1

A glass fibre of length 0.24 m and area of cross-section 7.9 107 m2 is tested until it breaks.
The variation with load F of the extension x of the fibre is shown in Fig. 4.1.

For
Examiners
Use

ya

x / 104 m

aS

ha
k

an

dr

40

20

60

Sa

jit

Ch

80
F/N

by

Fig. 4.1

ed

(a) State whether glass is ductile, brittle or polymeric.

ng

......................................................................................................................................[1]

the ultimate tensile stress,

ultimate tensile stress = ........................................... Pa [2]

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

(i)

rra

(b) Use Fig. 4.1 to determine, for this sample of glass,

UCLES 2005

9702/02/M/J/05

the Young modulus,

For
Examiners
Use

ha
k

ya

(ii)

the maximum strain energy stored in the fibre before it breaks.

Sa

jit

Ch

an

dr

(iii)

aS

Young modulus = ........................................... Pa [3]

by

maximum strain energy = .............................................. J [2]

ed

(c) A hard ball and a soft ball, with equal masses and volumes, are thrown at a glass
window. The balls hit the window at the same speed. Suggest why the hard ball is more
likely than the soft ball to break the glass window.

ng

..........................................................................................................................................

rra

..........................................................................................................................................

ea

..........................................................................................................................................

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

......................................................................................................................................[3]

UCLES 2005

9702/02/M/J/05

For

3 Examiners

Fig. 5.1 shows the variation with force F of the extension x of a spring as the force is
increased to F3 and then decreased to zero.

F3

ha
k

aS

F2

0
0

x1

x2

Ch

an

dr

F1

Fig. 5.1

Sa

jit

by

(a) State, with a reason, whether the spring is undergoing an elastic change.

ed

..........................................................................................................................................

ng

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

rra

(b) The extension of the spring is increased from x1 to x2.

ea

Show that the work W done in extending the spring is given by

W=

k (x 22 x12),

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

where k is the spring constant.

[3]

UCLES 2006

Use

ya

9702/02/M/J/06

For

4 Examiners

(c) A trolley of mass 850 g is held between two fixed points by means of identical springs,
as shown in Fig. 5.2.
spring

aS

ha
k

ya

trolley

Use

dr

Fig. 5.2

an

When the trolley is in equilibrium, the springs are each extended by 4.5 cm. Each spring
has a spring constant 16 N cm1.

jit

Ch

The trolley is moved a distance of 1.5 cm along the direction of the springs. This causes
the extension of one spring to be increased and the extension of the other spring to be
decreased. The trolley is then released. The trolley accelerates and reaches its
maximum speed at the equilibrium position.

speed = . m s1 [4]

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

Assuming that the springs obey Hookes law, use the expression in (b) to determine the
maximum speed of the trolley.

UCLES 2006

9702/02/M/J/06

A spring is placed on a flat surface and different weights are placed on it, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.

For
Examiners
Use

ha
k

ya

weights

aS

spring

dr

Fig. 2.1

an

The variation with weight of the compression of the spring is shown in Fig. 2.2.

Ch

jit

compression
/ cm

by

Sa

ng

ed

ea

rra

an

dr

10

20

30
40
weight / N

Fig. 2.2

le
d

The elastic limit of the spring has not been exceeded.

Determine the spring constant k of the spring.

Co
m

pi

(a) (i)

k = ........................................... N m1 [2]
UCLES 2008

9702/02/M/J/08

Deduce that the strain energy stored in the spring is 0.49 J for a compression of
3.5 cm.

For
Examiners
Use

aS

ha
k

ya

(ii)

[2]

spring

trolley
mass 2400 g

by

Sa

jit

trolley
mass 800g

Ch

thread

an

dr

(b) Two trolleys, of masses 800 g and 2400 g, are free to move on a horizontal table. The
spring in (a) is placed between the trolleys and the trolleys are tied together using thread
so that the compression of the spring is 3.5 cm, as shown in Fig. 2.3.

ed

Fig. 2.3

(i)

rra

ng

Initially, the trolleys are not moving.

The thread is then cut and the trolleys move apart.
Deduce that the ratio

dr

ea

speed of trolley of mass 800 g

speed of trolley of mass 2400 g

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

is equal to 3.0.

UCLES 2008

[2]

9702/02/M/J/08

Use the answers in (a)(ii) and (b)(i) to calculate the speed of the trolley of mass
800 g.

