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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
1K views282 pagesExplicit Biologybooktree - NG
Uploaded by
Olorungbohunmi OluwakayodeCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
A REVISION ——
‘ GCE, SSCE, JAMB (UTME),
* POST - UTME & PRE - DEGREE
O.J. OLAOYECHAPTER T
IVING ORGANISM
——_VING onGaNTSMS
nding thie chayrer
cof living organiéme
otic and Fukarvotie ce!
‘ons of cell component
RISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS
fan action by an organism or part of an
. place,or aspect.
CHARACTI
1. Movement
organism causing a change of pos
2. Assimilation of food (Nutrition): taking
Mion): taking in of nutrients
sshich are organic substances and mineral tre cone
energy’ for growth and tissue. repal
absorbing and assimilating them, ind tissue repair,
3. Respiration: the chemical renctions that break down
nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy
4, Reproduction: the processes that make more of the
same kind of organism
5. Irritability or Sensitivity: the ability to detect or sense
changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make
responses
af structure oF
wweeeetally and
vexion nf Ca
andaans £0 1"
ca onrarentt
sane renpective evi
in size through
Growin: the ability te inerense
acquisition afew proteplast™
A. Pxeretin;Feniort ethan cereal reactions
cells including respiration) and subst
requirements,
Memory Tip: MARRIAGE
mall microscopie
rin viruses s6 not
DNA molecules surrounded BY
eitcin coating, Since viruses cannot reproduce Wi
ea ata raha TE
Organisms. Viruses are link between Ii
Tiesy reproduce by replicating in the living
pestney possess characteristics which are transmitted
fom one generation to another. one generation
another.
cells but rather RNA oF
ing
{ Viruses and bacteria
L_ Virus Bacteria
Covered by Protein coat Celt wall
Cell membrane No Yes
Cytoplasm No e 5 Yes
Genetic material DNA or RNA-~ only a few genes. DNA or RNA- enough for several hundred gen
Living or not? ‘Non-living unless in host, Living
CELL
There are two major types of cell. Eukaryotic cells, which have membrane-bound organelles, like a nucleus
mitochondrion; and
bacteriacell.
prokaryotic cells which do not have these organelles. The best example of a prokaryotic cell
1Prokaryotes
plea organisa Tens Bihan
Typist sie 110m Protectan en
nk las
10-106 1m pcmecncn
em cl
prof nls , Xe
tre Noclear body No mucus Mtge Endemic
Ribosomes Sreube(ece DNA) al nucleus With sue ected compartments known as ctertae Th
¢ 70s linear motecuies Mrelope gages. which are attached to. the ouside
anemia ns (Chromeo vig mbrane, The roof the Rough ER om
ovement res npc upproein which then ranspered wath
Prag i akin %
Mitochondria *ellacicilia made of Nagelti ighly structured by my hecell.
Com a se ec anc a mene
“ ps ; ‘made of hui ¢\qoth Endoplasmic Retiulum
Izaton J 1-100 (though RBCs have ‘ Seooth ER asa siniarstcturtothe Rough
uly snge ces Gite or) || Ge aes
cana Single et, colon mone and cholesterol
ls, oon
Bina higher mie
son (simple dvs ‘rganiams wit speci Wukr yi Apparatus
rl el etic Spenaserive ess resis fut
Mel ton) te proteins rive
oi (eamee pr we carbobydates or oer moles ade ot
Span) amore cover end sed fr
edited proteins are then packaged it vei
Inspeied out oe ely te process of
WOOD
OW Wo bo
soNM sa
4.D
9.B
14.B
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29.B
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5.D
10.B
3.
20.B
25.C
30.B
35.A
40.AFades the following. afer reading this chapter
5 saam¢proknryote) €8, bacteria and biue-gree
algae
protista (protozoan and protophyta) e.g, Amoeba an
Englena
Fungie-g-mushrooms and bread moulds
Plantae (plants)
‘Animalia animals)
EVOLUTION |AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS
Chssification and diversity ofliving organisms
The system of classifying living organisms on a hierarchy
js known as taxonomy. Below is the taxonomical
tierarchy; Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, Species.
MemoryTTip: (King Play Card On Fine Green Sand)
Binomial system: a system of naming species in which the
scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts
showing the genus (Starting with a capitol letter) and
species (starting with a lower case letter), written in
italics when printed (therefore underlined when
handvritten)e.g. Homo sapiens
Thefivekingdoms:
Animal: Multi-cellular ingestive heterotrophs (eat living
organisms)
Plant; Multi-cellular photosynthetic autotrophic (make
‘own food) organism with a cellulose cell wall.
Fungi: Single celled or multi cellular heterotrophic
orgenism with a cell wall not made of cellulose,
Saprotrophs (feed off dead organisms) or parasites
Monera: Single celled organism withno truenucleus
ingle celled organism witha nucleus
CLASSIFICATION OFPLANTS 5
lants are classified into division based on their structural
lifferences, presence or absenice of chlorophyll, presence
oF absence of flower, presence or absence of vascular
bundle and life cycle.
1. The Schizophytes: These are unicellular and
‘microscopic plants, They lack definite nucleus and possess
cell wal without cellulose. Reproduction is asexual eB.
acteria,
2 The Th simple body
llophytes: ‘These have
Structure, They poe roots, stems and leaves. The two
divisions a
re: the
Algaee.g. Spirogyra, Volvox' and Chlamydomonas
Al;
>. Fungic.e, Rhizopus, Mushroom and
lar non-vascular
3.The Bi , joel
ryophytes: These are multicel root-like
and non-flowering plants. They Possess
7
structures called rhizoids, They are found in damp places,
on the barks of trees, floor of grass-lands and forests ¢.6.
mosses, homworts and liver-worts.
4. The Pteridophytes: These are non-flowering vascular
plant having structures resembling roots, stems ‘and leaves.
They reproduces by means of special gametes and spores
e.g, ferns andselaginella.
5, The Spermatophytes: These are the seed producing
vascular plants. They have true roots, stems and leaves.
