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77 views28 pages

Apc U4frq

wasdwasdwasd

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adam.hasket398
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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AP Physies € Free Response Practice — Work and Energy Fe 1973M1. A horizontal force F is applied to a small block of mass m, to make it slide along the top of a larger block ‘of mass m; and length /. The coefficient of friction between the blocks is u. The larger block slides without friction along a horizontal surface. The blocks start from rest with the small block at one end of the larger block, as shown, 2. Onthe diagrams below draw all of the forces acting on each block. Identify each force. Find the acceleration of each block. a; and 22, relative to the horizontal surface. Interms of {a}, and a3, find the time t needed for the small block to slide off the end of the larger block, 4d. Find an expression for the energy dissipated as heat because ofthe friction between the two blocks. 1973M2. A 30-gram bullet is fired with a speed of $00 meters per second into a wall a, Ifthe deceleration of the bullet is constant and it penetrates. 12 centimeters into the wall, calculate the force on the bullet while itis stopping. 'b. Ifthe deceleration of the bullet is constant and it penetrates 12 centimeters into the wall, how much time is required for the bullet to stop?” ‘c. Suppose, instead, thatthe stopping force increases from zero as the bullet penetrates. Discuss the motion in ‘comparison to the case for a constant deceleration, 1975M3. A uniform chain of mass M and length { hangs from a hook in the ceiling, The bottom link is now raised vertically and hung om the hook as shown ebove on the right. ‘Determine the increase in gravitational potential energy of the chain by considering the change in position of the center of mass ofthe chain b. Write an equation forthe upward external force F(y) required to it the chain slowly as a function ofthe vertial distance y «©. Find the work done on the chain by direc integration of f Fy 6Fioute I Figure 1 1981M2. A swing seat of mass M is connected to a fixed point P by a massless cord of length L. A child also of ‘mass M sits on the seat and begins to swing with zero velocity at a position at which the cord makes a 60° angle with the vertical is shown in Figure I. ‘The swing continues down until the cord is exactly vertical at which time the child jumps off in a horizontal direetion. The swing continues in the same direction until its eord makes a 45° angle with the vertical as shown in Figure Il: at that point it begins to swing in the reverse direction. With ‘what velocity relative to the ground did the child leave the swing? 1982MI. A 20 kg mass, released from rest, slides 6 meters down a frictionless plane inclined at an angle of 30° with the horizontal and strikes a spring of spring constant K = 200 newtons/meter as shown in the diagram above. ‘Assume that the spring is ideal, that the mass of the spring is negligible, and that mechanical energy is conserved. Use g= 10 m's*, (sin30° = ', cos 30°= 0.866) Determine the speed of the block just before it hits the spring, Determine the distance the spring has been compressed when the black comes to rest Is the speed of the block a maximum at the instant the block strikes the spring? Justify your answer. pee 1982M2.(modified) A car of mass M moves with an initial speed v, on a straight horizontal road. The car is brought to rest by braking in such a way thatthe speed of the car is given as @ function of time t by v RUM)" where R is @ constant ‘a, Develop an equation that expresses the time rate of change of kinetie energy. 701983M3. A particle of mass m slides down a fixed, frictionless sphere of radius R. starting from rest atthe top. a. Interms of m, g, Rand 0, determine each of the following for the particle while it is sliding on the sphere. i, The kinetic energy of the particle ii, The centripetal acceleration of the mass iii, The tangential acceleration of the mass 'b. Determine the value of 8 at which the particle le Box ELLA 1985M2. An apparatus to determine coefficients of friction is shown above, The box is slowly rotated counterclockwise. When the box makes an angle 0 with the horizontal, the block of mass m just starts to slide, and at this instant the box is stopped from rotating. Thus at angle 0, the block slides a distance d, hits the spring, of force constant k, and compresses the spring a distance x before coming to rest. In terms of the given quantities, derive an expression for each of the following. 