For
Examiners
Use

aS

ha
k

ya

(ii)

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

Ch

an

dr

speed = ........................................... m s1 [3]

UCLES 2008

9702/02/M/J/08

A spring having spring constant k hangs vertically from a fixed point. A load of weight L, when
hung from the spring, causes an extension e. The elastic limit of the spring is not exceeded.

For
Examiners
Use

(a) State
what is meant by an elastic deformation,

ya

(i)

ha
k

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................

the relation between k, L and e.

dr

(ii)

aS

............................................................................................................................ [2]

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

Ch

an

............................................................................................................................ [1]

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

Question 4 continues on page 10

UCLES 2009

9702/21/M/J/09

(b) Some identical springs, each with spring constant k, are arranged as shown in Fig. 4.1.
total extension

spring constant of
arrangement

dr

aS

ha
k

ya

arrangement

For
Examiners
Use

Sa

jit

Ch

an

by

ea

rra

ng

ed

an

dr

pi

le
d

Fig. 4.1

Co
m

The load on each of the arrangements is L.

For each arrangement in Fig. 4.1, complete the table by determining
(i)

the total extension in terms of e,

(ii)

the spring constant in terms of k.

[5]

UCLES 2009

9702/21/M/J/09

For

Examiners
10

Use

(a) In the following list of solids, underline those materials which are crystalline.
rubber

copper

nylon

glass

aluminium

[2]

(b) The three graphs A, B and C of Fig. 5.1 represent the variation with extension x of the
tension F in specimens of three different materials. One of the materials is polymeric, one
is brittle and the other is ductile. They are not shown in that order in Fig. 5.1.

F/N

ya

aS

0
0

4
x/mm

dr

an

x/mm
4

Ch

F/N

ha
k

F/N

jit

Sa

0
20

40

60
x/mm

ng

ed

by

(i)

rra

Fig. 5.1

State the type of material which would produce the line shown in each graph.

ea

Graph A is for a ................................................................ material.

dr

Graph B is for a ................................................................ material.

Use graph B to estimate the work done in stretching the specimen from 0 to 4 mm.

Co
m

pi

le
d

(ii)

[2]

an

Graph C is for a ................................................................ material.

work done = ...................................... J

8702/2 O/N01

[3]

[Turn over

For

11 Examiners

An aluminium wire of length 1.8 m and area of cross-section 1.7 106 m2 has one end fixed
to a rigid support. A small weight hangs from the free end, as illustrated in Fig. 9.1.

Use

ha
k

ya

1.8 m

dr

aS

wire

an

weight

Ch

Fig. 9.1

jit

The resistance of the wire is 0.030 and the Young modulus of aluminium is 7.1 1010 Pa.

Sa

The load on the wire is increased by 25 N.

the increase in stress,

the change in length of the wire.

Co
m

pi

le
d

(ii)

increase = Pa

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

(i)

by

(a) Calculate

change = . m
[4]

9702/2/O/N/02

For

12 Examiners
Use

aS

ha
k

ya

(b) Assuming that the area of cross-section of the wire does not change when the load is
increased, determine the change in resistance of the wire.

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

Ch

an

dr

change = [3]

9702/2/O/N/02

13

(a) A metal wire has an unstretched length L and area of cross-section A. When the wire
supports a load F, the wire extends by an amount L. The wire obeys Hookes law.

For
Examiners
Use

Write down expressions, in terms of L, A, F and L, for

the applied stress,

ya

(i)

(ii)

ha
k

...................................................................................................................................
the tensile strain in the wire,

the Young modulus of the material of the wire.

dr

(iii)

aS

...................................................................................................................................

an

...................................................................................................................................
[3]

Sa

0.62 m

jit

Ch

(b) A steel wire of uniform cross-sectional area 7.9 107 m2 is heated to a temperature of
650 K. It is then clamped between two rigid supports, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

wire

rra

ng

ed

by

rigid
support

Fig. 5.1

dr

ea

The wire is straight but not under tension and the length between the supports is
0.62 m. The wire is then allowed to cool to 300 K.

Show that the change in length of the wire, if it were allowed to contract as it cools
from 650 K to 300 K, would be 2.6 mm.

Co
m

pi

le
d

(i)

an

When the wire is allowed to contract freely, a 1.00 m length of the wire decreases in
length by 0.012 mm for every 1 K decrease in temperature.

[2]

UCLES 2004

9702/02/O/N/04

14

The Young modulus of steel is 2.0 1011 Pa. Calculate the tension in the wire at
300 K, assuming that the wire obeys Hookes law.

