ELECTRIC MACHINE- II (PC-EE-501)

Camellia Institute of Engineering and Technology

Department:- Electrical Engineering. Sem:- 5th(CA2)
University Roll No:-27101622047
Name- Debabrata Barui
Email:- [email protected]
Modreling And Testing Of Induction Motor
Abstract:- Induction motors are widely used in various industrial applications due to
their simplicity, robustness, and efficiency. This abstract provides an overview of a
comprehensive study focused on the modeling and testing of induction motors. The
primary objectives of this research are to improve the understanding of the operational
behavior of induction motors and to enhance their performance and reliability through
advanced modeling and testing techniques.

he research begins with a detailed review of the fundamental principles of

induction motors, including their construction, operating principles, and key
parameters. Special attention is given to rotor dynamics, stator winding design,
and the interaction of electromagnetic fields within the motor.

SL NO. Content Name Page no.

1 Introduction 1
2 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 2
3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 2,3
4 SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR 4,5
5 References 5

Introduction:- The three phase induction motors shown in Fig. 1. are widely used
in industries where a constant speed is essential. These motors are almost
constant speed motors as they run at constant speed from no load to full load.
As we shall see that the speed of these motors is frequency dependent, the
speed control of these motors is a tedious job. However, the speed control of
induction motor has been and is even now the center of interest for many
engineers as induction motors are robust, need less maintenance, can operate at
hazardous locations therefore it will be beneficial to use induction motors if the
speed can be controlled.
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:- II. Wound type
A three phase induction motor mainly I. Squirrel cage type: It consists of
consists of two main parts: laminated cylindrical core having
parallel slots on its outer periphery, in
1.Stator 2. Rotor
these slots one copper or aluminum
1.Stator: The stator consists of a steel bar is placed. All these bars are
frame which encloses a hollow connected at each end by metal rings,
cylindrical core made up of thin called end rings. These bars,
laminations of silicon steel to reduce therefore, are permanently short
hysteresis and eddy current losses. A circuited and therefore no external
number of evenly spaced slots are resistance can be connected.
provided on the inner periphery(fig1).
The insulated conductors are placed in
the stator slots and are connected to
form a balanced three phase star or
delta connection circuit.

II. Wound type: These consist of

laminated cylindrical core and carries
a three phase winding as in the stator.
2.Rotor: The rotor is rotating part of The open ends of the rotor winding is
an induction motor. It is a hollow brought out and connected to three
laminated core having slots on its insulated slip rings mounted on the
outer periphery. rotor shaft with one brush resting on
each slip ring. The three brushes are
The rotor winding may be one the connected to a three phase star
following types. connected rheostat. These resistances
are included at starting to limit high
I. Squirrel cage type
circulating current in the short
circuited rotor winding and to give a rotor conductors. Hence, to reduce
large starting torque. These the relative speed, the rotor starts
resistances are gradually reduced to running in the same direction as that
zero as the rotor attains its normal of the rotating magnetic field. In
speed. practice the rotor can never reach the
speed of stator field. If it does so,
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:-
there will be no relative speed
When a three phase induction motor between the stator field and the rotor
is energized by a three phase supply a and hence no induced emf and no
rotating magnetic field is produced. current in the rotor circuit and
This rotating magnetic field cuts the therefore no torque to drive the rotor.
rotor conductors which are yet Practically, the friction and windage
stationary. Due to the relative speed would immediately slow down the
between rotating magnetic field and rotor speed. Hence the rotor speed
stationary rotor, an E.M.F is induced in (N) is always less than that of rotating
the rotor conductors. Since the rotor magnetic field (RMF) known as
circuit is short circuited, current starts synchronous speed of the stator (Ns).
flowing in the rotor conductors. As The difference between the
the current carrying rotor conductors synchronous speed (Ns) and the rotor
are placed in the magnetic field speed (N) is known as slip. It is usually
produced by the stator. As a result, expressed as percentage of
mechanical force acts on the rotor synchronous speed i.e.,
conductors. The sum of this
mechanical force on each of the rotor
conductors produces a torque, which
tends to move the rotor in the same
direction as the rotating field. The fact
that the rotor tends to move the same
direction as that of the rotor can be
explained by the Lenz's law. According
to this law, the direction of the rotor
current will be such that it tends to
oppose the very cause of the current.
Now the cause producing the rotor
current is the relative speed between
the rotating magnetic field and the
TORQUE SLIP CHARACTERISTICS:- require several different speeds or
even continually variable speeds The
The curve drawn between the torque induction motor, being most rugged
and the slip for a particular value of motor with almost negligible
rotor resistance is known as torque- maintenance, has been and even now
slip characteristics. the center of interest for electrical
The following points may be noted engineers to make it run successfully
by the torque-slip characteristics: at different speeds.

1. At s=0,T=0 so that the torque - slip Pole changing method: A change in

curve starts from the origin. the number of poles, changes the
synchronous speed and therefore, the
2. At normal speed, slip is small, so induction motor operating speed.
that 2 sX is negligible as compared to, Since three numbers of poles can be
changed only by even numbers, the
Hence a torque slip curve is a straight
speed control is not continuous but a
line from zero slip to a slip that
stepped one.
corresponds to full load. 3. As the slip
increases beyond the full load slip, the Stator frequency control:
torque increases and becomes
maximum at 2 2 R s X . The expression for the synchronous
speed indicates that by changing the
This maximum torque is known as a stator frequency the rotor speed can
pull out torque or breakdown torque. be changed. This can be achieved by
Its value is almost twice that of full using power electronic circuits called
load torque when the motor operates inverters, which convert DC to AC of
at its rated voltage and frequency. 4. desired frequency. Depending on the
When the slip increases beyond the type of control scheme of the inverter,
maximum torque, the term 2 2 sX the AC generated may be variable-
increases very rapidly, so that 2 2 frequency-fixedamplitude or variable-
Rmay be neglected as compared to. frequency-variable-amplitude type.
Power electronic control achieves
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION
smooth variation of voltage and
MOTOR:-
frequency of the AC output. This when
An induction motor essentially runs at fed to the machine is capable of
constant speed as the load is varied. running at a controlled speed.
Some industrial drives, however, However, consider the equation for
the induced emf in the induction
machine.
Line voltage control:-
The electromagnetic torque of an
induction motor is approximately
proportional to the stator terminals.
The stator voltage and consequently
the torque and speed of an induction
motor, can be varied by inserting
rheostat, a saturable reactor or an
auto transformer in the supply mains.
More recently, thyristors in series with
the supply mains are used to control
the voltage across the stator winding.

References:-

 Fitzgerald, A. E., Charles

Kingsley, and Stephen D. Umans.
Electric Machinery. Boston,
Mass: McGraw-Hill, 2003.

 P. S. Bimbhra. Electrialc
Machinery.Khanna Publishers,
2003