2. us the coefficient of static friction. b. AE, the loss in total mechanical energy of the block-spring system from the stat of the block down the incline to the moment at which it comes to rest on the compressed spring. ys the coefficient of kinetic friction1986M1. The figure above shows an 80-kilogeam person standing on a 20-kilogram platform suspended by a rope passing over a stationary pulley that is free to rotate, The other end of the rope is held by the person. The asses of the rope and pulley are negligible. You may use g= 10 my’ s*. Assume that friction is negligible, and the parts of the rope shown remain vertical, ‘a. Ifthe platform and the person are at rest, what is the tension in the rope? ‘The person now pulls on the rope so that the acceleration of the person and the platform is 2 mis? upward, 'b. What is the tension in the rope under these new conditions? ¢.Under these conditions, what is the foree exerted by the platform on the person? After a short time, the person and the platform reach and sustain an upward velocity of 04 mus, 4d. Determine the power oulput of the person required to sustain this velocity n1986MB (modified) A special spring is constructed in which the restoring force is inthe opposite direction to the displacement, but is proportional to the cube of the displacement: i.c., F=-Kx’ ‘This spring is placed on a horizontal frictionless surface. One end of the spring is fixed, and the other end is fastened to a mass M. The mass is moved so that the spring is stretched a distance A and then released Determine each of the following in terms of k, A, and M. ‘The potential energy in the spring atthe instant the mass is released ‘The maximum speed of the mass TThe displacement of the mass at the point where the potential energy of the spring and the kinetic energy of the mass are equal ese 1 L | | | ! | 1987ML. An adult exerts a horizontal force on a swing that is suspended by @ rope of length L, holding it at an angle 0 with the vertical. The child in the swing has a weight W and dimensions that are negligible compared to L, The weights of the rope and of the seat are negligible, In terms of W and @, determine ‘a, the tension in the rope; b. the horizontal force exerted by the adult ‘The adult releases the swing from rest. In terms of W and 8 determine cc. the tension in the rope just after the release (the swing is instantaneously at rest); 4d. the tension in the rope as the swing passes through its lowest point, ue) Goules) 4] r 23 6 S67 x (meters) 1987M2. The above graph shows the potential energy U(x) ofa particle asa function of its position x Identify all points of equilibrium for this particle. Suppose the particle has @ constant total energy of 4.0 joules, as shown by the dashed line on the graph. 'b. Determine the kinetic energy of the particle atthe following positions ix=2.0m iix=4.0m c. Can the particle reach the position x= 0.5 m? Explain. Can the particle reach the position x = 5.0m? Explain, €. On the grid below, carefully draw a graph of the conservative force acting on the particle as a function of x, for O Y. Express your answer in terms of ym, vr , and fundamental constar 82a 2010M3. A skier of mass m will be pulled up a hill by a rope, as shown above, The magnitude of the acceleration of the skier as @ function of time ¢ can be modeled by the equations 4 gain IT) ( O , where gay and ave the same as in te original model. On the axes below, sketch the graphs ofthe foree exerted by the rope on the skier for the two models, from 1= 0 toa time 7: Label the original model F and the new model F F mg sind 83Passenger ‘Compartment e BR “ 2011M2. ‘An amusement park ride features @ passenger compartment of mass M that is released from rest at point A, as shown in the figure above, and moves along a track to point E. The compartment i in fre fall between points A and B, which are a distance