For
Examiners
Use

aS

ha
k

ya

(ii)

The ultimate tensile stress of steel is 250 MPa. Use this information and your
answer in (ii) to suggest whether the wire will, in practice, break as it cools.

by

Sa

jit

Ch

an

(iii)

dr

tension = N [2]

ed

...................................................................................................................................

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

............................................................................................................................. [3]

UCLES 2004

9702/02/O/N/04

15

A straight wire of unstretched length L has an electrical resistance R. When it is stretched by

a force F, the wire extends by an amount L and the resistance increases by R. The area of
cross-section A of the wire may be assumed to remain constant.
(a) (i)

For
Examiners
Use

State the relation between R, L, A and the resistivity of the material of the wire.

ya

...................................................................................................................................

Show that the fractional change in resistance

R
is equal to the strain in the wire.
R

[2]

by

Sa

jit

Ch

an

dr

aS

(ii)

ha
k

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A steel wire has area of cross-section 1.20 107 m2 and a resistance of 4.17 .

ng

ed

The Young modulus of steel is 2.10 1011 Pa.

rra

The tension in the wire is increased from zero to 72.0 N. The wire obeys Hookes law at
these values of tension.

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

Determine the strain in the wire and hence its change in resistance. Express your
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

UCLES 2006

change = [5]

9702/02/O/N/06

For

16 Examiners

A sample of material in the form of a cylindrical rod has length L and uniform area of
cross-section A. The rod undergoes an increasing tensile stress until it breaks.
Fig. 4.1 shows the variation with stress of the strain in the rod.

Use

ya

0.02

ha
k

strain

aS

breaking
point

10
stress / 10 Pa

Sa

by

jit

Ch

an

dr

0.01

ed

Fig. 4.1

ng

(a) State whether the material of the rod is ductile, brittle or polymeric.

rra

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

(b) Determine the Young modulus of the material of the rod.

UCLES 2007

Young modulus = ............................................. Pa [2]

9702/02/O/N/07

For

17 Examiners

(c) A second cylindrical rod of the same material has a spherical bubble in it, as illustrated
in Fig. 4.2.
bubble

ya

cylindrical rod

1.9 x 103 N

aS

ha
k

1.9 x 103 N

dr

cross-sectional area
3.2 x 106 m2

an

Fig. 4.2

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

Ch

The rod has an area of cross-section of 3.2 106 m2 and is stretched by forces of
magnitude 1.9 103 N.
By reference to Fig. 4.1, calculate the maximum area of cross-section of the bubble
such that the rod does not break.

ea

area = ............................................ m2 [3]

Fig. 4.3

pi

le
d

an

dr

(d) A straight rod of the same material is bent as shown in Fig. 4.3.

Co
m

Suggest why a thin rod can bend more than a thick rod without breaking.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

UCLES 2007

Use

9702/02/O/N/07

18

A uniform wire has length L and area of cross-section A.

The wire is fixed at one end so that it hangs vertically with a load attached to its free end, as
shown in Fig. 4.1.

For
Examiners
Use

ha
k

ya

aS

wire

an

dr

load W

Fig. 4.1

jit

Ch

When the load of magnitude W is attached to the wire, it extends by an amount e. The elastic
limit of the wire is not exceeded.

(a) (i)

Sa

The material of the wire has resistivity .

Explain what is meant by extends elastically.

by

..................................................................................................................................

ed

..................................................................................................................................

Write down expressions, in terms of L, A, W, and e for

rra

(ii)

ng

............................................................................................................................ [2]

ea

1. the resistance R of the unstretched wire,

dr

R = ............................................... [1]

an

2. the Young modulus E of the wire.

Co
m

pi

le
d

E = ............................................... [1]

UCLES 2009

9702/21/O/N/09

19

(b) A steel wire has resistance 0.44 . Steel has resistivity 9.2 108 m.
A load of 34 N hung from the end of the wire causes an extension of 7.7 104 m.

For
Examiners
Use

dr

aS

ha
k

ya

Using your answers in (a)(ii), calculate the Young modulus E of steel.

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

Ch

an

E = .......................................... Pa [3]

UCLES 2009

9702/21/O/N/09

20

10

(a) Explain what is meant by strain energy (elastic potential energy).

..........................................................................................................................................

For
Examiners
Use

..........................................................................................................................................

ya

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

ha
k

(b) A spring that obeys Hookes law has a spring constant k.

aS

Show that the energy E stored in the spring when it has been extended elastically by an
amount x is given by

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

Ch

an

dr

E = 12 kx 2.

