Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Table of Contents
AZAZ AHMAD| 49896 ..................................................................................................................... 1
LAB NO. 1 13/05/2022 ..................................................................................................... 11
Introduction to power distribution & utilization and laboratory equipment. ............................ 11
Objectives: ................................................................................................................................ 11
Equipment: ................................................................................................................................ 11
Introduction: .............................................................................................................................. 11
Power system: ....................................................................................................................... 11
Generation: ............................................................................................................................ 12
Transmission: ........................................................................................................................ 12
Distribution: .......................................................................................................................... 12
Load: ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Distribution system: .................................................................................................................. 12
Feeders: ................................................................................................................................. 12
Distributers:........................................................................................................................... 12
Service main: ........................................................................................................................ 12
Major producers of energy of Pakistan: ................................................................................ 13
Major transmission factors. ................................................................................................... 13
Major distribution stations of Pakistan. ................................................................................ 13
Following are few basic instruments which are used In PDU lab. ........................................... 14
 Three phase AC power supply (constant). ..................................................................... 14
 Three phase AC power supply (variable). ...................................................................... 14
 Variable DC power supply. ............................................................................................ 15
 Three phase transformers. .............................................................................................. 16
 Power circuit breaker. .................................................................................................... 16
 Three phase power meter. .............................................................................................. 17
 Power factor meter. ........................................................................................................ 18
 Switchable capacitor battery. ......................................................................................... 18
Capacitance values: ............................................................................................................... 18
 Current transformer. ....................................................................................................... 19
 Potential transformer. ..................................................................................................... 19
 Moving coil ammeter. .................................................................................................... 20
 Moving coil voltmeter. ................................................................................................... 20
Different Loads Used in PDU LABs. ....................................................................................... 21
 3 phase resistive load...................................................................................................... 21
 3 phase inductive load. ................................................................................................... 22
 3 phase capacitive load. .................................................................................................. 22
Rubrics .......................................................................................................................................... 23
LAB NO. 2 20/5/2022 ....................................................................................................... 24
Three phase delta connected power distribution system with balanced and unbalanced RLC
load. ......................................................................................................................................
24 Objective: .................................................................................................................................. 24
Required equipment: ................................................................................................................. 24
Delta connection: ...................................................................................................................... 24
Current and Voltages: ........................................................................................................... 25
Possible connections ............................................................................................................. 25
Properties of delta connection. .............................................................................................. 25
Vector diagram: ........................................................................................................................ 26
Advantages of delta connections: ............................................................................................. 26
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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Disadvantages of Delta connections: ........................................................................................ 26

Circuit Diagram: ....................................................................................................................... 27
Procedure: ................................................................................................................................. 28
Resistive Load:.......................................................................................................................... 28
Capacitive Load: ....................................................................................................................... 30
Inductive Load: ......................................................................................................................... 31
RLC Load: ................................................................................................................................ 33
Hardware implementation:........................................................................................................ 34
Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................... 34
Rubrics: ..................................................................................................................................... 35
LAB NO. 3 27/05/2022 ........................................................................................ 36
Three phase star connected power distribution system with balanced and unbalanced RLC
load. ........................................................................................................................................... 36
Objective: .................................................................................................................................. 36
Required equipment: ................................................................................................................. 36
Star Connection:........................................................................................................................ 36
Possible connections ................................................................................................................. 37
Properties of delta connection. .............................................................................................. 37
Vector diagram: ........................................................................................................................ 38
Advantage of Star connection: .................................................................................................. 38
Disadvantage of star connection: .............................................................................................. 38
Circuit Diagram: ....................................................................................................................... 39
Note ....................................................................................................................................... 40
Resistive Load:.......................................................................................................................... 40
Capacitive Load: ....................................................................................................................... 42
Inductive Load: ......................................................................................................................... 43
RLC Load: ................................................................................................................................ 45
Hardware Implementation: ....................................................................................................... 46
Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................... 46
Rubrics: ..................................................................................................................................... 47
LAB NO. 4 03/06/2022 ........................................................................................ 48
DC Power Distribution System ................................................................................................. 48
Objective: .................................................................................................................................. 48
Required Tools: ......................................................................................................................... 48
Theory: ...................................................................................................................................... 48
DC Distribution System: ........................................................................................................... 48
1. Types Of DC Power Distribution ...................................................................................... 49
I. Unipolar DC Distribution System (2-Wire DC System) ................................................ 49
II. Bipolar DC Distribution System (3-Wire DC System) .................................................. 49
Types Of DC Distributors ......................................................................................................... 50
1. Distributor Fed at One End ............................................................................................ 50
2. Distributor Fed at Both Ends .......................................................................................... 51
3. Distributor Fed at The Center......................................................................................... 51
4. Ring Main DC Distributor.............................................................................................. 52
Procedure: ................................................................................................................................. 52
Connection Diagram: ................................................................................................................ 53
1. Singly fed circuit diagram: ............................................................................................. 53
2. Doubly fed connection diagram: .................................................................................... 54
Observations and calculation: ................................................................................................... 55
Singly fed distribution system: ............................................................................................. 55
When DC shunt motor is connected ..................................................................................... 55
Doubly fed Reading .............................................................................................................. 55
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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Hardware implementation ......................................................................................................... 56

Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................... 56
Rubrics ...................................................................................................................................... 57
LAB NO. 5 10/06/2022 ........................................................................................ 58
Voltage Regulation of Distribution Lines ................................................................................. 58
Objective: .................................................................................................................................. 58
Required Tools: ......................................................................................................................... 58
Theory: ...................................................................................................................................... 58
Voltage Regulation Formulas: .............................................................................................. 59
Impedance of voltage regulation:.......................................................................................... 59
Current of Voltage Regulation: ............................................................................................. 59
Line Drop: ............................................................................................................................. 59
Voltage Regulation on Full Load:......................................................................................... 59
Procedure: ................................................................................................................................. 59
Table: ........................................................................................................................................ 60
Readings and Calculations: ....................................................................................................... 60
Readings:................................................................................................................................... 61
Connection Diagram: ................................................................................................................ 62
Hardware implementation ..................................................................................................... 63
Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................... 63
Rubrics .................................................................................................................................. 64
LAB NO. 6 08/07/2022 ........................................................................................ 65
Power losses in Distribution Lines ............................................................................................... 65
Objective: .................................................................................................................................. 65
• To Understanding different factor of power losses in distribution lines. .......................... 65
• Observe and analyze the power losses under different load conditions in distribution lines
65
Required Tools: ......................................................................................................................... 65
Theory: ...................................................................................................................................... 65
Power Losses in distribution Lines: .......................................................................................... 65
Classification of Power Losses in distribution Lines:............................................................... 66
1. Technical Electrical power losses: ..................................................................................... 66
A. Fixed technical losses: ........................................................................................................ 66
i. The leakage current losses: ............................................................................................ 66
ii. Open circuit losses: ........................................................................................................ 66
iii. Corona losses .................................................................................................................. 66
iv. Dielectric losses .............................................................................................................. 66 B.
Variable Technical losses: ................................................................................................... 66
Causes of Technical losses: ...................................................................................................... 67
2. Non-technical (Commercial) power losses: ....................................................................... 67
How to reduce power losses in distribution lines? .................................................................... 67
Procedure: ................................................................................................................................. 67
Connection Diagram: ................................................................................................................ 68
Calculations: ............................................................................................................................. 69
Hardware Implementation: ....................................................................................................... 69
Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................... 69
Rubrics .................................................................................................................................. 70
LAB NO. 7 22/07/2022 ........................................................................................ 71
Analysis of Radial and Ring main system in Power ..................................................................... 71
Distribution Network .................................................................................................................... 71
Objective: .................................................................................................................................. 71
o To Understanding and analyze a radial distribution system using ETAP. ........................ 71
o To Understanding and analyze a ring main distribution system using ETAP ................... 71
Required Tools: ......................................................................................................................... 71
Theory: ...................................................................................................................................... 71
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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Introduction to ETAP software: ................................................................................................ 71

