Hitler's Foreign Policy
Nazi Germany
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What we will learn today
When he came to power, Hitler made no secret that he wished to tear up the Treaty of Versailles, the harsh peace settlement forced upon Germany after World War I.
In this presentation you will learn:
what Hitler aimed to do how he set about doing it what the results of his actions were.
You will also consider:
why the international community was so unwilling to stand up to Hitler, and who was most to blame for the outbreak of World War II.
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Introduction: Germany in Europe
Austria 8 million German speakers, many of whom wanted to join with Germany.
Polish Corridor this split Germany in two, and left many Germans under foreign rule.
The Rhineland this was demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles to protect France and Belgium.
The Sudetenland richest part of Czechoslovakia. Contained 3 million German speakers. It had been part of the Austrian Empire.
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Introduction: Germany in Europe
Austria Polish Corridor
The Rhineland
The Sudetenland
1. What do you think Hitlers objectives will be? 2. How do you think he will justify these actions?
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Hitlers foreign policy aims
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German Rearmament
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Rearmament
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Remilitarizing the Rhineland
After the Treaty of Versailles, the Rhineland remained part of Germany.
However, to protect France, it was demilitarized Germany was banned from putting troops there.
But in 1936, Hitler took a massive gamble and ordered his army to march into the Rhineland. Hitler only had 30,000 fully equipped troops, and was so nervous that he gave them secret orders to withdraw if they faced any opposition! Hitler is now openly breaking the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. What do you think the Allies should do, and why?
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Reaction of other countries
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Uniting All German People
1. Austria the Anschluss
2. Czechoslovakia the Sudetenland
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1. Austria: the Anschluss
Hitler was keen to incorporate the German-speaking country of Austria into the Third Reich. Hitler himself was an Austrian by birth.
Uniting with Austria was forbidden under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, so Hitler would have to proceed carefully.
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Hitler's methods
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The Anschluss
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2. Czechoslovakia: the Sudetenland
Over 3 million Germanic people lived in the Sudetenland part of Czechoslovakia. Many wanted to join with Germany.
The Czechs realized that giving in would mean losing out: (a) militarily their border defences.
(b) economically their industrial resources (factories and raw materials).
(c) politically their independence.
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Events of 1938
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Occupation of the Sudetenland
Czech border guards left their posts on 1st October 1938, and German tanks rolled across the frontier unopposed. Considering Hitlers actions so far, do you think he will abide by the Munich Agreement?
Photograph courtesy of the Imperial War Museum, London.
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Seizing Foreign Territory
1. Czechoslovakia 2. Poland
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1. Czechoslovakia
On March 16 1939, Hitler broke the Munich Agreement and invaded western Czechoslovakia. Hungary and Poland divided the rest of the country between them.
Hitler made no attempt this time to justify his actions by saying that he was simply uniting German speakers into the Reich. This was invasion, pure and simple. Britain and France pledged to resist any further German expansion. Unfortunately, by this time Italy had become a strong ally of Germany, and the USSR was angry with France and Britain for not inviting her to the Munich Conference.
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The appeasement policy
Critics said that Chamberlains policy of appeasement (giving in to Hitlers demands when possible) encouraged aggression and made war more likely. Chamberlain disagreed.
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2. Poland
In August 1938 Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact with communist Russia. The pact stated that Germany and Russia would not fight each other. They also secretly agreed to attack Poland and divide it between them. This meant that Hitler could invade Poland and reclaim the land that had been taken from Germany to make up the Polish Corridor, without worrying that the USSR would attack. The following month, Hitler launched a massive attack upon Poland which he called Blitzkrieg (lightning war).
France and Britain declared war on Germany. World War II had begun.
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Plenary
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