‘They are subdivided into two;
a. Gymnosperms: They bear naked seeds inside scale —
like structures. They bear naked seeds inside seed
boxes called cones e.g. conifers, cycads, whistling pine
etc,
. Angiosperms: These are flowering seed producing
‘vascular plants. Their fruits are covered with fruit wall.
They are subdivided into twonamely;
i. Monocotyledons: These have parallel leaf’ venation
fibrous root system, scattered vascular bundles in the
stem and only one seed coat e.g. maize, rice, grasses,
bambooete.
ii. Dicotyledons: These have net or reticulate venation
ringed or organized vascular bundles in the stem,
taproot system and two seed coats e.g. bean, mango,
hibiscusetc.
Memory Tip: Samuel The Biologist Planted Sugarcane
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
Major phyla
Phylum : Protozoa .
This phylum includes a great diversity of small,
microscopic organ- isms, These are single celled
eukaryotes. Their locomotion happens using pseudopodia,
cilia or flagella, ,
The nutrition is either autotrophic or heterotrophic. They
reproduce either asexually or by sexual methods, Eg:
‘Amoeba, Paramoecium, Plasmodium. é
Phylum :Porifera
These are multicellular, aquatic organisms. They have a
cellular grade of construction without the occurrence of
tissues. The sponges belonging to this phylum are
characterised by the presence of a canal system in their
body. The body wall contains spicules, They can reproduce
both by asexual and sexual methods. Eg Sponges.
Phylum :Coelenterata or Cnidaria
All coelenterates are aquatic animals, The
‘ a . They are mostl
marine. The body is radially symmetrical. The body mal
is of two layers of cells. The outer layer is called the
ectoderm, The inner layer, entoderm is seperated from
the ectoderm by a non-cellular mesogloea, The mesoglocaike sub stance. Due to the presence of two layers
svall, these are snd to bediplobntie animals,
aaa Abit polymorphism. In this phylum,
erat exist in Ivo ferent body forms namely, a
polyp, and a medusa. The ectoderm contains stinging cells
Called nematocysts (cnidoblasts). These cells when
triggered car explosively penetrate prey and inject poison,
‘The lnyers in the body wall contain several cells and tissues
such as muscle cells epithelial tissues, gland-cells and
sensory cells
They reproduce both asexually and sexually. They are
divided into three classes, namely Hydrozoa, Seyphozon
and Anthozoa.
In Hydrozoa, the animal has a dominant polyp body form
andareduced medusa stage. (e.g) Hydra, Obelia,
In Seyphozoa the medusa form is permanent, This group
includes jelly fishes such as Aurelia. They swim in the
surface waters. They have a bell shaped medusa stage.
The Anthozoans mostly remain as polyps. Their body
cavity is divided by large radial partitions called
mesenteries. (eg) ea-anemone and corals.
All animals of subsequent phyla show the following
general characters,
isajelly-
inthe body
1. Allofthem nave three layers in the body:wall: They 2
named as outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm, and inner
endoderm. Thus they até ‘called as" Triplobl
animals. zed
2; The body is bilaterally symmettical.
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
This phylum includes flatworms. These are acoelomates,
without a body cavity called coclom. The alimentary candy
is either absent or very simple. Excretion an
‘osmoregulation occur through flame cells.These wort
are mostly hermophrodites, having both male and’ IEA &
reproductive organs in a single individual. Most
members are parasites. It is divided into three classes,
namely Turbellaria, Trematoda and Cestoda.
in: living aquatic
aria :-These are free ati
ser ne, The Planar of this class shows characteristic
regeneration.
1a += These are flukes living as parasites
insi wt (en- doparasites). A protective cuticle covers
ee of the body. Flukes have suckers for
vrtashment tothe host tissues. The examples are Fasciola
(liver fluke), Schistosoma (blood fluke).
Class Trematod:
Class Cestoda t It includes all tape worms. These are
fotemnal parasites witha complex lifeistory. The lifecycle
involves two hosts.
Their body characters are adaptations for parasitic life,
Mouth and alimentary canal are absent, Food is absorbed
through general body surface. The head is called the
seolex. It has a ring of hooks and suckers for attach- ment
to the host tissue. The body consists of several segments
called Proglottids. (eg) sheep andcatletape worms,
Phylum :Nematoda
‘These are the popular round worms, The body i harrow S sheild like carapate,
Titan
and pointed at both the ends, There are no body se
‘The body is covered by a thin cuticle, The body ees
considered as a pseudocoelom. The alimentary can!
straight tube. They reproduce sexually andthe sexes
Seperate, There are several free living soil nemaede
Others are parasites (eg) Ascarislumbricoides,
In subsequent Phyla the animals show following gener
characters :
1, There is a coelom within the mesoderm. Hence these
are called as coelomates.
2, The body consists of a series of compartments. This
phenomenon is called as metameric segmentation,
They have a circulatory system pro- viding intemal
transport.
Phylum: Anns
These are worm like animals. The body segments are rings
externally, Internally the segments are seperated by Septa,
Externally the body is protected by a cuticle. Excretion and
osmoregulation are acheived by ciliated tubules called
nephridia, There is a central nervous system. The brain is
formed of ganglia in the head region, The nerve cord is
ventral in position. For the first time head formation or
cephalization happens. These are bi- sexual and
hermophroditic. The larvais called the trochophore.
This phylum includes three Classes, namely
Polychaeta,Oligochaeta and Hirudinia. Thepolychaetes
are marine worms. They have a distinct head. There are
pairs of lateral projections called parapodia. The examples
are Nereis (ragworms), Arenicola(lugworm).
Earthworms are included in the Class Oligochaeta, The
Class: Hirudinia includes leeches. These are blood suckers
and ectoparasites. They have well developed suckers for
attachement at anterior and posterior ends.
