MODULE 1: Microbiology & Its Scope 4.

involved in decomposition of dead organisms & waste

(decomposer & saprophytes)
Biology- study of living organisms (bios-living organisms,
logy-study of) 5. Algae & bacteria serve as food for tiny animals

Micro- very small; must be viewed w/ a microscope 6. Participate in bioremediation & genetic engineering

Microscope- optical instrument used to observe very 7. Involved in elemental cycles

small objects.
8. aid in digestion of food
Microbiology- study of microorganisms or microbes
9. used in food & beverage industry
Microorganisms- ubiquitous; virtually everywhere
10. produce antibiotics – treat diseases
Parasitology- study of parasites and their hosts and the
11. cell models
relationships with each other
12. two categories of disease
Pathogens- disease-causing microorganisms
 Infectious diseases
Nonpathogens- microbes that do not cause disease
Pathogen colonizes body –> pathogen causes disease
Categories of Microorganisms
 Microbial Intoxication
1. Viruses
Pathogen produces toxin in vitro –> person ingests the
2. Bacteria
toxin. (Toxin causes a disease)
3. Archaeans
1st Microorganisms on Earth
4. Protozoa
 3.5 billion yrs. ago- fossils of primitive microbes
5. Algae, Fungi  Archaeans & Cyanobacteria
 Infectious diseases of humans & animals have
Branches of Microbiology
existed for as long as they have inhabited earth
1. Pure Microbiology- fundamental branch, in which  Pestilence- earliest occurred in Egypt 3180 BC
organisms themselves are examined in-depth.
Theories of the Origin of Life
a. Microbial Genetics- studying genetics within
A. Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)
microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses & fungi, is
the principal focus of microbial genetics. - life arises regularly from non-living thing
- examination of their growth rates & generation cycles -Aristotle (idea lasted for almost 2000 years)
help scientists understand microbe’s evolution
B. Theory of Biogenesis- life can only come from life
b. Immunology- concentrating on the study of an
organism’s immune system Pioneers in Science of Microbiology

- Scientists conduct research on the immune system to 1. Robert Hooke– discovered cell
treat disorders within it (autoimmune diseases, - beginning of cell theory that all living things have cells
transplant rejection, & hypersensitivities)
- microscope lacked staining technique
2. Applied Microbiology- organisms themselves are not
studied but are applied to a certain process. 2. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

a. Medical Microbiology- focusing on application of - Father of Microbiology, Bacteriology, Protozoology

medicine, medical microbiologists, diagnosis, treat and - not a trained scientist
prevent infectious diseases.
- first to observe live microbe using magnifying lens
b. Biotechnology- investigating methods of using living
organisms to invent/produce products - animalcules (bacteria & protozoa)

-using genetic engineering & cell/tissue technologies - Spontaneous generations

Taxonomy- classifies different microbes (bacteriology, 3. Louis Pasteur- developed pasteurization process
protozoology, etc.)
-developed vaccines (anthrax, rabies)
a. Bacteriology- researching methods to produce
-resolved spontaneous generation
medicine from bacteria
*Anaerobes- life forms that could exist w/o O2
Significance of Microbiology
Fermentation- process of making wine & beer
1. Microorganisms live on and in our bodies (indigenous
microflora) Pasteurization- process use to kill spoilage & potentially
harmful bacteria in milk & drinks
2. Some are opportunistic pathogens
Germ Theory of Disease- microorganisms cause disease
3. Essential for life on this planet
4. Robert Koch- discovered B. anthracis produced - interior of cells
spores
3.2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
- developed method of fixing & staining bacteria
- depends on the emission of secondary electrons from
- developed method to cultivate bacteria the surface of a specimen

Koch’s Postulate- experimental steps for directly - detailed images of the surfaces of cells & whole
relating a specific microbe to a specific disease organisms.