UCLES 2009

9702/22/O/N/09

[3]

21

(c) A light spring of unextended length 14.2 cm is suspended vertically from a fixed point,
as illustrated in Fig. 4.1.
fixed point

fixed point

14.2 cm

ha
k

ya

fixed point

For
Examiners
Use

aS

16.3 cm

Ch

an

dr

17.8 cm

Fig. 4.2

3.8 N

Fig. 4.3

by

Fig. 4.1

Sa

jit

3.8 N

ed

A mass of weight 3.8 N is hung from the end of the spring, as shown in Fig. 4.2.
The length of the spring is now 16.3 cm.

ng

An additional force F then extends the spring so that its length becomes 17.8 cm, as
shown in Fig. 4.3.

Show that the spring constant of the spring is 1.8 N cm1.

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

(i)

rra

The spring obeys Hookes law and the elastic limit of the spring is not exceeded.

UCLES 2009

[1]

9702/22/O/N/09

22

(ii)

For the extension of the spring from a length of 16.3 cm to a length of 17.8 cm,
calculate the change in the gravitational potential energy of the mass on the
spring,

dr

aS

ha
k

ya

1.

For
Examiners
Use

Ch

show that the change in elastic potential energy of the spring is 0.077 J,

determine the work done by the force F.

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

3.

[1]

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

2.

an

change in energy = ............................................. J [2]

UCLES 2009

work done = ............................................. J [1]

9702/22/O/N/09

23

11

(a) (i) Define the terms

For
Examiners
Use

1. tensile stress,
..................................................................................................................................

ya

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

ha
k

2. tensile strain,

aS

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

dr

3. the Young modulus.

an

..................................................................................................................................

Suggest why the Young modulus is not used to describe the deformation of a liquid
or a gas.

Sa

jit

(ii)

Ch

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

..................................................................................................................................

by

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

ed

(b) The change V in the volume V of some water when the pressure on the water increases
by p is given by the expression

ng

p = 2.2 109

V
,
V

ea

rra

where p is measured in pascal.

In many applications, water is assumed to be incompressible.
By reference to the expression, justify this assumption.

dr

..........................................................................................................................................

an

..........................................................................................................................................

Co
m

pi

le
d

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

UCLES 2008

9702/02/M/J/08

24

(c) Normal atmospheric pressure is 1.01 105 Pa.

dr

aS

ha
k

ya

Divers in water of density 1.08 103 kg m3 frequently use an approximation that every
10 m increase in depth of water is equivalent to one atmosphere increase in pressure.
Determine the percentage error in this approximation.

For
Examiners
Use

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

Ch

an

error = ........................................... % [3]

UCLES 2008

9702/02/M/J/08

8
3

25

(a) The variation with extension x of the tension F in a spring is shown in Fig. 3.1.

For
Examiners
Use

200

ya

F /N

aS

ha
k

150

an

dr

100

1.0

2.0

3.0

Sa

jit

Ch

50

4.0

by

x /cm

ed

Fig. 3.1

energy = .............................................. J [3]

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

Use Fig. 3.1 to calculate the energy stored in the spring for an extension of 4.0 cm.
Explain your working.

UCLES 2010

9702/21/M/J/10

26

(b) The spring in (a) is used to join together two frictionless trolleys A and B of mass M1 and
M2 respectively, as shown in Fig. 3.2.

For
Examiners
Use

spring
trolley A
mass M1

aS

ha
k

ya

trolley B
mass M2

dr

Fig. 3.2

an

The trolleys rest on a horizontal surface and are held apart so that the spring is
extended.

Explain why, as the extension of the spring is reduced, the momentum of trolley A
is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the momentum of trolley B.

Sa

jit

(i)

Ch

The trolleys are then released.

..................................................................................................................................

by

..................................................................................................................................

ed

..................................................................................................................................

At the instant when the extension of the spring is zero, trolley A has speed V1 and
trolley B has speed V2.
Write down
an equation, based on momentum, to relate V1 and V2,

dr

1.

ea

rra

(ii)

ng

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

an

..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
an equation to relate the initial energy E stored in the spring to the final
energies of the trolleys.

le
d

2.

Co
m

pi

..................................................................................................................................

UCLES 2010

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

9702/21/M/J/10

[Turn over

10
(iii)

1.

27

Show that the kinetic energy EK of an object of mass m is related to its

momentum p by the expression
p2
.
2m

Trolley A has a larger mass than trolley B.