Phylum :Arthropoda
‘These are the most successful group of animals. They
outnumber all other animals in population strength, The
body is segmented. It is covered by a hard exoskeleton
made of chitin. During growth the exoskeleton is shed
(moulting of eedysis). The legs or paired appendages are
Jointed. The head region has pair of prominent compound
eyes. Each compound eye is made up of several
Dhotorecepiorsub units elled Ommati
*y have an open circulatory system wi
body cavity is filled with athidcaledhaenotyer Suh
body cavity is known as haemocoel, These are unisexual,
exhibiting sexual dimorphism. The young forms produced
are invariably called the larvae. The
metamorphosisanddevelopintoaduke ™** See
This Phylum comprises five C|
lasses:
Class Onychophora: - [t includes small worm like
Perit Pept shows Annelidan and Arthropod?
ct . Hence this i it
linkbetweenthe two ae considered as a connestts
Class Crustacea Thee:
The examples for this ch rawes
crabs and lobsters. The dorsal body surface seovered by?riapoda i= It includes centepedes and
i 8 Ma Tse orgar- isms have a distinct head and
mint. cantepees haw air poison clays,
sinh fy consis of nUMEFUS SEBMEN, bearing pairs of
legs.
Class Insecta = Tt comprises the common insects. The
Cos lied info head thorax and abdomen In several
eet, the adults have two pairs of wings on the thorax.
Respiration happens through the tracheal system,
ichnida :- It includes scorpions, spiders, ticks
crite. The body is divided into cephalothorax and
Sivonen, There are four pairs of legs attached to the
cephalothorax
Class Ara
phylum Mollusca Itisa very successful and diverse group
af animals. Considered to be the second largest group of
animals with regard to species number. These are soft
todied animals without segmentation. The body is divided
ino head, muscular foot and visceral mass. The body is
covered by amantleandashell.
Aespiration happens through gills (ctinidia) in the mantle
cavity. The most common larva isa trochophore larva.
Thee are seven classes of which three are more prominent,
Chss Peleeypoda or Bivalvia :- These are aquatic
relliscs having bivalves. They burrow in mud and sand.
The body is laterally compressed. (eg) mussels, clams,
cysts
(Cass Gastropoda :- These are either aquatic or terrestrial
nnolises, They possesa spiral shell.
The foot is large and flat. They have well developed head
With tentacles and eyes. (eg) snails, slugs, and limpets.
Class Cephalopoda :- These are mostly marine. They are
Adapted for swimming. The foot is modified into eight to
ten long tentacles in the head region. The shell is either
intemal orabsent. (eg) Octopus, Loligo, Sepia.
Phylum Echinodermata :- These are marine organisms
Whilethe adults are radially symmetrical the larvae remain
biltrally symmetrical. The mouth ison the lower surface.
They have a water vascular system with tube feet. eB, star
fishes, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea-cucumbers.
Phylum Chordata
This phylum derives its name fr!
characteristics of this group namely the notochord (Gr
‘oton, back + L. chorda, cord), The animals belonging to
All other phyla of the Animal Kingdom are often termed
the non -chordates'or ‘the invertebrates’ since they have
eithernotochord nor backbone in their body:
The backboned animals (vertebrates), together with a few
sloselyre- lated animals which do not possess a backbone,
are included in this phylum, Most of the living chordates
Ae familiar vertebrate animals. The chordites are of
Primary interest because human beings are members of,
is group,
sm one of the common
9
Classification,
‘The Phylum Chordata is classified into four sub phyla:
Sub phylum 1, Hemichordata,
Sub phylum 2, Cephalochordata
‘Sub phylum 3, Urochordata
Sub phylum 4, Vertebrata.
First three sub phyla are collectively known as
Protochordates. Since the members ofthese sub phyla do
not have a cranium or skull they are also referred to as
Acrania.
Protochordata(Acrania)
‘The protochoradates are consi
vertebrata The classification of the protoc
onthenature ofthenoto- chord.
idered as the fore runners of
shordates is based
Sub phylum :Hemichordata.
These are exclusively marine organisms. They are solitary
or colonial forms. They mostly remain as tubiculous
forms. The body is soft, vermiform, unsegmented,
bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. The body is
divisible into three distinct regions namely proboscis,
collar and trunk. The body wall is composed of single layer
of epidermal cells. The dermis is absent. They have no
endoskeleton, A projection from pharynx, projecting
inside the proboscis may be consideredas notochord. They
have a spacious coelom lined by coelomic epithelium. The
alimentary canal isa straight tube running between mouth
and anus. They are ciliary feeders. Sexes are separate.
Examples :Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus.
‘Sub phylum :Cephalochordat
Cephalochordates are small fish like marine chordates.
The persistent notochord extends forward beyond the
brain. Hence these are called cephalochordates. The
epidermis is single layered. Paired fins are absent.
Muscles, nephridia and gonads are segmentally arranged.
‘The pharynx is large with numerous gills. It is a filter
feeder.
Example : Amphioxus.
Sub phylum : Vertebrata (Craniata)
This group is characterized by the presence of brain case or
cranium and a vertebral column which forms the chief
skeletal axis of the body.
‘The sub phylum vertebrata may be classified into two
groups (i) Pisces and (i). Tetrapoda,
Class : Pisces
Fishes are poikilothermic, aquatic vertebrates with ja
The body is streamlined. Itis differentiated into head,
tunkand il Between ead and tn, the necks absent
Locomotion is effected by paired and medi i
Examples: Shark, Catla. ee
‘Tetrapoda
‘The vertebrates with two pairs of limbs ada
: r
locomotion on land are known as tetrapods, The faa
of pentadactyl type. The tetra- pods are identified by a
cornified outer layer of skin and nasal passages
communicating with mouth cavity and lungs. The superclass ‘Tetrapoda is divided into four classes namely.
Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.
mph
The living representatives of this class include frogs,
toads, newis, salamanders and limbless caecilians.
Amniota
‘The tetrapods like reptiles, birds and mammals are referred
to as amniotes, The amniotes have certain membranes
associated with embryos inside the egg. It is an adaptation
in terrestrial forms during development. These membranes
are the amnion, chorion and allantois.
Class ‘Reptilia
Reptiles are represented by lizards, snakes, turtles,
tortoises, alligators, crocodiles and the tuatara lizard,
Sphenodonpunctatum.