of 3R/4 apart, then moves along the circular arc of radius R between points B and D. Assume the tack is frictionless from point A to point D and the dimensions of the passenger compartment are negligible compared to R. ‘a, Onthe dot below that represents the passenger compartment, draw and label the forces (not components) that act om the passenger compartment when itis at point C, which i at an angle from point B, b.Interms of @and the magnitudes of the forces drawn in part (a), determine an expression for the magnitude of the centripetal force acting on the compartment at point C. If you need to draw anything besides what you have shown in part (a) to assist in your solution, use the space below. Do NOT add anything to the Figure in part (a). ‘c. Derive an expression for the speed vo of the passenger compartment as it reaches point D in terms of M, R, and fundamental constants, as appropriate A force acts on the compartment between points D and E and brings it to rest at point E, 4d. Ifthe compartment is brought to rest by fiction, calculate the numerical value ofthe coefficient of friction 4 between the compartment and the track. ‘e. Now consider the case in which there is no fiction between the compartment and the track, but instcad the compartment is brought to rest by a braking force -kv , where kis a constant and vis the velocity of the compartment, Express all algebraic answers tothe following in terms of M, R, k, vs, and fundamental constants, as appropriate. i, Write, but do NOT solve, the differential equation for (0) ii, Solve the differential equation you wrote in parti fii, On the axes below, sketch a graph of the magnitude of the acceleration of the compartment as a function of time, On the axes, explicitly label any intercepts, asymptotes, maxima, or minima with numerical values or algebraic expressions, as appropriate. Magnitude of Acceleration CyAP Physies € Free Response Practice — Work and Energy — ANSWERS 1973M1 a. Free-Body Diagrams + free-body diagram for m, contains i. friction force Fy directed to the left ii, pulling force F directed to the right iil. gravitational force mg directed downwards iv, normal force of 2 0m 1 Fyy2e) directed upwards + free-body diagram for m; contains i friction force Fy directed to the right ii, gravitational foree mag directed downwards iil. normal foree of 1 on 2 Fy eo2) directed downwards iv, normal force of surface on 2 Fysqn3 directed upwards . Using Newton's Second Law and the free body diagrams we get: EP = may; F—Fe= may; F—pmig = may mga; Fr 1(m/m,)g and a, = (Fim)) — ug Applying kinematics to my: x; = vi} % @y)t, where x =, v; = Oand aq = a; ~ a): the acceleration of m, relative to m2. Solving fort gives: mpaa; ny AES Wy=-Fid= mgt ‘a. Apply work-energy theorem Wo. = AME, Wa=AK (Ke-Ki) Kr=0 fed "mv? =f, (0.12) =~ % (0.030) (500)? f=31250N b. Find find acceleration f= ma = (31250)~(0.03)a_ a 1.04x10° mis? Then use kinematics vewtat 0 S00+C 1.04x105)t =4.8x107* see ‘c. The absolute value of the acceleration increases slowing in size causing the speed to decrease quadratically instead of linearly to zero. This eauses the depth of penetration to increase more slowly. 1975M3 ‘a, using the ceiling as a reference point: U,=~ 4 mel; U, AU =Ur-Uj= “mgl ‘mel b. “z. i ‘A= ml the weight ofthe piece being held is Asg = mgs/l; s= y/2 so F(y) = mgy/2L a7981M? @ QM)gh= "4 QM)" h=L/2 so v= (eL)"” at the bottom Daring the upswing, 4 MVvag? = MgH where H = L(1 = V22) ae vai(,p =) During the ump momentum is conserved DMv= MeN ve vai(2 2 19x21 ‘a. Apply energy conservation, sct the top of the spring as Kye mgh= "mv (9.8)(3)= 'b. Set anew position for h-0 atthe bottom of the spring. Apply energy conservation comparing the h=0 position and the initial height location. Note: The initial height of the box will include both the y component of the initial distance along the inclined plane plus the y component of the compression distance Ax. h=Lsin 0 + Ax sin@ Uny = Usp bot) meh= kant smg(L sin 8 + Ax sin 8)~¥4 k Ax? (20X9.8)(6 sin 30+ 3 sin 30)= 4k GP? k 96 Nim ‘c.The speed is NOT a maximum when the block first hits the spring. Although the spring starts to push upwards against the motion of the block, the upwards spring force is initially less than the x