Distribution System: ................................................................................................................. 73
Types of distribution system: ............................................................................................ 73
1. Radial distribution system.................................................................................................. 73
2. Ring main distribution system: .......................................................................................... 73
Procedure: ................................................................................................................................. 74
Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................... 74
Rubrics: ..................................................................................................................................... 75
LAB NO. 9 29/07/2022 ............................................................................... 76
Electric Arc Welding .................................................................................................................... 76
Objective: .................................................................................................................................. 76
Required Tools: ......................................................................................................................... 76
Theory: ...................................................................................................................................... 76
Welding: .................................................................................................................................... 76
1. Gas welding ....................................................................................................................... 76
Gas welding Mechanism: ...................................................................................................... 76
2. Arc Welding: ...................................................................................................................... 77
Working of Arc welding: ...................................................................................................... 77
What are the Different Types of Arc Welding? ........................................................................ 78
1. Consumable Electrode Methods..................................................................................... 78
Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG) and Metal Active Gas Welding (MAG) ........................... 78
Electro-Slag Welding (ESW) ................................................................................................ 79
Arc Stud Welding (SW) ........................................................................................................ 79
1. Non-consumable Electrode Methods ................................................................................. 79
a. Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG) ................................................................................ 79
b. Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) .......................................................................................... 79
Where is it Used? ...................................................................................................................... 79
Rod Types ................................................................................................................................. 79
The Advantages ........................................................................................................................ 80
The Disadvantages .................................................................................................................... 80
Rubrics: ..................................................................................................................................... 81
LAB NO. 10 05/08/2022 ............................................................................... 82
Cooling System ........................................................................................................................ 82
Objective: .................................................................................................................................. 82
Required Tools: ......................................................................................................................... 82
Theory: ...................................................................................................................................... 82
Types of colling system: ....................................................................................................... 83
1: Static Cooling, .................................................................................................................. 83
2: Fan Assisted Cooling, ....................................................................................................... 83
3: Dynamic Cooling System. ................................................................................................ 84
Why do we are Cooling: ........................................................................................................... 84
How a Refrigerator Works? ...................................................................................................... 84
LAB NO 11: ................................................................................................ 85
1. Evaporator: ........................................................................................................................ 85
2. Compressor..................................................................................................................... 85
3. The condenser ................................................................................................................ 86
4. Throttling device ............................................................................................................ 86
Air conditioner: ......................................................................................................................... 87

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

LAB NO. 8
OPEN ENDED LAB
(Vector Group Test of Three Phase Transformer)
Lab Objectives:
• To understand different vector groups testing of transformers.

• Design and analyze different vector groups.

• Verification of different vector groups.

Required Equipment:
• Mat-lab Software

Theory:
Introduction:
Three phase transformer consists of three sets of primary windings one for each phase, and three sets of
secondary windings wound on the same iron core. Separate single-phase transformers can be used and
externally interconnected to yield the same results as a 3-phase unit. The primary windings are connected in
one of several ways the two most common configurations are the delta in which the polarity end of one
winding is connected to the non-polarity end of the next, and the star, in which all three non-polarities ends are
connected together. The secondary windings are connected similarly. This means that a 3-phase transformer
can have its primary and secondary windings connected the same or differently. When the secondary and
primary windings are connected the same way, it is important that the secondary voltage waveforms are in
phase with the primary waveforms.
Three-phase transformers are passive machines that pass electrical energy between circuits. In the secondary
circuit, a magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf), thus stepping up (increase) or stepping down
(decrease) voltages without altering the frequency.
Connection: Phase voltage
Delta: VP = VL
Star: VP = VL / √3

Figure :Three phase transformer

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Winding for 3 phase transformer:

When 3 coils are used in a 3 phase transformer winding a number of options exist. The coil voltages can be in
phase or displaced as above with the coils connected in star or delta and, in the case of a star winding, have the
star point (neutral) brought out to an external terminal or not.
An ac voltage applied to a coil will induce a voltage in a second coil where the two are linked by a magnetic
path. The phase relationship of the two voltages depends upon which ways round the coils are connected. The
voltages will either be in-phase or displaced by 180 deg
There are Six Ways to wire Star Winding:

Figure 1: Star winding ways

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

There are also Six Ways to connect wiring for Delta Winding:

Figure 2: Six ways of delta winding

Vector group of transformer:

The transformer vector group show the phase difference between the primary and secondary sides of the
transformer. It also determines the high voltage and low voltage windings arrangement of three phase
transformers. The three phase transformer is connected in various ways. On the basis of connection, the vector
group of the transformer is determined.
Three phase transformer is divided into four main groups according to the phase difference between the
corresponding line voltage on the high voltage side and the low voltage sides. The phase difference is the angle
by which the low voltage line lags the high line voltage, and is measured in units of 30° in clockwise direction.
These groups are
• Group number 1 – no phase displacement
• Group number 2 – 180° phase displacement.
• Group number 3 – (-30°) phase displacement.
• Group number 4 – (+ 30°) phase displacement.
The connection Y d 11 gives the following information – Y indicates that the high voltage is connected to star
and d indicates the low voltage is connected in delta. The 11 indicates that the low line voltage lag, high line
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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

voltage by 11 Χ 30° = 330° measured from higher voltage phasor in a clockwise direction.

Taking Dyn11 circuit which signifies various things-

• The H.V. side is connected in Delta.
• The L.V. side is connected in Star with neutral.
• 11 signifies that the L.V. leads H.V. by 300.

Figure 3: Circuit diagram

Figure 4: LV leading HV by 30 Graph

Figure 5: Phasor diagram

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Measuring Voltage between

• 1U and 2n (V1U2n )
• 2n and 1V (V2n1V )
• 1U and 1V (V1U1V )
V1U2n + V2n1V = V1U1
V2n1V =99.6V, V1U2n =0.4V, V1U1 =100V 99.6
V+0.4V =100V
Now,
Measuring Voltage between
• 1W and 2v ( V1W2v )
• 1W and 2w (V1W2w ) V1W2v > V1W2w
On Site results: -
V1W2v =100.4V, V1W2w =100V 100.4V > 100V

NOW,
Taking YNd1 circuit which signifies various things:
• The H.V. side is connected in Star with neutral.
• The L.V. side is connected in delta
• 1 signifies that the H.V. leads L.V. by 300.

Figure 6: Circuit Diagram

Output Result:

Figure 7: HV leading Lv by 30 Graph

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Figure 8: Phasor Diagram

Measuring Voltage between

• 1U and 2w (V1U2w)
• 2w and 1N (V2w1N)
• 1U and 1N (V1U1N)
V1U2w + V2w1N = V1U1N
V1U2w =59.6V, V2w1N =25.6V, V1U1N =82.5V
5906V+25.6V=~82.5V
Now,
Measuring Voltage between
• 1W and 2v (V1W2v)
• 1V and 2v (V1V2v)
V1W2v > V1V2v
On Site results
V1W2v =112V, V1V2v =31V
1102V>31V

Conclusion:
In this lab we understand different vector groups testing of transformers, .Designing and analyze
different vector groups and also we Verify result of different vector groups.

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Rubrics
Students can
Students fully The student has
understand The student
Student is understand completed all
the has
unable to lab objectives lab objectives
requirements implemented
Open Ended Not identify the and adaptd with flawless
and propose a the correct
Laboratory submitted given the correct results and
correct solution and
laboratory approach to drawn the
solution got favorable
objectives providing the appropriate
without results.
solution. conclusion.
results.

Category Ungraded Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent

Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0

Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

Correctly
drawn
Plagiarized Requirements Observations Appropriate
conclusion
content are listed and are recorded computations
Laboratory Report not with
presented or experimental along with or numerical
Reports submitted exact results
incomplete procedure is detailed analysis is
and complete
submission presented procedure performed
report in all
respects

Category Ungraded Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent

Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0

Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

70
Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

LAB NO. 10 05/08/2022

Cooling System
Objective:
• To understand the concept and working of cooling system.
• To observe and analyze different cooling system.
Required Tools:
A model of air conditioner
Model of refrigerator

Theory:
The cooling system is a set of components that enables the flow of liquid coolant
to the passages in the engine block and head so as to absorb combustion
heat. The heated fluid will then return to the radiator through a rubber hose, for
cooling.. If overheated, the oil in a mechanical transmission loses its lubricating capacity,
while the fluid in a hydraulic converter leak under the pressure created.

