SCIENCE
2ND Quarter Exam Reviewer
Electricity and Magnetism
Audiovisual (AV)- the link between electricity and magnetism
Broadcast studio consists of:
Audio Console- converts analog audio and phone calls to a digital output. Allows mixing of all sounds.
Microphones
Computers
Studio Monitors
Disc Players
Recording Technology- founded entirely or partially by electromagnetic induction.
Electromagnetic Induction- relationship between electricity and magnetism
Transducers- devices that detect and convert audio
Force exerted by magnets: REPULSION or ATTRACTION
Ferromagnetic substance- if an object has attraction to the magnet, the object contains ferromagnetic substance
and is considered naturally magnetic.
Magnetic Materials: Iron, cobalt, nickel, alloys (steel and alnico)
Stroking- one way of magnetization
1819- Hans Christian Oersted discovered that a current carrying wire caused a nearby magnetized compass needle
to deflect.
12 years after (1831)- Induction Ring Experiment conducted by Michael Faraday showing that a current can be
produced by sources of changing magnetic fields.
A non-magnetic current-carrying wire within a strong magnetic field, like copper for instance, will experience a
magnetic force as indicated by the wire’s movement relative to the magnetic field.
Electric generator- device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy by rotating a coil
Magnetic poles- magnetic south or north
Magnetism- property of being able to attract objects
Electromagnetic Wave Theory
Ampere
Faraday
Hertz
Maxwell
Oersted
Accelerating charges causes a changing Electrical Field and Magnetic Field, producing Electromagnetic waves.
- can travel in material medium and in vacuum (free space)
All EM waves have the same speed (the speed of light)
Wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency. As wavelength decreases, the frequency of the wave
increases.
Biological effects may be:
Non Ionizing (lower energy): Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet
Ionizing (higher energy) : X-rays, Gamma rays
1862- James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of EM waves
1887- Heinrich Hertz
Electromagnetic Spectrum
- continuum of electromagnetic waves arranged according to frequency and wavelength.
Lowest frequency to highest
Radiowaves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays
1. Radio Waves
- longest wavelength
- discovered by Heinrich Hertz 1887
- produced by alternating current
Wavebands- smaller region of radio waves
RADAR- Radio detection and ranging
MRI- Magnetic source imaging
GPS- Global positioning system
RFID- Radio frequency identification
LIDAR- Light detection and ranging
Applications: Automatic doors, WiFi, Bluetooth, GPS, RFID
2. Microwaves
-dicovered by James Clerk Maxwell 1864
- 300 MHz to 300 GHz
Applications: Doppler radar, long-distance phone calls, send signals for cable-television, microwave oven,
Microwave Ablation (shrink or destroy tumors) Microwave Imaging (progress of treatment)
3. Infrared
-discovered by William Herschel 1800
- literally mean below red
- higher temperatures produce shorter infrared waves
Applications: remote control, burglar alarm systems, night vision camera, thermometers, infrared induction, Medical
infrared imaging, surveillance camera
4. Visible Light
- only EM wave that can be seen by our naked eye
-sequence of colors from longest to shortest ROYGBIV red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet
Application: It helps us see objects, traffic lights, commercial displays, car headlights, television, liquid crystal display
(LCD), used by plants in photosynthesis
VLC- visible light comunication- an emerging form of wireless communication technology. It can be used for
simultaneous audio and video streaming.
LASER- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
5. Ultraviolet Radiation
-discovered by John Wilhelm Ritter
- major source is sun
UVA, UVB, UVC
UV Light (black light)- detect forged bank notes, forensic investigation, sterilize medical equipment
UVA- used to treat skin conditions like psoriasis and vitiligo
UV- stimulates the production of vitamin D
6. X-rays
-sometimes called roentgen rays
- discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
-produced by the sun and other stars
-classified as either soft or hard
Applications: detect abnormalities in the skeletal system, dental imaging, Computer axial tomography (CAT), airport
security checks, diffraction
7. Gamma Rays
- discovered by Paul Villard 1900
- astronomical objects, including the sun , clouds of interstellar matter, and remnants of supernovae
Applications: detect cracks in metals, food irradiation, Radiotherapy
External radiotherapy- the patient is exposed to a beam of radiation
Internal Radiotherapy- radiation comes from implants or liquids placed inside the body; sometimes call brachytherapy
Effects of Visible Light:
1. Visible light powers the photosynthetic cycle of a plant
2. Lack of sunlight can lead to depression and brain damage
3. Can cause photodegradiation of pigments and colorants.
4. Sunlight can cause breakdown of the object’s molecular structure
5. Age-related macular degeneration
Effects of Infrared:
1. Exposure to infrared radiation for long periods may experience eye damage
2. Can damage skin and tissues
3. Involved in the greenhouse effect
4. Elevated temperatures and changes in weather
Effects of Ultraviolet light (UV)
1. Overexposure to uv radiation may cause skin cancer
2. Damage of the eye
3. Suppression of immune system
4. Harmul UV rays cause reduction in the growth rate of photosythesis
Effects of Xray
1. The radiation from xrays can harm living cells
2. Cataracts in the eys
3. Skin burns
Effects of Gamma Rays:
1. Can kill living cells
2. May be develop mil case of radiation poisoning
3. Risk of cancer
Module 3: mirrors and lenses
Reflection- bouncing off of light rays
Rays of light:
Incident Ray- ray of light approaching the mirror
Reflected ray- ray of light which leaves the mirror
Normal line- ray strikes the mirror
Multiple Images
The number of Images, N, can be determined using the formula N= (360/angle between the mirror) - 1
Types of reflection:
Specular/ Regular- reflection on smooth surfaces
Diffused/ Irregular- on rough surfaces
Spherical mirrors / Curved mirror- is a reflecting surface in which its surface is a section of sphere
2 kinds:
Concave Mirror- converging mirror; reflective surface bulges away from the light source
Convex mirror- diverging mirro; reflective surface bulges towards the light source
Center of curvature ( c) center of sphere
Radius ( r) - distance from the mirror
Vertex (v)- center of the mirror
Focal point/ focus (f)- point between the center of c and v
Lens- transparent material made of glass or plastic
Types of lenses
Convex lens- thicker (center); thinner (edges); forms real and virtual
Concave lens- thicker (edges); thinner (center); upright and reduced images
Real images- images formed on screen after reflection
Virtual images- formed by intersection of non-real rays