Use your answer in (ii) part 1 to deduce which trolley, A or B, has the larger
kinetic energy at the instant when the extension of the spring is zero.

Sa

jit

2.

[1]

Ch

an

dr

aS

ha
k

ya

EK =

For
Examiners
Use

..................................................................................................................................

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

UCLES 2010

9702/21/M/J/10

12
5

28

(a) Tensile forces are applied to opposite ends of a copper rod so that the rod is stretched.
The variation with stress of the strain of the rod is shown in Fig. 5.1.

For
Examiners
Use

2.5

ya

stress / 108 Pa

aS

ha
k

2.0

dr

1.5

Ch

an

1.0

Sa

jit

0.5

1.0

2.0

ed

by

4.0

3.0

5.0

strain / 103

rra

Use Fig. 5.1 to determine the Young modulus of copper.

Young modulus = .......................................... Pa [3]

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

(i)

ng

Fig. 5.1

Co
m

(ii)

UCLES 2010

On Fig. 5.1, sketch a line to show the variation with stress of the strain of the rod as
the stress is reduced from 2.5 106 Pa to zero. No further calculations are expected.
[1]

9702/22/M/J/10

13

29

(b) The walls of the tyres on a car are made of a rubber compound.
The variation with stress of the strain of a specimen of this rubber compound is shown
in Fig. 5.2.

For
Examiners
Use

an

strain

Ch

dr

aS

ha
k

ya

stress

Fig. 5.2

jit

As the car moves, the walls of the tyres bend and straighten continuously.

Sa

Use Fig. 5.2 to explain why the walls of the tyres become warm.

by

..........................................................................................................................................

ed

..........................................................................................................................................

ng

..........................................................................................................................................

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

UCLES 2010

9702/22/M/J/10

[Turn over

10
4

30

(a) A uniform wire has length L and constant area of cross-section A.

The material of the wire has Young modulus E and resistivity .
A tension F in the wire causes its length to increase by DL.

For
Examiners
Use

For this wire, state expressions, in terms of L, A, F, DL and for

the stress ,

ya

(i)

the strain ,

aS

(ii)

ha
k

............................................................................................................................ [1]

............................................................................................................................ [1]

dr

the Young modulus E,

an

(iii)

............................................................................................................................ [1]
the resistance R.

Ch

(iv)

jit

............................................................................................................................ [1]

by

Sa

(b) One end of a metal wire of length 2.6 m and constant area of cross-section 3.8 107 m2
is attached to a fixed point, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

2.6 m

rra

ng

ed

wire

Fig. 4.1

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

load
30 N

UCLES 2010

9702/21/O/N/10

11

31

The Young modulus of the material of the wire is 7.0 1010 Pa and its resistivity
is 2.6 108 m.
A load of 30 N is attached to the lower end of the wire. Assume that the area of
cross-section of the wire does not change.
For this load of 30 N,

ya

show that the extension of the wire is 2.9 mm,

calculate the change in resistance of the wire.

[1]

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

(ii)

Ch

an

dr

aS

ha
k

(i)

For
Examiners
Use

change = ............................................ [2]

dr

ea

(c) The resistance of the wire changes with the applied load.
Comment on the suggestion that this change of resistance could be used to measure
the magnitude of the load on the wire.

an

..........................................................................................................................................

le
d

..........................................................................................................................................

Co
m

pi

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

UCLES 2010

9702/21/O/N/10

[Turn over

10
4

32

(a) A metal wire has spring constant k. Forces are applied to the ends of the wire to extend
it within the limit of Hookes law.
Show that, for an extension x, the strain energy E stored in the wire is given by

For
Examiners
Use

an

dr

aS

ha
k

ya

E = 12 kx 2.

[4]

jit

Ch

(b) The wire in (a) is now extended beyond its elastic limit. The forces causing the extension
are then removed.
The variation with extension x of the tension F in the wire is shown in Fig. 4.1.

by

Sa

80

ed

60

ng

F/N

ea

rra

40

an

dr

20

Co
m

pi

le
d

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
x / mm

1.0

Fig. 4.1

Energy ES is expended to cause a permanent extension of the wire.

(i)

UCLES 2010

On Fig. 4.1, shade the area that represents the energy ES.

9702/22/O/N/10

[1]

11
Use Fig. 4.1 to calculate the energy ES.

For
Examiners
Use

aS

ha
k

ya

(ii)

33

ES = ............................................ mJ [3]
Suggest the change in the structure of the wire that is caused by the energy ES.

dr

(iii)

an

..................................................................................................................................

