BAB II
Pemilihan Material Pipa
EDCEDC- ITB
Pipeline Design
Bab I Introduction
Parameter Design
Route
Survey
Enviromental Data
Thermal
Expansion
Wall Thickness
Buckling
PIPELINE DESIGN
Fatigue
Route
Selection
On Bottom-Stability
Cathodic
Protection
Material
Selection
Spanning
Pipe Stress Analysis & Design
EDCEDC- ITB
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
1. Spec. and Req. of Linepipe
z
9
9
9
9
9
The following properties :
Strength
Toughness
Ductility
Weldability
Corrosion Resistance
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
1. Spec. and Req. of Linepipe (cont)
z
Steel pipe are manufactured to particular
specifications :
Chemical composition
Strength data
Tolerance
The well-known spec. for pipeline = API 5L
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe
Grades
HISTORY
9Mid 1950
API 5LA, B and 5L X42, X52, and X56.
Wall thickness less than 0.50
The yield strength of the X52/X56 steel were
obtained by use of relatively rich alloy content,
and cold working.
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades
(cont)
9
Late 1950
The importance of good weldability become recognized
because of frequent of hydrogen cracking in the HAZ in
girth weld.
Increased strength from microalloying addition of
Niobium (0.04%) and/or Vanadium (0.08%).
The strength of first fine grained High Strength Low Alloy
(HLSA) API 5L X60 pipes was achieved by combination
of grain size control and normalizing after hot rolling.
The normalized steel plates contained :
Level of Nb & V with C
= 0.2
Carbon Equivalent
= 0.45
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades
(cont)
9
1960 :
The steel plate process route develop from normalizing to
controlled rolling (CR).
This practice consisted of low temperature finishing of the
plates during hot rolling on the plate mill and thus producing
a finer ferrite pearlite microstructure
The implementation of CR can reduce cost, because :
CR was being practiced from 1968 to produce pipe having
SMYS up to X65 (1968)
Avoiding normalizing
Reduction in C level, from 0.20 % to 0.12%
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades
(cont)
9
Mid 1960s :
The early higher steel pipes, as the strength increased,
failure resulted in fractures over long distance.
Research showed that the distance a fracture would
propagate was a function of temperature and toughness
The requirement designed
The fracture was
ductile at operating temperature or operating temperature
was higher than brittle-ductile toughness transition
temperature of the steel
Research showed that a reduction of pearlite fraction and
additional grain refinement was needed to meet the
transition temperature requirement
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades
(cont)
9
1970
Laboratory and industrial investigation showed that with a
proper choice of chemical composition & CR schedules,
finer-grained acicular ferrite (AF) steel, could be produced
with guaranteed superior weldability & yield strength levels
up to X70
In the development of the accelerated cooling (AC)
technology, due to the higher cooling rates in TMCP
rolling, leaner compositions can be used to obtain fine
structure
Low sulphur (S) contents (<0.005%) and sulphide shape
control provided a solution to hydrogen induced cracking
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe Grades
(cont)
9
1980
This finding together with the need of lower C
level (Weldability and SCC) influenced the steel
making and rolling practice
This led to steelmaking practices with very strict
control of residual elements (S, P, H, N, and O)
and a gradual switch from Controlling Rolling
(CR) to Thermo-Mechanically Controlled Rolling
(TMCP)
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
2. Linepipe Metallurgy and Pipe
Grades (cont)
9
For thick wall thickness (t>30 mm), homogeneous
through thickness properties cant met by TMCP,
met by quenching and tempering process (Q &T).
Q & T pipe steel have both high yield strength and
good toughness
without necessity for high
level of alloying.
Currently, For strength up to X52, rolled normalized
carbon-manganese steel is commonly used.