Figure :01 cooling and heating systems.

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Types of colling
system:1: Static
Cooling,

Figure 2: Static Cooling.

2: Fan Assisted Cooling,

Figure 3: Fan Assisted Cooling,

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

3: Dynamic Cooling System.

Dynamic Air Cooling (DAC) is a new, environmentally-friendly air conditioning and refrigeration
technology that uses no synthetic HFC coolants* and features no thermal emissions. It's ideal for
commercial, industrial and residential applications. to fight climate change!

Figure 4: Dynamic Cooling System

Why do we are Cooling:

We are using the cooling system to transfer
thermal energy to keep things cool and
fresh. If we have ever noticed how warm the
back of a running refrigerator gets, then you
know that it releasesa lot of thermal energy
into the room.

Figure 5

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

How a Refrigerator Works?

The Refrigerator must do work to reverse the normal direction of thermal energy flow. Work
involvesthe use of force to move something, and doing work takes energy. In a refrigerator, the
energy is usually provided by electricity.

Figure 6: Refrigerator’s working mechanism.

Different types of refrigeration:

➢ Mechanical-Compression Refrigeration Systems.
➢ The most widely used refrigeration cycle method is mechanical compression.
➢ Absorption Refrigeration.
➢ Evaporative Cooling.
➢ Thermoelectric Refrigeration
Refrigerators work by causing the refrigerant circulating inside them to change from a liquid into
a gas. This process, called evaporation, cools the surrounding area, and produces the desired effect.
You can test this process for yourself by taking some alcohol and putting a drop or two on your
skin. The components used in the Refrigeration and fridges are as follow.
Evaporator
Compressor
Condenser
Throttling device
1. Evaporator:
An evaporator is a device used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance, such as water, into

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

its gaseous form - vapor, therefore changing the substance's state of matter.

Figure 7 Evaporator.
2. Compressor
A compressor is a device that increases the pressure of a substance (usually a gas) by reducing
the volume of the substance. Compressors are used in many applications, most of which
involve increasing the pressure inside a gas storage container.

Figure 8: compressor

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

3. The condenser
The condenser relies on the efficient heat transfer that occurs during phase changes, in this
case during the condensation of a vapor intoa liquid.
A condenser is designed to transfer heat from a working fluid (e.g., water in a steam power
plant) to a secondary fluid or the surrounding air.

Figure 39 Condenser.

4. Throttling device
Throttling device where a high-pressure fluid is converted into low-pressure by using a throttle
valve. In a throttling process, the enthalpy remains constant, and the work done is zero

Figure 40 Throttling devices.

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Air conditioner:
A room air conditioner is a compact air conditioner unit which can be placed in a particular room
for its air conditioning. They do not need any ductwork. It has a complete refrigeration plane. Like
compressor, condenser, refrigerant, valves, and evaporator coil the units are also provided with
thermostat control and filtering equipment

Figure: Air conditioner

Working:
The cool and low-pressure vapor refrigerant is drawn from the evaporator to the compressor,
andit is compressed to high pressure and temperature. Generally, in this refrigerant is Freon
gas i.e., R-12 or R22 and a hermetic compressor is used. The high pressure and temperature
gas runs through a set of coils so it can dissipate its heat and it condenses into liquid. The liquid
is passed through the capillary and then flows into the evaporator. As refrigerant comes out of
capillary, itstemperature and pressure falls. This low temperature and pressure gas runs through
a set of coils that allow the gas to absorb heat and cool down the air inside the building. The
compressor draws this low-pressure vapor and cycle is repeated. Most air conditioner also
functions as dehumidifiers. They take excess water or moisture from the air and exit to
atmosphere through the pipe.

Conclusion:
In this lab we have learnt the working principle and mechanism of the cooling system.

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Rubrics
Students can
Students fully The student has
understand The student
Student is understand completed all
the has
unable to lab objectives lab objectives
requirements implemented
Open Ended Not identify the and adaptd with flawless
and propose a the correct
Laboratory submitted given the correct results and
correct solution and
laboratory approach to drawn the
solution got favorable
objectives providing the appropriate
without results.
solution. conclusion.
results.

