CIVIL ENGINEERING ENHANCEMENT COURSE 1 BY: ENGR. AML CIVIL ENGINEERING ENHANCEMENT COURSE 1 BY: ENGR.
AML
Module 5 – VECTORS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Direction Vectors
This module is designed to provide you with a solid foundation in vectors. A direction vector is a vector that points in a specific direction. It is often used
Through engaging explanations and practical examples, you'll gain a deep to represent the orientation of a line, plane, or other geometric object.
understanding of these mathematical concepts and their applications in engineering.
Problem: Given the three points in a 3D space, P (2, -1, 3), Q (1, 2, 4) and R (3, 1, 1).
Topics included in this module are the following: 1. Determine the vector 𝑷𝑸⃑.
Vectors, Direction Vectors 2. Determine the vector 𝑷𝑹⃑.
Unit Vectors and Direction Cosines
Sum and Difference of Vectors Problem: Define a vector whose coordinate of Head is (1, 4, -7) and tail (-3, -7, 10),
Vector Multiplication if the vector defined by these coordinates is transferred to another location such that
Application of Vectors its tail is on point (1, 2, -5) determine the coordinate of the head.
A. (5, -13, -22) B. (5, 13, -22) C. (-5, 13, 22) D. (-22, 13, 5)
VECTORS
Problem: If A (x, y, z) and B (2y, x, 6) and the vector 𝑨𝑩⃑ is < 1 -1 5 >
A vector is a mathematical quantity that has both magnitude (size) and
direction. It's often represented by an arrow, where the length of the arrow indicates 1. Which of the following gives the value of x.
the magnitude and the direction of the arrow shows the orientation. A. 2 B. 4 C. 1 D. -1
2. Which of the following gives the value of y
A. 0 B. -8 C. 2 D. 1
UNIT VECTOR
A unit vector is a vector with a magnitude of 1. It is often used to represent a
direction without specifying a particular magnitude.
Vector A:
𝑨⃑ = 𝑨𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑨𝒚 𝒋 + 𝑨𝒛 𝒌
𝑨⃑ = 〈𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 〉
Magnitude:
𝑨⃑ = (𝑨𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝑨𝒚 )𝟐 + (𝑨𝒛 )𝟐
𝝀⃑ = 〈𝝀𝒙 𝝀𝒚 𝝀𝒛 〉
Problem: Determine the magnitude of the following vectors.
1. 𝐴 = 8𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 2𝑘 𝑨⃑ 〈𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 〉 𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛
𝝀𝑨⃑ = = =〈 〉
2. 𝐵 = 2𝑗 + 6𝑘 𝑨⃑ 𝑨⃑ 𝑨⃑ 𝑨⃑
3. 𝐶 = 〈3 − 2 4〉 (𝑨𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝑨𝒚 )𝟐 + (𝑨𝒛 )𝟐
𝝀⃑ = (𝝀𝒙 )𝟐 + (𝝀𝒚 )𝟐 + (𝝀𝒛 )𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕
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Problem: Determine the unit vectors of the following: SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF VECTORS
1. 𝐴 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗
2. 𝐵 = 2𝑖 + 6𝑗 + 𝑘
3. 𝐶 = 〈2 7 1〉
Problem: If A = 5i - 2j + 8k and B = xi - 4j + zk. Determine x and z component of B,
if unit vector of A is equal to unit vector of B.
A. 0 & 16 B. -10 & -16 C. 100 & 256 D. 10 & 16
Problem: Determine a vector whose magnitude is 20 and with the same direction with
vector A = 5i - 2j + 8k.
Let:
DIRECTION COSINE 𝑨⃑ = 〈𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 〉
𝑩⃑ = 〈𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛 〉
- are the cosines of the angles between a vector and the coordinate axes. They
are used to describe the direction of a vector in a three-dimensional space. For 𝑨⃑ + 𝑩⃑ :
𝑨⃑ + 𝑩⃑ = (𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙 )𝒊 + 𝑨𝒚 + 𝑩𝒚 𝒋 + (𝑨𝒛 + 𝑩𝒛 )𝒌
For 𝑨⃑ − 𝑩⃑ :
𝑨⃑ − 𝑩⃑ = (𝑨𝒙 − 𝑩𝒙 )𝒊 + 𝑨𝒚 − 𝑩𝒚 𝒋 + (𝑨𝒛 − 𝑩𝒛 )𝒌
Problem: Let 𝐴 = 4𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 7𝑘 and 𝐵 = 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 5𝑘 determine the following.