Class: Aves
Birds are one of the most interestingand widely known
group of animals, Birds as a group exhibit a characteristic,
uniformity in structure.
‘Aves are warm blooded vertebrates with an exoskeleton of
feathers forming a non-conducting covering to keep the
body warm. The feet are cov- ered with scales. The
forelimbs are modified as wings and provided with
feathers for flight. The hindlimbs are attached far forwards
to balance the weight of the body. Examples : Pigeon,
parrot, crow, sparrow, peacock, ostrich, penguin.
Class : Mammalia 5 op
The term “mammatia” was given by Linnaeus (F250) f
that group of animals which are nourished by mil fo
breasts ofthe mother. They area successful gr0¥p, Teo
adapt themselves readily tonew situations andte 1 re
Maths ‘The class Mammalia is subdivided into
subclasses namely:
totheria
Sub elass :Monotremata or Prot -
ssa cre primitive egg laying mammals Example : Spiny
ant-eater, duck billed platypus:
2 alia or Metatheria
2, Sub clas ay alled as marsupials or pouched
These afe Fre young ones are born in an immature stage
smammatie into the pouch on the mothers body urther
Example : Kangaroo
\ss :Placentalia or Eutheris
Sins ego? eggs develop within the uterus. The
Jn wiping embryo receives nutrition through materal
axed circulation viathe placenta.
Beample: Elephant, tiger, lion, man, monkey, dog, cat, rat,
bat. 2
Order Primate
It is an order coming under the subclass Eutheria, This
ede isofinterest because itinclndesman besidecienee
tarsiers, monkeys and apes. They inhabit chiefly the
warmer parts ofthe world, This group stands first tn the
animal kingdom in brain development. Ho
them are unspecialized and ree dwelling taba
Revi
n Questions
2.1. MONERA (Procaryots) e.g, Bacteria and Bh
green algae a
1,UME98/2
‘The prokaryotic celltypeis characterized bya
‘A.Complex cytoplasm in which different regions ex
poorly defined
B, Localization of differentregions ofthe cell nt tissues
C.Collection of organelles and macromolecular
complexes
D. Simple cytoplasm with well defined regions
2. UME 2003/31
‘The pioneer Organisms in ecological succession ore
usually the
A. Lichens B.Algae
C. Ferns D.Mosses
3. UME 2003/4
The similarity among organisms belonging to the same
group will be least within each
A. order B. family
C. species D.kingdom
4,UME2010/8/TY! -
Which of the following groups of cells is devoid of tue
nuclei?
A.Algae
B.Monera C.Fungi _D. Viruses
$.UME2007/39
The chromosomes of members of the kingdom monera at
within the
A.nucleoplasm B.cytoplasm
C.nueleus D.nucleolus
6.UME 2009/7
Ablue-green alga is nota protophyte because
A. itisaquatic
B. its cellsare prokaryotic
C.itcannotmove
D.itisnotagreen plant
7. The bacteria are known for thei
Peer Photosynthetic B. being holophytic
being unicellular D. bei -nucleat
EINan are ene being non-nucleated
8. Bacteria are quite common except: ;
‘A. in the atmosphere C. in the soil
B. insaltwater
E.Noneoftheabove
D. inthe alimentary tract of ai
9, Te cel of bacterium differs rom that of typical el?
y:
A. the possession of semipermeable membrane
B. theabsence of the cytoplasm
_, C.the sbscnce of cellulosethepresence of anucleus
2 None af theabove
io, which ofthe fllowing statements are true?
10 etera add tothe soil certain nitrogenous materials
L roduced by bacterial activities
Thetaste of butters dueto bacteria
5, Bacterial activities are involved in preparin
2. Baton of silage (food for cattle made from cases
‘tems leavesand cobs)
£, Allofthe above
11, Usefil as bacteria may be, yet they cause a number of
diseases. Which of these are not caused by bacteria?
‘A. Tuberculosis B. Pneumonia.
C. Lockjaw D. Malaria
E Noneofthe above
12, The bacteria that produce food poisoning are
A.Thefloatingbacteria B. Putrefying bacteria
C.Denitrifying bacteria. Fruit bacteria
ENoneoftheabove
13. The poisonous substance produced by bacteria is
known as:
A. Auxins
C.Antotixins
B. Antibodies
D. Toxins E. Tetanus
14, After one has successfully resisted an attack of a
particular disease such as chicken pox, a large quantity of
antibodies remain in the body to prevent further attack by
thesame disease. This power to resistattacks is known as:
AJlnnoculation B. Vaccination
C.Resistance D. Immunity
22. PROTISTA (Protozoan and protophyta) E.g-
Amoeba and Euglena
15 UME87/2 ;
Which of the following features of Euglena is found only
inanimals
A. Paramylum granules
B. Flagellum
C.Pellicle
D. Pyrenoid
16. PCR OL/S a
The structure in Amoeba which performs a similar
function as the mammalian kidney isthe
‘food vacuole B. cytoplasm
C.plasmalemma D. contractile vacuole
17.PCE 94/3 .
An organisms that possesses both plant and animal
characteristics is
A.Spirogyra B.Amoeba
C-Paramecium D. Euglena
18.UME 88/7
pirogyra, Euglena and Chlamydomonas share many
‘haracteristics EXCEPT P
Nutrition B. Reproduction
C.Mobility D, Imvitability
44
2.3. FUNGI E.g, Mushrooms and Bread moulds
19. UME 2003/1
The umbrella-shaped fruiting body of a fully developed
mushroom isthe
A.mycelium B.basidium
C.pileus D.stipe
20. UME87/3
‘An organism found on a bare rock surface has features of
algae and fungi. The organism is
A.an epiphyte B.alichen
C.abryophyte D.afem.
21. UME95/3
One common characteristic of fungi, algae, mosses and
ferns is that they
A. show alternation of generations
B. reproduce sexually by conjugation
C. produce spores that are dispersed
D. posses chlorophylt in their tissues.
22. UME81/39
‘One common feature of the fungi, algae, mosses and ferns
isthatthey
A. Are photosynthetic
B. Showalternation of generation
C. Reproduce by means of conjugation
D.Can survive dry conditions
E.Havenoseeds.