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
z
9
9
9
9
9
The fundamental criteria for the selection of
material :
Mechanical properties
Corrosion resistance
Ease to fabrication (Weldability)
Cost
Availability
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
z
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
The basic information to evaluate pipeline
material selection :
Maximum operating pressure
Preliminary determination diam. & wall
thickness
Material strength requirements to contain
pressure
Max & min design temperature
Method of production in special condition
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Composition of gasses and fluids
Erosion problems (i.e. the presence of
sand)
Corrosive media (i.e. H2S, CO2, O2, etc)
Design life of pipeline
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
3.1. Material Selection Based on Corrosion
Resistance :
1) Low Alloy Steels
2) High Alloy Steels
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection (cont)
Low Alloy Steel
Low alloy steel are used as materials of
construction for pipelines because of low cost,
availability and ease of fabrication
The most aggressive condition commonly
encountered in pipeline systems occur in
presence of water and dissolved H2S and CO2.
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
Low Alloy Steel
z The characteristic of CO2 and H2S corrosion are
different :
CO2
= General weight loss with additional localized
corrosion where water collected.
H2S
=
z Doesnt normally involve general weight loss, but rather,
localized corrosion in the form of stress corrosion
cracking or hydrogen induced cracks.
z General weight loss at T > 60 C & partial pressure > 0.1 atm.
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
Low Alloy Steel
Basis for low alloy steels:
Maximum hardness limitation
Maximum nickel content of 1%
Heat treatment condition
z
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
z
Low Alloy Steel
Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) is a further form
of hydrogen sulphide corrosion which may occur,
especially in low alloy material.
Today, considered only to be a problem at partial
pressure of H2S over 0.05 psi when precaution
against SSC must be adopted.
Linepipe Material Selection
10
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
Low Alloy Steel
Precaution to minimize the risk of corrosion:
1) Material compositional control
2) Specialized corrosion testing
3) Compliance with NACE MR-01-75
z
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
z
High Alloy Steel
A chloride containing environment, the final
choice of Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRA)
should be on the basis of its resistance to pitting
and crevice corrosion.
This can be establish using the Pitting Resistance
Equivalent (PRE)
PRE = %CR + 3.3% M O + 16 % N
Linepipe Material Selection
11
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
Application of High Alloy Material
Duplex Stainless Steel
z
1)
Austenite : Ferrite = 50 : 50
There are 2 types : one based on 22% chromium, and the
other based on 25% chromium (called super duplex
stainless steel)
22 % chromium duplex stainless steel has a PRE = 34,
resistant to pitting up to 30 C, but susceptible to crevice
corrosion at lower temperatures
25 % chromium super duplex stainless steel has a PRE >
34, resistant to pitting & crevice corrosion up to T = 60 C.
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
2)
Austenitic Stainless Steel (typically 316 L)
Excellent corrosion resistance to CO2 dan H2S
PRE = 27
At T > 60 C, austenitic stainless steel are liable
to stress corrosion cracking by chloride.
Linepipe Material Selection
12
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
3)
High Nickel Alloys
Containing up to 25-65 % Ni
No limitation are given for CO2 corrosion,
whereas H2S corrosion resistance is determine
by nickel content
For nickel content of 25 52 %, temperature
limitation are 160 C 275 C
Incoloy alloy 825 & inconel alloy 625 are
probably most widely used in pipeline
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
4)
High Nickel Alloys
Containing up to 25-65 % Ni
No limitation are given for CO2 corrosion,
whereas H2S corrosion resistance is determine
by nickel content
For nickel content of 25 52 %, temperature
limitation are 160 C 275 C
Incoloy alloy 825 & inconel alloy 625 are
probably most widely used in pipeline
Linepipe Material Selection
13
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
5)
CRA Clad Carbon Steel
Where high nickel alloys are selected,
consideration should be given to the use of clad
materials due to high cost of solid alloy pipes
The use of duplex stainless steel clad pipes is
limited due to the difficulty in maintaining the
required duplex structure of the cladding during
heat treatment of carbon steel pipe following
pipe manufacture.
