Design of Steel Structures
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology,
Taxila
Design of Steel Structures
Course Name:
Design of Steel Structures
Course ID:
306
Lecture Days: Section - B Monday (3-7)
Section - A Tuesday (3-7)
Text Books:
STEEL STRUCTURES by Prof. Dr. Zahid
Ahmad Siddiqi
LRFD Steel Design Aids by Prof. Dr. Zahid
Ahmad Siddiqi
AISC 2005 Specifications (free on web site
[Link])
Instructor:
Reference Books:
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN LRFD Method by Jack C. McCormac
STEEL STRUCTURES Design & Behavior by Charles G. Salmon &
John E. Johnson
2
Sessional
Marks
Design of Steel Structures
Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Steel Design
4
1.1 Introduction to Steel Structures
Steel structures are assembly of structural steel shapes
joined together by means of riveted / bolted or welded
connections.
Majority of concrete structures are cast in-situ but in
steel structures, we have to select out of those available
in the market.
Joints are monolithic in concrete structures whereas in
steel structures special methods are required to join
individual members.
5
Steel Shapes
Connections
Bolted Connections
Riveted Connections
Simple & Moment
Resisting Joints
10
In
steel structures, connections including the details
are to be designed for expected forces.
Steel construction is being used for almost every type
of structure including high-rise buildings, bridges,
industrial building, towers etc.
There are main two categories of steel structures: Framework or Skeletal Systems
Shell Systems
11
Framework or Skeletal Systems
The main load carrying elements are one-dimensional
or line elements (such as beams, columns, etc.)
forming two-dimensional or three-dimensional frames.
Examples are: The frameworks
of industrial buildings with their
internal members such as crane girders, platforms,
etc.
Highway and railways large span bridges.
12
Industrial Building
13
Multi-storey buildings, large halls, domes etc.
Towers, poles, structural components of hydraulic
works.
All
other trusses and rigidly connected frame
structures.
14
Shell Systems
The
main load carrying elements in this category of
structures are plates and sheets.
Examples are: Gas tanks for storage and distribution of gases.
Tanks and reservoirs for storage of liquids.
Bins and bunkers for storage of loose material.
Special structures such as blast furnaces,
heaters, etc.
15
air
Large diameter pipes.
All other plate and shell structures.
16
Large Diameter Pipe
17
Shell Structures
18
Frame & Shell Structures
19
Merits of Steel Construction
1. Reliability
Consistency and uniformity in properties.
Better quality control due to factory manufacture.
Large elasticity and ductility.
Truly homogeneous.
Satisfies most of the analysis & design assumptions.
20
2. Industrial Behavior
Rolled steel sections are manufactured in factories.
Also, the members may be cut & prepared for
assembly in factories while only joining is carried out
at site.
Sometimes parts are also assembled in the factories,
that is, there is great adaptation to prefabrication.
21
Erection
22
Hot Rolled Steel
23
Hot Rolled Steel
24
Hot Rolled Steel
25
Assembling in factory
26
3. Lesser Construction Time
Because of its industrial nature, progress of work is
very fast resulting in economical structures.
The reason is that these structures can be put to use
earlier.
The reduction in labor cost & overhead charges and
the benefits obtained from the early use of the
building contribute to economy.
27
4. High Strength & Light Weight Nature
It means that the dead load will be smaller.
Dead loads are bigger part of the total structure load.
If dead load reduces, the resulting member will be
smaller.
This
fact is important for long span bridges, tall
buildings & for structures having poor foundations.
28
Material
C= / (m-1)
-4
Aluminum
1.1
x
10
A factor (C) defined as the ratio of the density of the
x 10
material ()Steel
to the stress it can 3.2
carry
()-4 is one of the
least for steel.
Wood
4.5 x 10-4
Concrete
24.0 x 10-4
29
5. Uniformity, Durability & Performance
Durability means long life of structures.
Steel is a homogeneous & uniform material.
Satisfies the basic assumptions of analysis & design.
If properly maintained with painting, etc., the
properties of steel do not change appreciably with
time.
30
6. Elasticity
Steel
behaves closer to design assumptions than
most of the other materials because it follows Hooks
Law up to fairly high stresses.
The
stress produced remains proportional to the
strain applied or stress-strain diagram remains a
straight line.
The
steel sections do not crack or tear before
ultimate load and hence the moment of inertia of a
31
steel structure can be definitely calculated.
7. Ductility & Warning before Failure
The property of a material by which it can withstand
extensive deformation without failure under high
tensile stresses is said to be its ductility.
Mild steel is a very ductile material. The percentage
elongation of a standard tension test specimen after
fracture can be as high as 25 to 30%.
This
gives visible deflections or evidence
impending failure in case of overloads. 32
of
The extra loads may be removed to prevent collapse.
Even if collapse occurs, time is available for
occupants to vacate the building.
In
structural members under normal loads, high
stress concentrations develop at various points.
The
ductile nature of the structural steels enable
them to yield locally at those points, thus
redistributing the stresses and preventing premature
failure.
33
8. Additions to Existing Structures
Additions to existing steel structures are very easy to
be made.
Connections
between new and existing structures
can be employed very effectively.
34
9. Possible Reuse
Steel
sections can be reused after a structure is
disassembled.
10. Scrap Value
Steel
has a scrap value even though it is not reuseable in its existing form.
35
Steel Scrap
36
11. Water-Tight & Air-Tight
Steel
structures
construction.
Structures
provide
completely
impervious
like reservoirs, oil pipes, gas pipes etc.,
are preferably made from structural steel.
37
12. Long Span Construction
High-rise
buildings, long span bridges and tall
transmission towers are made up of structural steel.
Industrial
buildings up to a span of 90 m can be
designed by plate girders or trusses.
Bridge
spans up to 260 m are made with plate
girders.
used.