23. UME91/4
Which ofthe following are non-green plants?
A.Euglena B. Fungi
C. Spirogyra D.Angiosperms.
2.4, PLANTAE (PLANTS)
24. UME 89/6
‘Amultinucleated body without internal cell boundaries is a
characteristic of
A. bryophytes
Cualgae
B. fungi
D. gymnosperms.
25. UME94/5
‘Which is the correct order in an evolutionary sequence for
the following plants groups?
‘A. Bacteria Ferns ~Algae ~Mosses ~ Seed plants
B. Bacteria +Ferns ~Mosses ~Algae ~Seed plants
C. Bacteria ~ Algae-- Mosses ~Ferns Seed plants
D.Bacteira Mosses ~ Algae ~Femns ~Seed plants
26, UME/2000/5
Which of the following groups is the most advanced?
A. Pteridophytes B. Bryophytes
C.Thallophytes D.Gynosperms.
27.PCE 2002/10 TYPE: 5
The first group of plants to live exclusively on land are the
A. pteridophytes
B. angiosperms
s bryephvtes
‘Gymnosperm2.1, BRYOPHYTA (Moses and Liverworts)
Hosts Ivers and fems canbe grouped together
because they
A. areall aquatic plants
B.all grow indeserts
C.are seedless plants ;
D, have undifferentiated plant bodies
Evall produce colourless flowers,
29, UME 85/8 .
Bryophytes are different from flowering plants because
they
Alive inmoisthabitats
B.aresmall plants
C. reproduce sexually and asexually
D. havesmall leaves
E. haveno vascular tissues,
30. UME 2004/27 TYPE: 4
‘The absence of special food and water-conducting systems
restricts the body size in
‘A. Bryophytes and the Pteridophytes
B. Thallophytes and the Pteridophytes
C. Liverworts, Mosses and Ferns
D.Algae, Liverworts and Mosses.
31. UME 2006/33
‘The dominant phase inthe life cycle ofa bryophyte isthe
A. gametangium B. sporophyte
C.gametophyte D. prothallus
2.4.2, PTERIDOPHYTA (Ferns)
32. UME 90/5 _.
‘The algae, bryoplytes and pteridophytes are similar in that
they
A.aresea weeds
B.haveno vasculartissues
C.require moisture for fertilization
D. are macroscopic plants.
33, UME91/6 peeeren
Which fof the following ar differentiated into tre roots,
stems and leaves?
A.Algae
B. Schizophyta
C:Pteridophyta
D. Bryophyta
34, UME 2009/4
Alteration of asexual and sexual modes, of reproduction j
is
found in
Arbluegreenalgae ——B. Eyeieng
C.fem . maize
35. UME 2006/3
The evidence that su
mosses is etived rom Advan
‘A. comparative anatomy
Ment Of ferns over
tq
36, UME/2010/4/TYPE: D
‘The dominant phase in the life cycle ofa fern is, the
A. prothallus B. sporophyte
C.antheridium D. gametophye
2 5. GYMNOSPERMAE (Conifers)
37, UME 85/3
Which ofthe following is seed bearing?
A. Mosses B. Whistling pine
C.Algal filaments D. Liverwort E. Fern fronds,
38, UME 86/2
Which of the following pairs are fully adapted to terrestrid
lite?
A, Femsandalgae
B. Ferns and mosses
C. Bryophytes and flowering plants
D. Flowering plants and conifers
39. UME 86/4
Which ofthe following has cones?
A.Angiosperm B, Gymnosperm
C.Pteridophyte D. Bryophyte
40.UME95/2
Production of naked seeds is a distinctive feature of the
group of plant called
A. grasses B. conifers
C. legumes D. palms
41. PCE/03/23/TYPE:N
he production ofnaked seeds is a distinctive feature of
A. palms B. grasses
C. conifers D. legumes
2.4.4. ANGIOSPERMAE, (Flowering Plants)
42. UME 87/7
Double fertilizat i
Avangiosper OM 8a unique feature of
Cipeidopytes ame
43.UME91/3
Ngiosper
nee aes and gymnosperms belong to the plant gro
A neh B. Bryophyta ‘
Ti0¢ ,
iphyta D. Spermatophyta ;
*SANIMALLA (Animals ;
25.1 INVR;
EI
44 UMEggs | PRATES
Which of g
ie following Sets o
ee f organism represents
Simple to complex. struct
2. Platyhelminthes
Bedng gh Protozoan1 2008/8
BS oa abundant group of organisms in the animal
kingdom's,
jAinarmaliat B.aves
Cannelid D. insect
tcl, COBLENTRATES (Bg, Hydra)
46,UMES63
‘Which ofthese animals is radially symmetrical?
A.squid B. Hydra
c. Snail D.Cockcroach
41, UME89/6
‘Agood example! ofadiploblastic organism is
‘A.Amoeba B. Hydra
Earthworm D.Roundworm,
48. UME 89/5
‘Acharacteristic of the phylum coclenterate is that
‘A. Mostofthem are marine
| Bithey possess a gut with a single opening
| C.they posses numerous pores in their body
| D-Theyare bilaterally symmetrical
49,UME 90/3
Hydraremoves undigested food by
‘A.passing it through the anus
B. passing itthrough the mouth
C.means of contractile vacuole
D.egesting it through the body surface
50.UME 90/4
Which ofthe following groups of invertebrates reproduces
bybudding?
A.Arthropoda B.Annelida
C.Mollusca D. Coelenterata.
51,UME91/5
Sting cells are normally found in
A.Flatworms. B.Hydra
C.Snails [D. Paramecium
32, UME97/5
The cnidoblast 11s found in Hydraare used for
A Reprodustion 'B. Offence and defence
C-Locomotionandnutrition —D- Foodcollection
53, UME 2000/2 TYPE: M
Coelum is absent in the class: of animals termed
B. Reptilia
A.Mollusca .