component of the weight pushing down the incline (F,) so there is still a net force down the incline which makes the box accelerate and ‘gain speed, This net force will decrease as the box moves down and the spring force increases. ‘The maximum speed of the block will occur when the upwards spring force is equal in magnitude to the force down the incline such that Fnet is zero and the box stops accelerating down the incline. Past this point, the spring force becomes greater and there is a net force acting up the incline which slows the box until it eventually and momentarily ‘comes to rest in the specified location. cy19822 a K=%My'=%M(vo? RUM) (the rest of this question isin the dynamics chapter) 1983M3 R-R eos =R(1—cos 8) i, Ks =Uny Kz =mg{R (1 —cos 8)) ii, From, K= 1% m v= mgR (1 ~00s 0) v= 2gR (1 cos 8) Thena.-v/R= 2g(1 .08 0) iii, ‘The onl force with a tangential component is the gravitational force mg. It’s tangential component is mg sin 8. By Newton's Second Law 2B ug = Mag; Mg sin 8 = Mae; dg = 8 sin . The particle leaves the sphere when the normal force has decreased to zero, At that point the radial component of the weight provides the centripetal acceleration so mg cos 0 = ma, = m(2g(1-cos 0)) and cos 6 = 2/3; 0 = 48° clossM2 & Weuse mg sin ® = 0 forthe initial Brink of slipping point. Fy, — mg sin 9= w,(F,) + mg cos & nH, =tan 6 . Note: we cannot use the friction force from part a since this isthe static fiction force, we would need kinetic fiction. So instead we must apply W. = energy loss = AK +AU +AU,s. AK is zero since tae box starts a ends at rest, but there isa loss of gravitational U and a gain of spring U so those two terms will determine the loss of energy, setting final position as h=0. Note that the initial height would be the y component of the total distance traveled (dx) so h= (d'x)sin 0 Up-Ui + Uy) Vy O-mgh+ kA Yolo? — mg(déx)sin c. To determine the coefficient of kinetic friction, plug the term above back into the work-energy relationship, sub in —Work of friction as the work term and then solve for jx Who = Yo kx? — mg(d+x)sin 9 = f(dx) = Ys kx? = ma(dtx)sin 0 uy mg cos 0 (dx) = % koe — mg(d-+y)sin 0 Hx = [mg(d+x)sin 6 ~ % kx’) / [mg (d+x)cos 6] ‘2. Combining the person and the platform into one abject, held up by two sides of the rope we have ZF = ma; 2T = (80 ky + 20 kg)g giving T= 500 N ‘Similarly, EF = ma; 21 — 1000 N = (100 kg)(2 mis’) giving T For the person only: 2F ‘ma gives N= 360 N P=Fv=mgy=400 W(eects 1b. MVinux, = 4 KAY 202M" ©. + U; When K = U then Ey, =U + U =2U (kx!) = 4 (kA‘/4) a . r Fey) = Teas @—W=0 T=W cos b. Apply SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS Fou = 0 Tos 0-W=0 Sub T into X equation to get Fs Nw At rest EFpsa = 0; T= W cost 4 Up = Kear mgh= Ym? 2g(L- Leos0) v= 2gL(l- cos0) Then apply Fyne) = mv? Ir (T=W)= mOgl(I-cos 0) /L TW +2mg- 2mg cos 6 T=W | 2W-2W cos 0 = W—200s 0) 019872 ‘a. Equlibrium is where F=0 and since F = -dU/dx, F = 0 where the slope is zero, this occurs at x = 2m & x b Bg" K+US4t iatx=2m,K=4J-UQm)=4J-15=35 iatx=4m,K=4J-UGm=4)-3J=1) c. No, the particle cannot reach x = 0.5 m, the energy is not sufficient 4d. Yes, the particle can reach x= 5.0 m, the energy is sufficient Fix) (newtons) - = STS x (meters) loss? ‘a. For linear force relation: F= kx, from the graph (20 N) = ky (0.10 m); k b. [AK|=W, = area under graph = 13 fc. |AK|=area under graph from B to C= 2J a K-37 mis eum =¥ kx(x5c)* OR kyg (B 10 C)= ky + ky = slope these methods give k, = 600 Nim 1989M1 ‘a. Apply energy conservation from point A to point C setting point C as h=0 location (note: to find h as shown in the diagram, we will have to add in the initial 0.5m below h=0 location) ‘mv? (0.1Y9.8)0H,) oa hy =0.816m hob, 1 05m= 132m Un=Ke met Th, ‘c. Since the height at B and the height at C are the same, they would have to have the same velocities v,~ 4 m/s mv'/r Fy = 140.5) =3.2N Then vs?=vy?+2ad, (= QF +2989), ax = dy + initial height ='0.7 m 4d. Using projectile methods ... Viy= 4sin30 Alternatively you can do energy conservation setting h-0 at point C, Then K, = Unp + Kop keeping in mind that at the top the block has a kinetic energy related to its velocity there which isthe same as v, at point C. ‘e. Since the block will have the same total energy at point C as before but it will lose energy on the track the new initial height his larger than before. To find the loss of energy on the track, you can simply subtract the initial energies in each ease, Use — Us ™ mebgee-mgbge —_ (0.1)9.8)(2-1.32) = 0.67 J lost19952 ‘a. i, Minimum occurs where dU/dr = 0 dUtér = alb—abiry?