For truss bridges, spans of 300 m have been
38
Long Span
39
Long Span
40
Long Span
41
Long Span
42
Long Span
43
Long Span
44
Long Span
45
Long Span
46
13. Temporary Construction
Steel
structure is always preferred for temporary
construction.
Army constructions during war are mostly made out
of structural steel.
The structures may be disassembled by opening few
bolts, component parts are carried to new places and
the structure is easily reassembled.
47
Creativity
48
Demerits of Steel Construction
1. High Maintenance Costs & More Corrosion
Most steels are susceptible to corrosion when freely
exposed to air and water.
They must be periodically painted.
This requires extra cost and special care.
The use of weathering steels, in suitable
applications, tends to eliminate this cost.49
design
If not properly maintained, steel members can loose
1 to 1.5 mm of their thickness each year.
Such
constructions can loose weight up to 35%
during their specified life and can fail under the
external loads.
50
Corrosion
51
Corrosion
52
2. Fireproofing Costs
Although
steel members are incombustible, their
strength is tremendously reduced at temperatures
prevailing in fire.
At
about 400C, creep becomes much more
pronounced.
Creep
is defined as plastic deformation under a
constant load for a long period of time. 53
This produces large deflections/deformations of main
members forcing the other members to higher
stresses or even to collapse.
Steel
is an excellent conductor of heat and may
transmit enough heat from a burning compartment of
a building to start fire in other parts of the building.
Extra
cost is required to properly fire proof the
building.
54
Steel in Fire
55
3. Susceptibility to Buckling
Steel
sections usually consists of a combination of
thin plates.
The
overall steel member dimensions are also
smaller than reinforced concrete members.
If
these slender members are subjected to
compression, there are greater chances 56
of buckling.
Buckling is a type of collapse of the members due to
sudden large bending
compressive load.
caused
by
critical
Steel when used for columns is sometimes not very
economical because considerable material has to be
used to stiffen the column against buckling.
57
Buckling in a
Composite column
58
4. Higher Initial Cost / Less Availability
In few countries, Pakistan is one such example, steel
is not available in abundance and its initial cost is
very high compared with the other structural material.
This is the most significant factor that has resulted in
the decline of steel structures in these countries.
59
5. Aesthetics
For
certain types of buildings, the steel form is
architecturally preferred.
However, for majority of residential & office buildings,
steel structures without the use of false ceiling and
cladding are considered to have poor aesthetic
appearance.
A considerable cost is to be spent on such structures
to improve their appearance.
60
Cladding is a covering of metal, concrete, plastic or
timber put on the surface of a structural member to
completely encase it.
The cladding not only protects the member but also
improves its appearance.
61
False Ceiling
62
Cladding
63
Specifications
The adequacy of a structural member is determined
by a set of design rules, called specifications, which
include formulas that guide the designer in checking
strength, stiffness, proportions and other criteria that
may govern the acceptability of the member.
There are a variety of specifications that have been
developed for both materials and structures.
Each is based on years of research and experience
gained through actual structural usage.
64
Following Specification will be used in this class quite often:
AISC
American Institute of Steel Construction
AWS
American Welding Society
AASHTO American Association of State Highway &
Transportation Officials
AREMA
ASTM
American Railway Engineering & Maintenanceof-way Association
American Society for Testing & Material
AISI
American Iron & Steel Institute
ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers
65
Types of Loads
1. Dead Load
It
almost retains its magnitude and point of
application throughout the life of the structure
and is denoted by D.
This is estimated by multiplying volume of a
member with the standard density of the
material.
66
This load constitute a bigger part of the total
load on a structure.
67
2. Live Load
The
load due to persons occupying the
structure and their belongings, denoted by L.
Its
magnitude and
changes with time.
point
of
application
In
case of bridges, live load consists of
weight of vehicles moving over the bridge.
Typical values for common occupancy types
are given in next slide.
68
Occupancy or Use
Live Load
(kg/m2)
Private apartments, school class rooms
200
Offices
250
Fixed-seats, assembly halls, library reading rooms
300
Corridors
400
Moveable seats assembly halls
500
Wholesales stores, light storage warehouses
600
Library stack rooms
750
Heavy manufacturing, heavy storage ware houses,
sidewalks and driveways subject to trucking
1200
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3. Self Load
This is type of load which is due to self weight
of the member to be designed.
For
design, a reasonable value of self load
depending on the past experience is
assumed in the start which is then compared
with the actual self weight at the end.
Corrections in design are made if necessary.
70
4. Imposed Load
This
term is used for all external loads,
leaving the self weight, acting on the member
to be designed.
This include live load, wind load, earthquake
load etc.
71
5. Service Load
The
maximum intensity of load expected
during the life of the structure depending
upon a certain probability of occurrence is
called service load.
No
additional factor of safety or overload
factor is included in the service load.
72
6. Factored Load
Service
loads increased by some factor of
safety or overload factor are called factored
loads.
73
Snow Load
74
Mechanism of Load Transfer
The gravity load passes from top to bottom through
all the members of the structure until it reaches the
underneath soil.
The
load acts at the floor finish, goes to the
underneath slab and transfers to the beams and
walls.
This
is then accumulated in the columns, moves to
the foundations and then finally dissipates in the soil.
The terms member and support are defined relative
to each other.
75
There are no separate supports in the structure as in
normally seen in the structural analysis books.
For the roof slabs, beams and walls are supports.
For beams, columns are acting like supports, and for
the columns, foundations are acting as supports.
Similarly, the underneath soil acts as support for the
foundations.
76
This load path is only in one direction.
The load of roof slab may acts on
the beams,
columns and foundations, but the load of column is
not acting on the beams.
Similarly, the
column.
load of foundation can not act on the
77
Load Path
78
End of File
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