C-Arthropoda .Coelenterata
54, 3
UME/2006/38 a coetenteratesisthe possesion
ome primitive feature of th
radial symmetty
Aad
poet ma D.afalse root
C. bilateral symmetry
56, TI ‘
men it structure through which the mouth of the hydra
. The hypostor
Cithebulge
E. the bud
B, the oral cone
D, the tentacles
The testes of the hydra are usually | located
.. Atthe foot of the hydra B.Atthe basal disc or foot
C. Onethe tentacles D. Below the buds
E, Below the tentacles
58. The ovary isusually located:
A. Allitle distance above the basal dise or foot
B. onthe hypostome
C.Above the buds .
D. Just below the tentacles
E.Above the tentacles
59. The cnidoblasts, structures of offence and defence of
the hydra are found in large quantitites on:
A. the ectodermal cells
B. The endodermal cells
C. The hypostome
D. Thetentacles
E.The foot
60. The intestitia cells ofhydraare responsible for
A.Digestion B. Defence
C.Replacementoflostcells
D. Elongation ofthe hydra
E,Noneofthese
61. The hydra receives impulses and stimul through it:
A. Nervenet B, Sense cells
C.Nematocysts D.Flagellae
E.Noneoftheabove
62, Hydra lives in fresh water. Since the osmotic pressure
Cris body fluid is greater than that of the surrounding
Grater, much water is taken into the body by osmosis, The
excess water is removed by
‘A. Thecontractitle vacuoles
C.Enteron
E.Noneoftheabove
B.Cnidoblasts
D.Flagellea
63, The small green plants tha live inside hydraarecalled
‘A.Zoochlorellae B. Chlamydomonas
C. Spirogyra D, Euglena
E.Noneoftheabove
64, One important method by which the hydra moves from
placeto place ;
‘A. Running B.Crawling
C. Looping D.Rolling.
E. Sliding
65. The gametes ofthe hydraare formed from:
‘A.thenematocyst cells
B.theglandcells
C. the intestitial cells
|. SS.¥iydraisa coetenterte is Because
b A-Tentacles B. Mesogice4
E. C.Chidahtact D. Hyposioa-e 13
Tp The zoving cols ‘ofthe mesogloea
E None oftie above66. Hydra guards against self fertilization by being
A. Protogynous B.Hermaphroditic
. Bisexual D. Monoccious:
Protandrous
2.5.1.2, PLATYHELMINTHES
67, UME 82/40
Flatworms and roundworms are said to be invertebrates
because
A. they are small animals
B. they can live inside the vertebrates
C.some of them are unicellular
D. they haveno backbones
E. they are parasitic
68, UME 2003/5 TYPE:A
Hermaphroditic reproduction can be found among, the
‘A.Annelidsand molluscs
B. Pisces and amphibians
C.Coelenterates and platyhelminthes
D_Arthropods and nematodes
2.5.1.3. NEMATODES| (Roundworms)
g9.Annelids citer from nematodes in hatiiey
6° hibit bilateral symmety
gre triploblastic
Bae etamerically segmented
Gat ess complete digesvesssem
2814. ANNELIDS (Earthoworms)
5898
at the following Piya
ne ermal segmentation?
have members with both
jnternal and ext BB Nematoda
A. Paya D. Mollusca
Cuan
1,UME9! on issecreted by the
. form, the coco ‘
inthe earth B. prostomium
D.citellum.
94/4
eA UME wallow bY the earthworm to form the worm
: dup inthe
cast ? B.Prostomium
ac D.Gizzard
g99/5 TYPE:D
tgs inathas akydrosiatieskeleton is
tec B.Hydra
A Tosatolra ——D.Eantvorn
, ARTHROPODS,
au uMessH
a ah he flong sanetopod EXCEPT the
me 2 Spider
© Cockroach sailed
As
75.UME93/7
The most successful group of animals in terms of diverse
of peciesis
‘A. Mollusca B. Arthropoda
C.Mammatia D. Platyhelminthes
2.8.1.6, CRUSTACEAN
76.UME 86/7 .
Witeh of the following Tacks chacte, tentacle
antennae?
A. Snail B.Crab
C.Millipede D. Earthworm
77. UME8T7/8
‘The crayfish san arthropod because
‘ofa cephalothorax andanabdomen
4 thasa paireach of antennaeandantennues
ofits body cariesapair ofappendagts
C.every segment
we jy scovered with an exoskeletonmade ofc
A. its body co"
78, UME91/IL
.ds in Crayfishis toaid
‘The function of maxillipe’
A.walking B. swimming
C. feeding D. respiration
79, UME 78/23
Whichoftheseis NOT tru ofthe insect? Thepassesienl
A.twoptirsofantennae Ba jointedappendages
D. three pairs oflegs
C. exoskeleton
E. segmented bodies
80, UME 82/26
Which ofthese statements is NOT true of}
A.They arearthropods
B.Theirbody is divided into three distinct regions
thorax and abdomen
C. Their thorax comprises three segments. Only t*
which beara pair of appendages each
D. Respiration is by means to trachea.
E. They undergo metamorphosis.
insects?
81.UME98/7
Theability ofthe cockroach to live in cracks am
hanced bythe possession of
. Wings and segmented bodies
B. Compound eyes
C-Clasonthelegs
. Dorso~ ventrally flattened body.
revi
25.1.7, ARACHNIDS,
2. UMESs/3
tungbooks are used for respiration in
A. Spiders
C.Millipedes Disial
3. UMBso/i1
he peripalp in spiders i
Agana
feelin
9 D. web spinning.ryPE:D
5 UNEP? opdstht aso antennae the
aon acca
p.chilopoda
Calrachnidla
prbiplopeda
ss UME ae
we apededifers from amillipede by its
Colour .
FB Numerousabdominal segments
© Paired legs on each abdominal segment
D.Poison claws
Cylindrical body.
‘S6UME 88/14
Insects and millipedes have many features in common
| C.Compoundeyes.
| D.Segmented body.
MOLLUSCS
S7,.UME87/13
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of snails?