Immunity- protection from disease by vax or recovery - particle counting, size determination, process control

Chemotherapy- treatment of disease using chem subs. - image is formed by scanning a focused electron beam
onto the surface of the specimen in a raster pattern
Synthetic drugs- chemotherapeutic agents prepared
from chemicals in the laboratory. Parts

5. Paul Ehrlich- magic bullet; fired the 1st shot of 1. Electron Gun- is a heated tungsten filament,
chemotheraphy revolution; salvarsam drug for syphilis generates electrons.

6. Alexander Fleming- discovered penicillin from fungus 2. Electomagnetic Lenses

- clear area where molds inhibit bacterial growth Condenser Lens- focuses the electron beam on
specimen
Careers (bacteriology, phycology, protozoology,
mycology, parasitology, virology) Objective Lens- high power & forms intermediate

Medical Microbiology- study of pathogens, disease they Projector Lens- produce further magnified image
cause, body’s defenses against disease
3. Specimen holder- thin film of carbon/collodion
-epidemiology, transmission of pathogens, disease-
4. Image Viewing and Recording System- final image
prevention measures, aseptic techniques, immunology,
projected on a fluorescent screen
& production of vax
PROPER HANDLING
Clinical Microbiology- laboratory diagnosis of infectious
diseases of humans 1. Handle with care
THE MICROSCOPE 2. Look after lenses
1. Simple Microscope- one magnifying lens 3. Keep covered
200 and 300 times 4. Store Safely
 Eyepiece- lens; magnification of 10X to 15X 5. Keep Clean
 Tube- used to connect eyepiece to objective lens
6. Take Care of Bulbs
 Objective lenses- 10X, 40X, 100X; colour coded.
 Revolving nose-piece- holding objective lens; 7. Clean Carefully
rotated while viewing samples
 Diaphragm- control amount of light in stage 8. Refer to the user’s manual
 Stage- platform used for placing the slides with 9. Maintain your microscope
samples
 Stage clip- hold slides in proper place 10. Consider a professional service
 Coarse adjustmen knob- focus on scanning Module 2
 Fine AK- focus on oil
 Arm- used to support tube Cell- basic structural & functional unit of living
 Condenser- used to focus light on sample organisms; make up living things

2. Compound Microscope- more than one magnifying Cell Theory- collection of ideas from scientists over time
lens 1. All known living things are made up of one or more
3. Electron Microscope- use an electron beam as source cells
of illumination and magnets to focus the beam 2. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division
-high resolution of images, able to magnify objects in 3. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in all
nanometers living things
- use signals arising from the interaction of an electron  Robert Hooke- discovered cell
beam with the sample to obtain information about  Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- observed living cell
structure, morphology & composition  Robert Brown- discovered nucleus
3.1 Transmission Electron Microcope (TEM)  Felix Dujardin- discovered fluid content of cell
 Matthias Schleiden- plants are made up of cells
- used to view the specimens through which electrons  J.E Purkinje- protoplasm- fluid content of cell
can pass generating projection image  Theoder Schwann- animals are made up of cells
 Carl Heinrich Braun- cell is basic unit of life
 Rudolf Virchow- cells arise from pre-existing cells

Eukaryotic w/ nucleus; prokaryotic w/o nucleus

Eukaryotic- organelles surrounded by membranes

- Most living organisms

- mitosis

*Histones- chromosomal proteins

Prokaryotic- do not have structures surrounded by

membranes

-Few internal structures

-Unicellular

-Binary fission

(bacteria & archaea)

Bacteria

Cocci- round/oval, elongated/flattened on one side.

 Diplococci- remain in pairs after dividing

 Streptococci- divide & remain attached in chainlike
patterns
 Tetrads- 2 planes and remain in groups of 4
 Sarcinae- 3 planes & remain attached in cube-like
groups of 8
 Staphylocci- divide in multiple planes & form
grapelike clusters

Bacilli- single rods

 Diplobacilli- pairs
 Streptobacilli- chains
 Coccobacilli- oval
 Vibrios- curved rods
 Spirilla- helical shape; has whip-like ext. app.
Flagella
 Spirochetes- helical & flexible; acial filaments;
move by axial filaments