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

Ch

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

UCLES 2010

9702/22/O/N/10

[Turn over

A spring hangs vertically from a fixed point and a mass of 94 g is suspended from the spring,
stretching the spring as shown in Fig. 5.1.

For
Examiners
Use

mass
94 g

ha
k

ya

34

Fig. 5.1

an

dr

aS

2.6 cm

Fig. 5.2

Fig. 5.3

jit

Ch

The mass is raised vertically so that the length of the spring is its unextended length. This is
illustrated in Fig. 5.2.

Sa

The mass is then released. The mass moves through a vertical distance of 2.6 cm before
temporarily coming to rest. This position is illustrated in Fig. 5.3.

the mass has maximum gravitational potential energy,

ed

(i)

by

(a) State which diagram, Fig. 5.1, Fig. 5.2 or Fig. 5.3, illustrates the position of the mass
such that

the spring has maximum strain energy.

rra

(ii)

ng

............................................................................................................................ [1]

ea

............................................................................................................................ [1]

dr

(b) Briefly describe the variation of the kinetic energy of the mass as the mass falls from its
highest position (Fig. 5.2) to its lowest position (Fig. 5.3).

an

..........................................................................................................................................

Co
m

pi

le
d

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

UCLES 2010

9702/23/O/N/10

35

(c) The strain energy E stored in the spring is given by the expression

For
Examiners
Use

E = 1 kx 2
2

For the mass moving between the positions shown in Fig. 5.2 and Fig. 5.3,

ha
k

calculate the change in the gravitational potential energy of the mass,

Ch

an

dr

aS

(i)

ya

where k is the spring constant and x is the extension of the spring.

determine the extension of the spring at which the strain energy is half its maximum
value.

extension = ........................................ cm [3]

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

(ii)

jit

change = ........................................... J [2]

UCLES 2010

9702/23/O/N/10

[Turn over

10
4

36

A student measures the Young modulus of a metal in the form of a wire.

For
Examiners
Use

by

Sa

jit

Ch

an

dr

aS

ha
k

ya

(a) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the apparatus that could be used.

ed

..........................................................................................................................................

ng

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

rra

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

ea

(b) Describe the method used to obtain the required measurements.

dr

..........................................................................................................................................

an

..........................................................................................................................................

le
d

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

Co
m

pi

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

UCLES 2011

9702/22/M/J/11

11

37

(c) Describe how the measurements taken can be used to determine the Young modulus.
..........................................................................................................................................

For
Examiners
Use

..........................................................................................................................................

ya

..........................................................................................................................................

ha
k

..........................................................................................................................................

aS

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

an

dr

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

Ch

..........................................................................................................................................

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

UCLES 2011

9702/22/M/J/11

[Turn over

10
4

38

(a) State Hookes Law.

..........................................................................................................................................

For
Examiners
Use

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

ha
k

ya

(b) A spring is compressed by applying a force. The variation with compression x of the
force F is shown in Fig. 4.1.

aS

60

dr

F/N

Ch

an

40

0
20

30

by

10

40

50
x / mm

ed

Sa

jit

20

Calculate the spring constant.

Show that the work done in compressing the spring by 36 mm is 0.81 J.

Co
m

pi

le
d

(ii)

spring constant = ....................................... N m1 [1]

an

dr

ea

rra

(i)

ng

Fig. 4.1

UCLES 2011

[2]

9702/23/M/J/11

11

39

(c) A childs toy uses the spring in (b) to shoot a small ball vertically upwards. The ball has
a mass of 25 g. The toy is shown in Fig. 4.2.

trigger/release for spring

ya

ball

ha
k

spring

aS

Fig. 4.2

dr

The spring in the toy is compressed by 36 mm. The spring is released.

Assume all the strain energy in the spring is converted to kinetic energy of the ball.
Using the result in (b)(ii), calculate the speed with which the ball leaves the spring.

Sa

jit

Ch

an

(i)

For
Examiners
Use

Determine the compression of the spring required for the ball to leave the spring
with twice the speed determined in (i).

compression = .......................................... mm [2]

an

Determine the ratio

maximum possible height for compression in (i) .

maximum possible height for compression in (ii)

Co
m

pi

le
d

(iii)

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

(ii)

by

speed = ........................................ m s1 [2]

UCLES 2011

ratio = ................................................. [2]

9702/23/M/J/11

[Turn over

10
4

40

(a) Define, for a wire,

(i)

For
Examiners
Use

stress,
..................................................................................................................................

strain.

ha
k

(ii)

ya

............................................................................................................................. [1]

aS

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

Ch

an

dr

(b) A wire of length 1.70 m hangs vertically from a fixed point, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

by

Sa

jit

wire

ed

25.0 N

ng

Fig. 4.1

Calculate the extension of the wire.

an

dr

ea

(i)

rra

The wire has cross-sectional area 5.74 108 m2 and is made of a material that has a
Young modulus of 1.60 1011 Pa. A load of 25.0 N is hung from the wire.