A.Bilateral symmetry
B.Chitinous exoskeleton
C. Muscular foot
D,Soft unsegemented body in mantle
88. UME 88/5
Parasitic forms are NOT found among
A.Platyhelminthes B, Nematodes
C.Moiluses D.Annelids,
89. UME 89/12
‘Thebody of'asnail is divided into head,
A.thorax and abdomen
B. visceral mass and abdomen
C.thorax and foot
D. visceral mass and foot
90, UME91/12 .
‘Therespiratory organ in the Jandsnail isthe
Avradula B. Mantle
Crtentacle D. foot
25.2, VERTEBRATES
91.PCEI95/3
he correct sequence that rep!
volutionary trend is
4. fish--amphibians-~bit
B.fish-reptiles-Amphibians~ birds-~-mammals
C.fish--birds ~reptiles-- amphibi ins-mammals
fish amphibians reptiles ~ birds
$2. UMB2001/2/TYPE: |
‘mphibians are normally found
" ondry land and in water
resent verterbrate
reptiles +mammals
16
B. inwaterand on moist land
C.onmoistland D. in water
93, UME2001/3/TYPI
Viviparity occurs mainly in the
A.mammals B.reptiles C.aves
D. amphibians
94. UME/2009/5
‘The first terrestrial vertebrates evolved from
A. pisces B. reptilian
C.amphibian — D. mammalian
95, PCE/03/16/TYPE: N
Vertebrates having only one functional ovary are the
A.mammals — B,toads C.reptiles~D. birds
96. PCE/O4/26/TYPE:9
Which of the following vertebrates by the highest number
ofeggs?
A. Birds B. Mammals
C.Reptiles D. Fishes
MISCELLEANEOUS QUESTIONS (2)
97.Buglenamay beclassified asa plant because It
A. has chloroplasts B.hasagullet,
C. lives in pond D. possess a flagellum
Evhasapellicle (UME/78/7)
98, Which of these animals is radially symmetrical?
A.squid B.Hydra C.Snail D.cockroach
(UME/86/3)
99. Which of the following organisms does not exits as a
single free living cell?
A. paramecium B. volvox
D.chlamydomonas (UME/2001/9/Type 7)
C.amoeba
100. The hyphal wall of fungi is rigid owing to the
presence of
A,cell wall Balignin
C.cellulose Dichitin
(UME/2005/3/TypeD)
101. Angiosperms and gymnosperms belong to the class
A. schizophyta B. spermatophyta
C. pteridophiyta D. bryophyta
(UME/2005/4/Type:D)
102, The leech and the earthworm belong to the
A.Molluses —_B. crustaceans
C.arachnids —_D. annelids (UME/2005/6/type D)
103.The correct order ofthe evolutionary sequence is
‘A, bacteria--mosses-algae-~seed plants
B. bacteria-salgne-mosses.«ferns~seed plants
C. bacteria ~ ferns ~algae~mosses seed plants
D. bacterin = fens mosses + algne~ seed plants (PCE.
03/18/1yp:N)
104, In evolutionary trends, the pteridophytes are higher
than the bryophytes heemse oftheir nossessionA. Spore ~ bearing bodies
B-Xplemand phlocm vessels
CC. Photosynthetic pigments ;
D. Parenchymatous cells (PCE/2004/2/Type:9)
5, hich of the following phyla has the basic
Lea of the body being divided into head, visceral
humpand muscular foot?
A. protozoa
B.chordate
C.mollusca
D. platyhelminthes (PCE/93/6).
106. Which of the following group of animals is
completely oviparous?
A.Amphibia— B.Aves
C.Mammalia _ D. Reptilia (PCE/93/8)
107. A water medium is necessary for fertilization in
A. fungi B. conifers
C. ferns D. angiosperms
108. Which of the following exists in the form ofa colony?
A.spirogyra. —_B. chamydomonas
C.volvox D. euglena(PCE/91/4)
109. Crab, grasshopper and millipede belong to the same
phylum but different classes because they have
A exoskeleton with varied number of appendages
B.endoskeleton with varied number of appendages
C.exoskeleton with jointed appendages
D.endoskeleton with jointed appendages
(PCE/91/6)
110. Which of the following features is common to all
insects?
A possession of stalked compound eye
B.complete metamorphosis in the life cycle
C.possession ofjointed appendages
D.possession of two pairs of wings (PCE91/7)
111. Which of the following indicates the correct order of
increasing structural complexity?
A. Amoeba ~Planaria ~ Hydra-sLumbricus
B.Amoeba~ Planaria + Lumbricus Hydra
C.Amoeba Hydra ~ Planaria+ Lumbricus
D. Amoeba. Lumbricus + Planaria « Hydra
(PCE/98/4)
112. Diploblastic body organization is found in
A. Amoeba B.Obelia
C. Lumbricus D.Periplaneta (PCE/98/5)
113. The earthworm is more advanced than the roundworm
owing to its possession of
A.pseudococlum
C.ruc segmentation
(PCE/04/3/TY PE; 9)
B. an. alimentary canal
D. a hydrostatic skeleton
114, A feature of annelids that distinguig
nematodeis their possession of She the
‘A. a three-layered body B asegmeny
C. an enlongated body Dieaiest edhe
(PCE/06/27/TYPE: A) tad,
115. Which ofthe following Natwornsseetvngn
A. Tapeworm B. Planaria
C. Liver fluke D. Ascaris (PCE/07/4)
116, Seed-producing vascular plants belong tothe
A. phylum thallophyte B. phylum spemtophyy
C. phylum pteridophyta —_D. phylum bryopiye
(PCE/07/06)
117. In terms of the number of individuals, which of te
following taxa is most inclusive
A. order B. family
C.class D species (UME/2008/1)
118, unique feature of the gymnosperms is the produto,
of
A.naked seeds
C. multicellular spores
(PCE/06/34/TYPE: A)
B. fruits without seeds
D. seeds within the fruitUnderstand the following after reading this chapter:
Spirogyra or any green filamentousalgac
| Rhizopus or Mucor
| Brachiymenium and Marchantia or any othe
| Moss/Liverworts.
| Dryopteris or Neprolepsis orany other fern.
| Flowering Plants
| ‘Amocbaand Paramecium
t
Tapeworm (Taenia)
SPIROGYRA ORANY OTHER GREEN
FILAMENTOUS ALGAE.
