Energy resources
Fossil fuels
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear energy
Coal 22% Gas 24% Nuclear 7% Petroleum 39%
Image by MIT OCW.
Energy resources
Renewable energies
Wind
Gas 24%
Coal 22% Nuclear 7% Renewables 8%
Petroleum 39%
Image by MIT OCW.
Energy resources
Renewable energies
Wind Solar thermal
1
LATITUDE LATITUDE + 15 o -15o
LATI E TUD
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Gas 24%
Coal 22% Nuclear 7% Renewables 8%
Petroleum 39%
Image by MIT OCW.
Energy resources
Renewable energies
Wind Solar thermal Photovoltaic
Gas 24%
Coal 22% Nuclear 7% Renewables 8%
Petroleum 39%
Image by MIT OCW.
Energy resources
Renewable energies
Wind Solar thermal Photovoltaic Hydroelectric (& Tidal)
Coal 22% Nuclear 7% Renewables 8%
storage issue
Gas 24%
Petroleum 39%
Image by MIT OCW.
Energy resources
Energy conversion Electricity
Device
Open fireplace Coal fired boiler, manual feed Chemical-to-heat Coal fired boiler, automatic Oil fired boiler Gas fired boiler Heat-to-mechanical Steam piston engines Steam turbines Petrol engines Chemical-to-mechanical Diesel engines Gas turbines AC generator AC motor Electrical Transformer Lead-acid battery (input-output) Electric heating
Electric heating only half as efficient as direct fuel combustion
Conversion Efficiency,
0.30 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.75 0.05-0.20 0.18-0.40 0.20-0.28 0.32-0.38 0.30-0.35 0.97 0.92 0.98 0.75 0.99
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Electrical Energy Steam Turbine
Boiler
Generator Fuel Condensate Pump Condensor
Waterway Cool water in Warm water out
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Active controls: HVAC
Two parameters to be known
capacity
depends on buildings heat losses depends on T between comfort T and worst outside T
heating requirements
depends on time of the year
Active controls: HVAC
Local heating
Oil heater Stove (solid fuel) Gas heater Electric heater
Infrared lamps Incandescent radiators Medium temperature (tube or panel) radiators Low temperature panels (oil filled) Convectors Fan-convectors Storage (block) heaters Floor warming Ceiling warming
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Type
Heat emission (%) Radiant 100 80 60 40 20 10 20 70 20 40 60 80 100 90 80 30 Convective
Active controls: HVAC
Local heating
Oil heater
COP
20 15 (Warm) Sink (room) temperature (oC)
20 30 40 50
Stove (solid fuel) Gas heater Electric heater
Heat pump
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10
0 -10
10
20
30
(Cold) Source temperature (oC)
High pressure liquid
Low pressure liquid Choke (Pressure release valve) Evaporator
Sink
Condenser
Source
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High pressure vapour
Compressor
Low pressure vapour
Active controls: HVAC
Water pipe
Central heating
Air based Water based
Air duct for for
0,33 kWh/m 3K
for
3 3 1161 1161kWh/m kWh/m K K
Supply ducts
Control valve Convector Air vent
Return duct
Burner oil tank Oil Tank Fan Dust filter
Return fitting
Pump Boiler
Compression tank
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Active controls: HVAC
Ventilation and air-conditioning
Mechanical ventilation Air-conditioning
Conventional room conditioner Open-cycle cooling
Radiating surfaces
Room air Fibrous material pad e.g. wood shavings in cheese cloth Perforated drip pipe
Outdoor air
C CD
Pump Motor Fan
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Sump with float valve for make-up water
Active controls: HVAC
Integration and occupants comfort
Floor warming slow but comfortable Convectors quick but not for massive/badly insulated spaces Local radiative heating towards people for large spaces
Passive and active heating combination
Heating system coherent with solar gains
stops when gains overcome needs requires temperature or solar radiation sensor (separation N/S)
S N
SAF
AF
AF
VF
VF
VM
VM
Image by MIT OCW.
Passive and active heating combination
Heating system coherent with solar gains
stops when gains overcome needs requires temperature or solar radiation sensor (separation N/S) requires low inertia of heating system
Air
[h]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4
Radiator
[h]
6 8 10 12 14 16
Floor
[h]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Image by MIT OCW.
Passive and active heating combination
Heating system coherent with solar gains
stops when gains overcome needs requires temperature or solar radiation sensor (separation N/S) requires low inertia of heating system autoregulation difficult with high temperature heating systems
Active Heating and Cooling
Reading assignment from Textbook:
Introduction to Architectural Science by Szokolay: 1.6 + 4.1 - 4.2
Additional readings relevant to lecture topics:
"How Buildings Work" by Allen: pp. 77 - 88 in Chap 10 + Chap 15 "Heating Cooling Lighting" by Lechner: Chaps 2 + 8 + 16 The Technology of Ecological Building by Daniels: Chaps 10 12
More detailed information about renewable energy
"Sustainability at the cutting edge Emerging technologies for low energy buildings" by Smith