1. A + B
2. A – B
Problem: If A = 2i + 4j - 8k, B = i + 9j - 4 k and C = 5i - 7j + 3k,
1. Determine the Resultant of vectors A, B and C.
2. Determine the Magnitude of the resultant
VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
Let:
𝝀⃑ = 〈𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝒛 〉 𝑨⃑ = 〈𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 〉
𝑩⃑ = 〈𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛 〉
𝜽𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏 (𝝀𝒙 )
A. Dot (Scalar) Product:
𝟏
𝜽𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝀𝒚
𝑨⃑ ∙ 𝑩⃑ = (𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒙 ) + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚 + (𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒛 )
𝜽𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏 (𝝀𝒛 )
Where:
𝜽𝒙 , 𝜽𝒚 , 𝜽𝒛 – are angles measured from the positive axes to the direction of the
vector.
Problem: Determine the angles that vector 8𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 2𝑘 makes with the positive axes.
Problem: Determine the angle that vector 𝑨⃑ = 4i + 3j - 1k makes with the negative x
axis
A. 141.7° B. 38.3° C. 54.0° D. 101.3° Also,
𝑨⃑ ∙ 𝑩⃑ = 𝑨⃑ 𝑩⃑ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
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Where: 1. Determine the interior angles of the triangle.
𝑨⃑ − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴 2. Determine the area of the triangle.
𝑩⃑ − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐵
Problem: Find the area of the parallelogram if two sides are represented by vector
𝜽 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐵
〈1 2 7〉 and 〈5 7 9〉.
B. Cross (Vector) Product:
Problem: Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose edges are represented by A =
2i – 3j + 4k, B = i + 2j – k and C = 3i – j + 2k?
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝑨⃑ × 𝑩⃑ = 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
Problem: If 𝐴 = 4𝑖 − 9𝑗 − 8𝑘 and 𝐵 = 〈𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 〉. If their dot product is zero,
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 determine the value of x.
𝑨⃑ × 𝑩⃑ = + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒛 − 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒚 𝒊 − (𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒛 − 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒙 )𝒋 + 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒚 − 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒙 𝒌 Problem: Resolve into component if a force of 1000 KN passes through point A
(2,1,9) to B (7,9,12).
Problem: A concurrent force system in space is composed of 3 forces described as
follows. A = 100 kN acts through origin and (3, 4, 2). B = 60 kN and acts through the
origin and (4, 1, -2). C = 80 kN and acts trough the origin and (2, -3, 3).
1. What is the resultant force?
2. What are the xyz-components of the resultant force?
Problem: The resultant of the concurrent forces has a magnitude of 1000 kN and acts
through the origin and the points (2,3,4). What is the z component of the resultant
force?
A. 748.27 kN B. 742.78 kN C. 811.22 kN D. 911.22 kN
Also,
Problem: A force F = 1000 KN passes through the point (1, 2, 5) to (7, 8, 10).
𝑨⃑ × 𝑩⃑ = 𝑨⃑ 𝑩⃑ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 Determine the magnitude of the moment of the force about the origin.
A. 3307.29 B. 3037.92 C. 2330.79 D. 2313.90
Where:
𝑨⃑ × 𝑩⃑ − 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐵. Problem: A force F=1500 KN passes through the point (1, 1, 1) to (5, 5, 5). Determine
the components of moment about point (-1, -1, -1)
A. < 9 7 4 > B. < 0 0 0 > C. < 4 6 9 > D. < 1 6 7 >
Problem: Let 𝐴 = 4𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 7𝑘 and 𝐵 = 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 5𝑘 determine the following.
1. 𝑨⃑ ∙ 𝑩⃑ Problem: A force F represents a force that has a magnitude of 9 lb and 2π/3 is the
2. 𝑨⃑ × 𝑩⃑ radian measure of its direction angle. Find the work done by the force in moving the
3. The angle between vector A and vector B. object from the origin to the point ( -4, -2). Distance is in ft.
A. 2.41 B. 3.41 C. 6.71 D. 3.56
Problem: What is the angle between the two vectors A and B if A = 4i + 12j + 6 k and
B = 24i - 8j + 6k? Problem: Two particles represented by the vectors F1 = 3i – 5j + 7k and F2 = 3i + 2j –
A. 94.56° B. 78.33° C. 84.32° D. 44.56° 7k act on a particle and causes it to move along the line from the point A (2, 4, 1) to
the point B (5, 3, -8). Find the work done. F is in Newton and distance is in meters.
A. 34 Nm B. 14 Nm C. 21 Nm D. 24 Nm
APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR
Problem: What is the perpendicular distance of the line AB that passes from A (1, 4,
-5) to B (1, -4, 9) from the origin?
A. 3.505 B. 1.409 C. 2.271 D. 1.612
Problem: Find the value of c so that vectors 2i + 4j + 5k and 2ci + cj – k are
perpendicular.
Problem: The coordinates of triangle in space are as follows: A (-2, 3, 1), B (-3, 2, -2)
and C (1, 4, -1).
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