E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
1 . P O W E R FA C T O R I S N O T I M P R O V I N G
1. Please check if required kVAr of capacitors are installed.
2. Check the type of capacitor installed is suitable for application or the capacitors
are derated.
3. Check if the capacitors are permanently ON. The Capacitor are not switched off
when the load is not working, under such condition the average power factor is
found to be lower side.
4. Check whether all the capacitors are operated in APFC depending upon the load
operation.
5. Check whether the APFC installed in the installation is working or not. Check the
CT connection is taken from the main incomer side of transformer, after the fix
compensation of transformer. Refer Fig. No.1
6. Check if the load demand in the system is increased.
7. Check if power transformer compensation is provided.
TR
CT
Supply
Bus
Load
Load
ACB
Cable
Transformer
Compensation
C 1-M
Capacitor stops
F11-M
Control fuses
F2 H1
Capacitor stop fuses
K 1-M
Contactors
SDF
Switch disconnector fuse
CR
Power factor controller
CT
Current transformer
TR
Power transformer
SDF
F11-M
F2 1-M
CR
K1-M
C1-M
APFC Panel
Fig. No.1
Calculation of required capacitor.
The capacitor required should be calculated taking the data from electrical bill copies
of last 4-6 months if bill is not available please take initial power factor as 0.75 lag.
Please note that the max demand given in electrical bill is in kVA not in kW.
Power factor = kWH / kVAH (these data are generally provided in electricity bills)
Initial Power factor
- (Before installation of capacitor)
Recorded demand
Req power factor
- 516kVA (Highest recorded demand)
- 0.95lag (To be decided by customer)
kW
= kVA x Power Factor
= 516 x 0.75 = 387
Required capacitor
= kW x Multiplying Factor
= (0.75 x 516) x Multiplying Factor
= 387 x 0.553
= 215kVAr
L&T SWITCHGEAR
SAFE & SURE
63
E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
M u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r f o r c a l c u l a t i n g k VA r
Table-1
CALCULATION OF KVAr REQUIRED
Target PF
0.6
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.6
0.849
0.878
0.907
0.938
0.970
1.005
1.042
1.083
1.130
1.191
1.333
0.61
0.815
0.843
0.873
0.904
0.936
0.970
1.007
1.048
1.096
1.157
1.299
0.62
0.781
0.810
0.839
0.870
0.903
0.937
0.974
1.015
1.062
1.123
1.265
0.63
0.748
0.777
0.807
0.837
0.870
0.904
0.941
0.982
1.030
1.090
1.233
0.64
0.716
0.745
0.775
0.805
0.838
0.872
0.909
0.950
0.998
1.058
1.201
0.65
0.685
0.714
0.743
0.774
0.806
0.840
0.877
0.919
0.966
1.027
1.169
0.66
0.654
0.683
0.712
0.743
0.775
0.810
0.847
0.888
0.935
0.996
1.138
0.67
0.624
0.652
0.682
0.713
0.745
0.779
0.816
0.857
0.905
0.966
1.108
0.68
0.594
0.623
0.652
0.683
0.715
0.750
0.787
0.828
0.875
0.936
1.078
0.69
0.565
0.593
0.623
0.654
0.686
0.720
0.757
0.798
0.846
0.907
1.049
0.7
0.536
0.565
0.594
0.625
0.657
0.692
0.729
0.770
0.817
0.878
1.020
0.71
0.508
0.536
0.566
0.597
0.629
0.663
0.700
0.741
0.789
0.849
0.992
0.72
0.480
0.508
0.538
0.569
0.601
0.635
0.672
0.713
0.761
0.821
0.964
0.73
0.452
0.481
0.510
0.541
0.573
0.608
0.645
0.686
0.733
0.794
0.936
0.74
0.425
0.453
0.483
0.514
0.546
0.580
0.617
0.658
0.706
0.766
0.909
0.75
0.398
0.426
0.456
0.487
0.519
0.553
0.590
0.631
0.679
0.739
0.882
0.76
0.371
0.400
0.429
0.460
0.492
0.526
0.563
0.605
0.652
0.713
0.855
0.77
0.344
0.373
0.403
0.433
0.466
0.500
0.537
0.578
0.626
0.686
0.829
0.78
0.318
0.347
0.376
0.407
0.439
0.474