=0 gives ry =b U(ta) = Ulb) = afb’ + bb) = 2a lope e. B&K+U= constant fo) + mov? a(bi2b + 2b/) Sai2 = 2a + Ye mv which gives v= (Uo/2m)"? 4. By conservation of energy the particle will again come to rest at point r) where it has the same potential energy as when at ry/2 Uery) = Ueeo2) ce. The particle wil oscillate withthe end points ofthe motion atr) and ro2 1997M1 ‘a. One may use the left graph by substituting @ point on the line into the force equation or the right graph by substituting @ point or calculating the slope. A = 25.5 Nim’ wl w= [roc Sag 2 w= faesrar=2ae i-Thtokincgualothe mea ude hee gh at 0.2)=Y6 mv" gives v=2 mis time to hit the ground t = (2hig)!? = 0.52 s d=v=1m 22000M2 ‘through d. also in dynamics chapter D, be’, on Drag Fone mg, Weight or Force of Gravity 'b. Decreases. As the ball approaches terminal speed, the velocity increases, so the drag force increases and gets closer in magnitude to the gravitational force, The resultant force, which is the difference between the gravitational and drag forces, gets smaller, and since it is proportional to the acceleration, the acceleration decreases. ¢. F=mg-bv; ma=mg- bv’, m(dvidt d. Atterminal speed, a = 0 so mg = bys’ ¢, AE=U,-Kr=mgh—% mv; = mgh—% m(mg/b) = mgth - m/2b) 2002M3 b wu dy 40 40 9-2 RG) wae By =K+U UO) = UQ)~ 4m? 2=15+%4(0.5 kav’, which gives v= 2 mis ‘de. The following were common examples. Other examples, though rarely cited, could receive partial or full credit 1, Using photogates Place the photogates near x=2_m and a small distance apart (such as a glider length). Measure the distance between the photogates, Measure the time the glider takes to travel between the photogates. Obtain the speed from distance/time. Note: No points were given ifthe distance measured was from 0 to 2 m and the time to travel 2 m was used, 2, Using a spring ‘The spring constant k ofthe spring must be known, or ifnot, then measured. Set up the spring at x = 2 m so that itis compressed when struck by the glider. Measure the distance of maximum compression x. . The velocity cean then be determined from the equation ¥4 kxq? = % mv? 3. Treating the glider as a projectile ‘Adjust the starting point so that x = 2 m is at end of the track. Thus the glider leaves the track at this point and. becomes a projectile, The height ofthe track determines the time interval r that the glider is in the ai. The horizontal distance x from the end of the track to the point where the glider hits the ground is measured and then the velocity is computed from xit 932003M1 axiét= 1.50 +2 vo" 2mis b, i, K=Ymv?=S0(1,5t + 27° fi, Fy = ma = m(dvidt) = m(3 1) = 300 ¢ ii 300 (1.58 +2) = 4508" + 600t OR P “aK dt c. W=AK; v(2)= 8 mis, v(0) = 2 m/s; W = 4 m(8 mis)" ~ 4 m2 mis)" = 3000 J Alternately, W = f Pat 4. Greater, the student had to perform work against friction zucs2 a. Fys.x' or VE vs. x ; oa [a | a_i] an t Go) dd A=sloy 2) = 1.7 «10° Nim? omg we [rdc= [°° ates (24) Ax x= 0.27 m iil. gy. nae = YX? + 28 max — 1m; Vn =3.8 mS The speed of bath blocks iv (M2)gd = Ys (Mi2 ~ MI2)v4? vy = (ed) v. FaoR pecan then hanging ote beth wistor eon F, = OB") _ (Ms Mg we [ear [Posy = Foy a weak w Mgy"/2L = % Mv" which gives v= (g/L)"?y The speeds are equal ‘Substituting L for d and y in the above equations yields (gL)'" in both cases 2010M1 2 through d is in the dynamies chapter a 2F=mg-CV=ma At terminal velocity vr, a = 0 so me= Cy7? and vy? bi. (wom T Nar afte sack ften wg] 1axi0* [p00xi07 [seen | aiaxio™ | Some Teil ped ns) asi] om [om [0m | 10% Cag (mtzt] [one Poe [aetna] fi, slope = giC = 217 m’ikg-s* giving C = 0.045 kgim 96Oo ii, Distance Y is the area under the curve between 0 and T © AE=AU+AK AU = -mgy and AK =" mv? ‘’smv;?~mgy 2010M3 _ f xt ve fa a= [ daxsin et b. WeAK=4mivy-v,) (1) = Patan, TR ¥0)=0 Armas Te ©. EP=Fage~mg sin 0 ma where a= 0 at terminal velocity Fyoe= mg sin @ F, = mg sind + mayaysin(™)

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