The same load is hung from a second wire of the same material. This wire is
twice the length but the same volume as the first wire. State and explain how the
extension of the second wire compares with that of the first wire.

Co
m

pi

le
d

(ii)

extension = ............................................. m [3]

UCLES 2011

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]

9702/21/M/J/11

41

(a) State Hookes law.

..........................................................................................................................................

For
Examiners
Use

8.0

aS

ha
k

(b) The variation with extension x of the force F for a spring A is shown in Fig. 6.1.

ya

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

dr

6.0

an

F/N

jit

Ch

4.0

10
x / 102 m

ng

ed

by

Sa

2.0

Fig. 6.1

Describe the meaning of elastic limit.

ea

(i)

rra

The point L on the graph is the elastic limit of the spring.

dr

..................................................................................................................................

an

..................................................................................................................................

le
d

............................................................................................................................. [1]
Calculate the spring constant kA for spring A.

Co
m

pi

(ii)

UCLES 2011

kA = ....................................... N m1 [1]

9702/21/O/N/11

[Turn over

42

Calculate the work done in extending the spring with a force of 6.4 N.

For
Examiners
Use

ya

(iii)

ha
k

work done = .............................................. J [2]

dr

aS

(c) A second spring B of spring constant 2kA is now joined to spring A, as shown in
Fig. 6.2.

Ch

by

Fig. 6.2

Sa

6.4 N

jit

spring B

an

spring A

ed

A force of 6.4 N extends the combination of springs.

the total extension,

extension = ............................................. m [1]

an

the spring constant.

spring constant = ....................................... N m1 [1]

Co
m

pi

le
d

(ii)

dr

ea

rra

(i)

ng

For the combination of springs, calculate

UCLES 2011

9702/21/O/N/11

43

(a) Define
(i)

For
Examiners
Use

stress,
..................................................................................................................................

strain.

ha
k

(ii)

ya

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

aS

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

an

dr

(b) Explain the term elastic limit.

..........................................................................................................................................

Ch

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

jit

(c) Explain the term ultimate tensile stress.

Sa

..........................................................................................................................................

by

..........................................................................................................................................

A ductile material in the form of a wire is stretched up to its breaking point. On

Fig. 3.1, sketch the variation with extension x of the stretching force F.

ng

(d) (i)

ed

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

0
Fig. 3.1

[2]

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

UCLES 2011

9702/22/O/N/11

44

(ii)

On Fig. 3.2, sketch the variation with x of F for a brittle material up to its breaking
point.

For
Examiners
Use

dr

an

[1]

Ch

Fig. 3.2

Explain the features of the graphs in (d) that show the characteristics of ductile and
brittle materials.

jit

(e) (i)

aS

ha
k

ya

Sa

..................................................................................................................................

by

..................................................................................................................................

ed

..................................................................................................................................

ng

..................................................................................................................................

The force F is removed from the materials in (d) just before the breaking point is
reached. Describe the subsequent change in the extension for

ea

(ii)

rra

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

dr

1. the ductile material,

an

..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

le
d

2. the brittle material.

pi

..................................................................................................................................

Co
m

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

UCLES 2011

9702/22/O/N/11

[Turn over

45

(a) Define the terms

(i)

For
Examiners
Use

power,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
the Young modulus.

ya

(ii)

ha
k

..................................................................................................................................

aS

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

Ch

an

dr

(b) A crane is used to lift heavy objects, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

jit

motor

Sa

cable

ed

by

object of
mass 1800 kg

rra

ng

ground

Fig. 3.1

Use the Young Modulus of the steel to show that the tension in the cable is
3.1 104 N.

an

1.

Co
m

pi

le
d

(i)

dr

ea

The motor in the crane lifts a total mass of 1800 kg from rest on the ground. The
cable supporting the mass is made of steel of Young modulus 2.4 1011 Pa. The
cross-sectional area of the cable is 1.3 10 4 m2. As the mass leaves the ground, the
strain in the cable is 0.0010. Assume the weight of the cable to be negligible.