0.511
0.552
0.599
0.660
0.802
0.79
0.292
0.320
0.350
0.381
0.413
0.447
0.484
0.525
0.573
0.634
0.776
0.8
0.266
0.294
0.324
0.355
0.387
0.421
0.458
0.499
0.547
0.608
0.750
0.81
0.240
0.268
0.298
0.329
0.361
0.395
0.432
0.473
0.521
0.581
0.724
0.82
0.214
0.242
0.272
0.303
0.335
0.369
0.406
0.447
0.495
0.556
0.698
0.83
0.188
0.216
0.246
0.277
0.309
0.343
0.380
0.421
0.469
0.530
0.672
0.84
0.162
0.190
0.220
0.251
0.283
0.317
0.354
0.395
0.443
0.503
0.646
0.85
0.135
0.164
0.194
0.225
0.257
0.291
0.328
0.369
0.417
0.477
0.620
0.86
0.109
0.138
0.167
0.198
0.230
0.265
0.302
0.343
0.390
0.451
0.593
0.87
0.082
0.111
0.141
0.172
0.204
0.238
0.275
0.316
0.364
0.424
0.567
0.88
0.055
0.084
0.114
0.145
0.177
0.211
0.248
0.289
0.337
0.397
0.540
0.89
0.028
0.057
0.086
0.117
0.149
0.184
0.221
0.262
0.309
0.370
0.512
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.029
0.058
0.089
0.121
0.156
0.193
0.234
0.281
0.342
0.484
0.030
0.060
0.093
0.127
0.164
0.205
0.253
0.313
0.456
0.031
0.93
0.94
0.097
0.134
0.175
0.223
0.284
0.426
0.067
0.104
0.145
0.192
0.253
0.395
0.034
0.95
Table-1.1
0.063
0.032
0.071
0.112
0.160
0.220
0.363
0.037
0.078
0.126
0.186
0.329
KVAr REQUIRED FOR TRANSFORMER COMPENSATION
KVA rating of the transformer
Upto and including 315 kVA
315kVA - 1000 kVA
Above 1000 kVA
KVA required for compensation
5% of kVA ration.
6% of kVA ration.
8% of kVA ration.
L&T SWITCHGEAR
SAFE & SURE
64
E S P
SERVICE
MANUAL
Thumb Rule if HP is known.
The compensation for motor should be calculated taking the details from the rating
plate of motor Or the capacitor should be rated for 1/3 of HP . Refer Fig,No 2 for the
connection of capacitor.
Individual Compensation
1. Ensure the capacitor is protected using
fuse / MCB.
Supply Bus
2. The capacitor is switched ON along
with starter
Transformer
Circuit Breaker
3. In case of star-delta starter the capacitor
should switch ON on delta mode.
M
Fig. No.2
Where to connect capacitor
1. Fix compensation should be provided to take care of power transformer. Power and
distribution transformers, which works on the principle of electro-magnetic induction,
consume reactive power for their own needs even when its secondary is not
connected to any load. The power factor will be very low under such situation. To
improve the power factor it is required to connect a fixed capacitor or capacitor bank
at the LT side of the transformer. For approximate kVAr of capacitors required
Refer Table No-1.1
2. If the installation is having various small loads with the mixture of large loads then the
APFC should be recommended. Note that APFC should have minimum step rating of
10% as smaller step.
3. If loads are small then the capacitor should be connected parallel to load. The
connection should be such that whenever the loads are switched on the capacitor
also switches on along with the load. Refer Fig No-2
4. Note that APFC panel can maintain the power factor on L.T side of transformer and it
is necessary to provide fix compensation for Power transformer Refer Fig No-1
5. In case there is no transformer in the installation, then the C.T for sensing power
factor should be provided at the incoming of main switch of the plant. Refer Fig No-3
CT
Supply
Bus
Meter
Load
SDF
C 1-M
Capacitor stops
F11-M
Control fuses
F2 H1
Capacitor stop fuses
K 1-M
Contactors
SDF
Switch disconnector fuse
CR
Power factor controller
CT
Current transformer
F11-M
F21-M
CR
K1-M
C1-M
Fig. No.-3
L&T SWITCHGEAR
SAFE & SURE
65