Category Ungraded Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent

Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0

Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

Correctly
drawn
Plagiarized Requirements Observations Appropriate
conclusion
content are listed and are recorded computations
Laboratory Report not with
presented or experimental along with or numerical
Reports submitted exact results
incomplete procedure is detailed analysis is
and complete
submission presented procedure performed
report in all
respects

Category Ungraded Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent

Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0

Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

78
Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

LAB NO. 11 05/08/22

Heating System
Objective:
o to understand the concept and working of heating system.
o To observe and analyze different heating system.
Required Tools:
o Boiler
o Hot water radiators
o Thermal energy
o Water supply
o Mini Water tank
Theory:
It means that the purpose of maintaining thermal comfort during cold weather, heat air or water
through a furnace or heat pump and distribute such heat through vents, ducts, pipes, or radiators,
or hardwired electrical heaters. A heating system is a mechanism for maintaining temperatures at an
acceptable level by using thermal energy within a home, offices. It’s a part of an HVAC system heating
systemmay be a central heating system or distributed A system boiler directly heats your central
heating and produces hot water for an unvented storage cylinder. They work like a regular
(conventional) boiler, in that they need to store hot water, but differ in the way they take in
their water supply. Therefore, a heating system is a system for the transfer of thermal energy.
Regardless of the type of heating system in a home, the basic function is the same to produce
thermal energy and transfer
it to air throughout the house and the area where you need heat.

Figure 1 heating and colling system.

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Hot-Water Heating System:

A hot-water heating system produces thermal energy to heat water and then pumps the hot
water throughout the building in a system of pipes and radiators. we can see a simple diagram
of this type of heating system in the figure.

Figure 2 hot water heating system

Warm-Air Heating System:

The air is heated in a furnace that burns fuel such as natural gas, propane, or heating oil. After
theair gets warm, a fan blows it through the ducts and out through the registers that are in each
room.Warm air blowing out of a register moves across the room, pushing cold air out of the
way. The cold air enters a return register across the room and returns to the furnace with the
help of anotherfan. In the furnace, the cold air is heated, and the cycle repeats.

Figure 3 warm water heating system.

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Solar home heating system:

Solar thermal technology allows you to heat water using the power of the sun and allows
you to heat your home as well. Cut your water heating and general heating bills while
slashing greenhousegas emissions. Our friendly heating systems comprise of the
following components. Once the heated water is in the piping of the hot water storage tank,
then heat exchange components heat water within the tank ready for use. Solar water
heating is the conversion of sunlight into heat for water heating using a solar thermal
collector. A variety of configurations are available at varying cost to provide solutions in
different climates and latitudes. Solar water heaters are widelyused for residential and
some industrial applications. A sun-facing collector heats a workingfluid that passes
into a storage system for later use. Solar water heaters are active (pumped) and passive
(convection-driven). They use water only, or both water and a working fluid. They are
heated directly or via light-concentrating mirrors. They operate independently or as
hybrids with electric or gas heaters. In large-scale installations, mirrors may concentrate
sunlight onto a smallercollector.

Solar home heating system

Figure 9heating system machine

Conclusion:
In this lab we have learnt the working principle and mechanism of the heating system.

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Lab Manual POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION AZAZ AHMAD 49896

Rubrics
Students
Students can The student
fully
understand The student has completed
Student is understand
the has all lab
unable to lab
requirements implemented objectives
Open Ended Not identify the objectives
and propose the correct with flawless
Laboratory submitted given and adaptd
a correct solution and results and
laboratory the correct
solution got favorable drawn the
objectives approach to
without results. appropriate
providing
results. conclusion.
the solution.
Category Ungraded Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent
Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0

Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

Correctly
drawn
Plagiarized Requirements Observations Appropriate
conclusion
content are listed and are recorded computations
Laboratory Report not with
presented or experimental along with or numerical
Reports submitted exact results
incomplete procedure is detailed analysis is
and complete
submission presented procedure performed
report in all
respects

Category Ungraded Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent

Percentage [0] [1-20] [21-40] [41-60] [61-80] [81-100]
Marks 0.0 0.01 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.40 0.41 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.80 0.81 - 1.0

Total Marks Instructor’s Signature

82