Spirogyra is an algae. It floats in masses in ponds, lakes
and slow-moving stream. It's a green plant which is
composed of large similar cells joined end to end to form a
filament. Each cell is cylindrical and contains one or more
green ribbon-shaped chloroplasts formed into a
characteristic helix, The chloroplast contains numerous
colourless dense bodies called pyrenoids around which
starch granules are found.Nutrition is autotrophic by
photosynthesis. Reproduction is by fragmentation
(@sexual) and conjugation (sexual).
HIZOPUS OR MUCOR
Rhizopus isa fungus. It is a saprophyte on moist substrates
rich in carbohydrates e.g bread, soil and other decaying
matter, :
‘The body is a mycelium which is made up of white fine
threads called hyphae. The hypha is coencocytic (Le has
10 cross walls) and encloses a mass of cytoplasm with
many nuclei and oil droplets. ‘The mycelium is
differentiated into branched rhizoids that penetrates the
substrate, horizontal hyphae known as stolons that spread
over the surface of the substrate, and erect
Sporangiophores (sporangial stalks) that develop in ssf
above the rhizoid and bear the asexual reproductiv.
Sinucture, the sporangia. The mould spreads rapialy by
Producing stolons which penetrate the substra e
intervals to produce new thizoids.Respiration is acs
and is by diffusion of gases. Asexual reproduction |s 'y
Spore formation and sexual reproduction is by
Conjugation,
MOSS/LIVERWORTS
‘They are found in damp shaded areas. The stem is erect and
surrounded by thin leaves. At the base of the stem are hair-
like out-growths, rhizoids. These anchor the plant and
absorb water and mineral salts.
Reproduction (sexual); The sex organs are found at the
apex of the stem. These are: antheridia, which produce
large numbers of ciliated male gametes called
antherozoids; archegonia, each of which contains
single female gamete, ovum.
When matured the antherozoids are released and they
swim through the film of moisture on the leaves. They are
attracted to the ovum by chemicals it secretes. The female
gamete is eventually fertilized by a single male gamete.
The resulting zygote develops within the female organ on
the parent plant into a spore bearing structure called
sporophyte. The sporophytes are produced in the wet
season; each consists of a long stalk bearing an enlarged
structure called the capsule. The capsule contains a spore
bearing tissue covers by a ring of tooth-like structures
(peristome). The capsule dehisces at the tip when dry.
Dried spores are dispersed by the peristome and are carried
by air currents. The spores, which land on suitable moist
habitat, develops into a branched filamentous structures
called protonema, Protonema develops into new upright
leafy moss plant.
Reproduction (asexual): could be by regeneration of leaf
orother parts.
FERN
They are found in wet shady areas usually near streams or
asepiphytes on palms or other trees.
‘The leaves called fronds are large and feather-like showing
pinnate arrangement. They arise from buds on
underground rhizome. The young leaves are tightly rolled
showing circinate venation, The thizome bear true root.
Reproduction: Groups of spore-bearing sporangia are
borne on the underside of mature leaves. Each group is
called sorusand is covered by an umbrella like indusium.
‘At maturity the sporangium dehisces and releases many
spores which are dispersed by air currents. If'a spore lands
on moist soil, it germinates and develops into a small, lat,
heart-shaped structure called prothallus,
CHAPTER 3(EM. collins 2004
sporephyte
(heterotrophic)
i
embryo
(inside haploid
archegonium)
calyptra (old Archegoniun
sporangium (capsule
I—. seta (stalk) ,
spore mother cel
{inside Sporangium)
gametophyte
(haploid)
zygote FH
/ (inside haploid 4 I:
hi i Ay
Te sporophyte (2n) MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION gametophyte (n)
s pores ‘e
“male” & “female
a sex organs near thie a ‘es @ @
. top of upright shoots
a , « @ ®
open "leaf"
{swims in water) egg {nonvascular)
(female Sex organ)
\ archegonium
sperm
antheridium
ameto
{male sex organ) aubionee ee
Life eyele of n moss
18lus is green and bears many thizoj
he os develops towards the notch oF ieee
Archeg thallus while the antheridia develops towards
shaped part, The male gametes swim by the aid of
te Sipe fernleove. fertilized ovum develops into
pew fem plant
young
sporophyte
Allernationof Generation
Both mosses and ferns show alternation of generation.
This means that the asexual spore-bearing phase
(sporophyte) alternates with the sexual gamete-bearing
phase (gametophyte) in the life cycle. In the moss, the
sporophyte grows on the gametophyte. In fern, the
prothallus is the gametophyte while the fern plant is the
sporophyte; both exist independently.
old haploi sorus
gametophyte (sporangia
7 cluster}
embryo
{inside haploid
archegonium)
/ srhizome R
i root Spore mother cells
zygote Fei R eB e (inside sporangium)
(inside haploid mature sporephyte
archegonium) sporophyte (2n) MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
archegonium
(female sex organ)
&
multiciliate sperm F
(irom different
gametophyte) \
antheri
(male sex organ)
Life cycle of a fern
19
rhizoids
gametophyte (prothatius)
{autotrophic & monoocious){D PARAMECIUM
AMOEBA
aviableshape
Nucleus: One ries
ssaidines By pseudopodia, giving slow
speed
Food-getting: Pseudopodia
surrounding food
Ingestion: Atany point
Egestion: Atany point
Digestion: Any part of cytoplasm
Exeretion: One contractile
vacuole, variable location
Reproduction: By fission (asexual only)
Organ of defence: ‘None
TAPEWORM (Taenia)
The tapeworm (Taeniasoliu
With eundedby hooks. A short “neck” connects the scolex
with the rest ofthe body. The body consi
Proglottides about 1000
Peworm and pa
‘man isthe primary host. Th
