cm Ø; A = 0.78 cm²
0.78 (100)
Sp = = 16.25 cmProvide 10 mm Sp. 16
4.80
cm
c) Sidewalls
1) Negative BM
-As =1057 kgmx 100/(1270x 0.873x 16) =5.96 cm² (At the top side)
Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.20 cm Ø; A = 1.13 cm²
1.13 (100)
Sp = = 18.96 cm Provide 12 mm Sp. 18 cm
5.96
-As =833 kgm x 100/(1270x 0.873x 16) =4.70 cm² (At the lower side)
Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.20 cm Ø; A = 1.13 cm²
1.13 (100)
Sp = = 24.04 cm Provide 12 mm Sp. 24 cm
4.70
2) Positive reinforcement
-As =368 kgmx 100/(1270x 0.873x 16) =2.07 cm²
Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.20 cm Ø; A = 1.13 cm²
1.13 (100)
Sp = = 54.58 cm Provide 12 mm Sp. 54 cm
Say 48 cm.
2.07
3) Shrinkage & Temperature reinforcement
AST= 0.002x 100x 24= 4.80 cm²
Spacing of Reinforcement; Used 1.00 cm Ø; A = 0.78 cm²
0.78 (100)
Sp = = 16.25 cmProvide 10 mm Sp. 16
4.80
Check for shear:
S= V/bd
a) Top slab
S = 3673 / (100) (14) = 2.62 kg/cm²

b) Sidewalls
S = 2786 / (100) (16) = 1.74 kg/cm²

S = 3674/ (100) (16) = 2.30 kg/cm²

c) Bottom slab
S = 3647/ (100) (16) = 2.28 kg/cm²
Due to External Loading Due to Bursting

12mm @ 11cm 12mm @ 27cm

12mm
@ 12m 12mm @ 16cm
12mm @ 12cm 12mm
@ 18cm
12mm
@ 48cm
12mm
@ 24cm 12mm @ 24cm
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@ 12cm

12mm 12mm @ 44cm

@ 12cm
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AND

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12mm @ 11cm

12mm @ 12cm

12mm
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12mm @ 12cm

12mm
@ 12cm