REMEMBER
METHOD
THE SOLUBILITY OF
SALTS IN WATER
Solubility in water Solubility in water
soluble except insoluble Kecuali
OH –,NO3-, CO3 2-
NH4+ K+,Na+
(Nitrate ion) (carbonate ion) (ANaK)
NH4+,K+,Na+
(NO ANaK)
Cl –
Hg+, Ag+, Pb2+ O 2-
Na+, K+, Ca 2+
(chloride ion) (MAP) (oxide ion)
SO4 2-
Pb2+, Ca2+, Ba2+
(sulphate ion) (PCB)
CATION
A positively charged ion.
discharge at charge at cathode
+1 Na+ H+ K+ Ag+ Li+
NaH KAg Li / Nak Hafal Kimia Agak Liat
+2 Ba2+ Ca2+ Cu2+ Mg2+ Zn2+ Fe2+
BaCa CuMg ZnFe /
CuBa Cakap Mgapa ZnFe
+3 Al3+ Fe3+
Al Fe / Fetrah Alam
ANION
A negatively charged ion.
discharge at charge at anode
-1 OH - NO3 - I- F- Br - Cl -
OH NO I Fikir Berapa Kali /
OH NO Baru Clear Fikiran I
-2 SO42- S2- CO32-
SOS CO O / SOS Contact Osama
THE FIRST 20 ELEMENTS
IN THE
PERIODIC TABLE
1
H 2
He 3
Li
Hajat Hendak Lihat
4
Be 5
B 6
C
Bedah Balas Cinta
7
N 8
O 9
F
Nanti Orang Fikir
10
Ne 11
Na 12
Mg
Neat Nak Mgorat
13
Al 14
Si 15
P
Alamak Si Pele
16
S 17
Cl Ar
18
Siap Clewang Arku
19
K 20
Ca
Kena Cabut
METAL REACTIVITY
SERIES
AND
ELECTROCHEMICAL
SERIES
K Kalau
K+ F- F
Na Nanti
Na+ SO42- SO
Ca Calian
Ca2+ NO3- NO
Mg Mangkat
Mg2+ Cl - Kali
Al Alamak
Al2+ Br - Berapa
Zn Zaman
Zn2+ I- I
H
Fe2+ OH - OH
Fe Feudal
Sn2+
Sn Sudah tentu
Pb2+
Pb Parameswara
H+
Cu Cuba
METAL Cu2+ ELECTROCHEMICAL
Ag Ambil REACTIVITY SERIES
SERIES Hg 2+
Au Alih
Ag2+
Pt Pemerintahan
HYDROCARBON
SUBSTANCE
CARBON
COMPOUNDS
Alkane : - ane Alkene : - ene Alkohol : - ol
CnH2n + 1 CnH2n CnH2n+1 OH
n=1 Meth- Mengapa
n=2 Eth- Engkau
n=3 Prop- Pergi
n=4 But- Buat
n=5 Pent- Pedih
n=6 Heks- Hati
n=7 Hep- Hamba
CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR
CATION
IN ONE
SALTS SOLUTION
a) Test with NaOH solution
COLOURED PRECIPITATE NO PRECIPITATE
Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+ NH4+
WHITE PRECIPITATE
Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+ PZAL
Mg2+ Ca2+ MgC
Add / put in NaOH SOLUTION
CATION SOLUTION
Colourless /
Percipitates unchanges
NH4+
Coloured
White
Green Fe2+
Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+ PZAL
Brown Fe3+
Mg2+ Ca2+ MgC
Blue Cu2+
To add/ put in EXCESS NaOH solution
White
Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+
Mg2+ Ca2+
Dissolved/soluble in Undissolved / not
excess NaOH solution soluble
In excess NaOH
solution
Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+
Mg2+ Ca2+
PZAL
MgC
(1)Reagent NaOH (aq) (2)Reagent Excess NaOH (aq)
: :
White PZAL White Colourless /
Precipitate: Precipitate: MgC PZAL
soluble:
MgC
(unsoluble)
b) Test with NH3 solution
COLOURED PRECIPITATE NO PRECIPITATE
Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+ NH4+ Ca2+
WHITE PRECIPITATE
Zn2+ Zn
Mg2+ Al3+ Pb2+ MAP
To add / put in NH3 SOLUTION
Cation Solution
Colourless
Percipitates
/unchanged
Coloured NH4+ Ca2+
Green Fe2+ White
Brown Fe3+ Zn2+ Zn
Mg2+ Al3+ Pb2+ MAP
Blue Cu 2+
To add / put in EXCESS NH3 SOLUTION
White
Zn2+
Mg2+ Al3+ Pb2+
UNDISSOLVED / IN
DISSOLVED/ SOLUBLE SOLUBLE in excess
in excess NH3 solution NH3 solution
Zn2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Pb2+
Zn MAP
(1)Reagent: NH3 (aq) (2)Reagent: Excess NH3 (aq)
White White Colourless /