[2]
2.

Calculate the acceleration of the mass as it is lifted from the ground.

acceleration = ....................................... m s2 [3]

UCLES 2011

9702/23/O/N/11

46

(ii)

The motor now lifts the mass through a height of 15 m at a constant speed.

For
Examiners
Use

Calculate
the tension in the lifting cable,

ha
k

ya

1.

the gain in potential energy of the mass.

Ch

an

dr

2.

aS

tension = ............................................. N [1]

The motor of the crane is 30% efficient. Calculate the input power to the motor
required to lift the mass at a constant speed of 0.55 m s1.

input power = ............................................ W [3]

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

(iii)

jit

gain in potential energy = ............................................. J [2]

UCLES 2011

9702/23/O/N/11

[Turn over

47

One end of a spring is fixed to a support. A mass is attached to the other end of the spring.
The arrangement is shown in Fig. 3.1.

For
Examiners
Use

ya

ha
k

mass

aS

Fig. 3.1

dr

(a) The mass is in equilibrium. Explain, by reference to the forces acting on the mass, what
is meant by equilibrium.

an

..........................................................................................................................................

Ch

..........................................................................................................................................

jit

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

Sa

(b) The mass is pulled down and then released at time t = 0. The mass oscillates up and
down. The variation with t of the displacement of the mass d is shown in Fig. 3.2.

by

6.0
d / 102 m

ed

4.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0
t /s

ea

2.0

rra

ng

2.0

dr

4.0

Fig. 3.2

le
d

an

6.0

Use Fig. 3.2 to state a time, one in each case, when

the mass is at maximum speed,

Co
m

pi

(i)

(ii)

time = .............................................. s [1]

the elastic potential energy stored in the spring is a maximum,
time = .............................................. s [1]

(iii)

the mass is in equilibrium.

time = .............................................. s [1]

UCLES 2012

9702/21/M/J/12

[Turn over

48

(c) The arrangement shown in Fig. 3.3 is used to determine the length l of a spring when
different masses M are attached to the spring.

For
Examiners
Use

ya

ha
k

mass

aS

Fig. 3.3

dr

The variation with mass M of l is shown in Fig. 3.4.

Ch

an

35

Sa

jit

30

by

25

ed

l / 102 m

ng

20

ea

rra

15

an

dr

10

Co
m

pi

le
d

UCLES 2012

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50
M / kg

Fig. 3.4

9702/21/M/J/12

49

(i)

State and explain whether the spring obeys Hookes law.

..................................................................................................................................

For
Examiners
Use

..................................................................................................................................

ha
k

Show that the force constant of the spring is 26 N m1.

[2]

A mass of 0.40 kg is attached to the spring. Calculate the energy stored in the
spring.

energy = .............................................. J [3]

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

(iii)

Ch

an

dr

aS

(ii)

ya

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

UCLES 2012

9702/21/M/J/12

[Turn over

50

(a) Define the Young modulus.

..........................................................................................................................................

For
Examiners
Use

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

ha
k

ya

(b) A load F is suspended from a fixed point by a steel wire. The variation with extension x
of F for the wire is shown in Fig. 5.1.
6.0

aS

5.0

dr

4.0

an

F / N 3.0

Ch

2.0

0.20

Sa

0.10

x / mm

0.30

by

jit

1.0

Fig. 5.1

ed

State two quantities, other than the gradient of the graph in Fig. 5.1, that are
required in order to determine the Young modulus of steel.

ng

(i)

rra

1. ..............................................................................................................................

Describe how the quantities you listed in (i) may be measured.

dr

(ii)

ea

2. ..............................................................................................................................
[1]

an

..................................................................................................................................

le
d

..................................................................................................................................

Co
m

pi

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

UCLES 2012

9702/22/M/J/12

51

A load of 3.0 N is applied to the wire. Use Fig. 5.1 to calculate the energy stored in
the wire.

For
Examiners
Use

aS

ha
k

ya

(iii)

energy = .............................................. J [2]

an

dr

(c) A copper wire has the same original dimensions as the steel wire. The Young modulus
for steel is 2.2 1011 N m2 and for copper is 1.1 1011 N m2.

Co
m

pi

le
d

an

dr

ea

rra

ng

ed

by

Sa

jit

Ch

On Fig. 5.1, sketch the variation with x of F for the copper wire for extensions up to
0.25 mm. The copper wire is not extended beyond its limit of proportionality.
[2]

UCLES 2012

9702/22/M/J/12

[Turn over