Precipitate: Precipitate: MAP
(solube) : Zn
Zn (insoluble)
MAP
Test for
Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ & NH4+ions
Ion Confirmatory Test (types of reagent used and observation)
+ K2Fe(II) + K2Fe(III) + + + +
(CN)6 (CN)6
KSCN HCl KI Nessler
Fe 2+ Light Blue Dark Blue No
precipitate precipitate change
Fe 3+ Blue Brown Red
precipitate solution solution
Pb 2+ White Yellow
precipitate precipitate &
& dissolved in dissolved in
hot water hot water
NH4 + Brown
precipitate
Larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan
Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+
PZAL 1 2 3
Tambah/campur larutan KI /
larutan ion SO4 2-
Tiada
Kuning
perubahan
Pb2+
1 Zn2+ Al3+
2 3
Tiada perubahan
Zn2+ Al3+
2 3
tambah/ campur dgn
larutan NH 3
larut Tiada
Perubahan
Zn2+
2 Al3+
3
Tidak Larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan
Mg2+ Ca2+
MgC
4 5
tambah/campur dengan
larutan ion SO4 2-
Putih Tiada
perubahan
Ca2+
5 Mg2+
4
CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR
ANION
IN ONE SALTS SOLUTION
CO32-
Cl - SO42- NO3 -
Types Anion Types of gas produced
of was found in the (after heating)
Salts salt
NO3- NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)
Nitrate (from HNO3 ) & O2 (oxygen)
&N2O(nitrogen monoxide)
CO32- CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Carbonate (from H2CO3 ) & O2 (oxygen)
& NH3 (ammonia)
Cl- NH3 (ammonia)
Chloride (from HCl ) & HCl (hydrogen chloride)
SO42- SO3 (sulfur trioxide)
Sulphate (from H2SO4 ) & NH3 (ammonia)
MNEUMONIC
No Clue So Nothing
NO3 - Cl - SO42- NO3 -
White Brown
precipitate ring
Anion test Anion test Anion test
Clue So Nothing
Cl - SO42- NO3 -
Reagent Reagent Reagent
No So
Clue
SO42-
NO3 -
Cl -
H+ Hendak
H +
Hati Ba 2+
Balik
Fe2+ Fetrah
Ag +
Agong H +
Haji
H+ Harta
Reagent: Anion test
NO NO3 - Clue
H+ NO3 - 1. HNO3
2. AgNO3 Cl -
Ag +
NO3 -
Reagent
No
Anion test: Cl -
Clue NO3 -
H+ Hati
Observation: White precipitate
Ag+ Agong
Reagent:
Anion test
Clue Cl -
Ba 2+ Cl - 1. BaCl2 So
H+ Cl - 2. HCl
SO42-
Reagent
Anion test: SO4 2- Clue
SO Cl -
Observation: White precipitate Ba2+ Balik
H+ Haji
Reagent:
Anion test
SO SO4 2-
Nothing
H+ SO4 2- 1. Dilute H2SO4
Fe2+ SO4 2- 2. FeSO4 NO3 -
H+ SO4 2- 3. Concentrated H2SO4
Reagent
So
Anion test: NO3 - SO42-
Nothing
H+ Hendak
Observation: Brown ring Fe2+ Fetrah
H+ Harta
JENIS
ANION
CO32- Cl - SO42- NO3 -
1 2 3 4
MASUKKAN
Mendakan
1 H Putih
Larutan asid
HCl @ H2SO4 @ Cl - SO42- NO3 -
HNO3
Pembuakan
gas Mendakan
Putih
CO32-
Cl - SO42- NO3 -
1
2 3 4
MASUKKAN
Mendakan
2 H Ag Putih
Mendakan
NO3 -
Putih
4
Cl - SO42- NO3 -
2 3 4
Tiada Mendakan
Perubahan Putih
NO3 - SO42- Cl -
4 3 2
Mendakan
3 Ba H Putih
Tiada
Cl -
Perubahan
2
NO3 - SO42-
4 3
Tiada Mendakan
Perubahan Putih
NO3 - SO42-
4 3
4 H Fe H Mendakan
Putih
Cincin perang
SO42-
NO3 - 3
4
1 H Hajat
2 H Ag Hati Agong
3 Ba H Balik Haji
4 H Fe H Hendak Fetrah Harta
CARTA ORGANIK
Pengoksidaan
Hidrolisis
KANJI GLUKOSA ASID ETANOIK
C6H12O6 CH3COOH
Penapaian,
Yis Penurunan Pengesteran
ETANOL ETIL
C2H5OH ETANOAT
Pendehidratan
Porselin
Penghidrogenan ETENA
ETANA
C2H4
C2H6
Mangkin, Ni
Pempolimeran
POLITENA