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
3.2. Selection Based on Mechanical Requirement :
1) Yield Strength
2) Fracture Control Design Requirement
3) Weldability requirement
Linepipe Material Selection
14
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
3.2.1. Yield Strength :
Low Alloy Steels
Yield Strength of 70 ksi are now feasible provide that installation
& operation condition are satisfied.
Controlled rolled steels and normalized steel used additions of
Titanium, Vanadium, and/or Niobium to give enhanced yield
strength capability through precipitation hardening & grain
refinement
Satisfactory properties have been obtained for pipe grades up to
X65, using controlled rolled steel & normalized steels,
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
Low Alloy Steels (cont)
z
For higher strength steel (i.e. X70 & X80) development have
been centered around the use of thermomechanical treatment
coupled with accelerated cooling
These process have enabled the production of higher strength
steels with reduced quantities of alloying elements, in particular
with low carbon contents (less than 0.01%)
For optimum strength/toughness combination, accelerated
cooling should be started around Ac3 transformation
temperature.
Linepipe Material Selection
15
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
High Alloy Steels
Only duplex (austenitic/ferritic) stainless steel can be used
for high strength requirement
Duplex stainless steel is normally supplied in the following
form solution annealed (typically at 1050 C).
High nickel stainless steels & austenitic stainless steel
have to be used in the clad form, as they have limited yield
strength
used as internal cladding o conventional
high strength low alloy steel.
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
Linepipe Material Selection
16
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
3.2.2. Fracture Control Design Requirement
In large diameter pipe, fracture control must consider not
only base material but also weld seam and Heat Affected
Zone (HAZ)
The principal demands placed on pipe materials for gas
transmission lines is that toughness properties remain
unimpaired by operating pressure and circumferential stress
Fracture mechanics has been constantly improved and
updated as research and testing have highlighted the
controlling parameters.
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
3.2.2. Fracture Control Design Requirement (cont)
This is true as long as welds and base material are virtuals
free from defects, the weld treating cycle has not affected
the transition temperature, and large stress concentration
factor dont exist.
For high strength ductile material, these condition dont
exist, and more relevant fracture control criteria have been
developed.
Full scale experiment have led to the development of
semi-empirical formulae for determining the critical flaw
size in pipelines
Linepipe Material Selection
17
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
3.2.2. Fracture Control Design Requirement (cont)
For fracture initiation, if the pipe material is ductile with an
establish minimum toughness level and the crack go through
wall. Formula is given by :
CV =
2H R A C
E
Where :
= Charpy energy at 100% shear (ft/lbs)
CV
H
= nominal hoop stress (ksi)
R
= Pipe radius (inch)
= Cross sectional area of Charpy
i AC
impact specimen (inch2)
E
= Youngs modulus (103 ksi)
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
3.2.2. Fracture Control Design Requirement (cont)
It has been long known that for very tough
materials crack can propagate over large distance
in gas transmission pipelines.
From semi-empirical formulae developed by the
Batelle Memorial Institute, correlation has made
between Charpy energy & the arrest of fracture
propagation.
Linepipe Material Selection
18
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
z
Formula :
1
3
C V = 0.0873 2H (R t ) A C
Where :
CV
H
R
t
AC
= Charpy energy required
(ft/lbs)
= nominal hoop stress (ksi)
= Pipe radius (inch)
= Wall thickness (inch)
= Cross sectional area of
Charpy impact specimen
(inch2)
NOTE : These formula werent developed using
The high strength pipeline materials (i.e. X65)
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
3.2.3. Weldability Requirement :
1) Low Alloys Steels
2) High Alloy Steels
Linepipe Material Selection
19
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
3.2.3. Weldability Requirement :
A pre-requisite of competent pipeline construction &
installation, which can often be undertaken in adverse
weather condition, is that the pipeline steels show good
weldability
The following welding processes available for field welding
in the fixed position are of particular interest :
z
z
z
Shield manual metal arc welding, using cellulosic electrodes
Shield manual metal arc welding, using basing, low hydrogen
electrodes.
Fully mechanised gas shielding arc welding
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
z
Low Alloy Steels
Field weldability of high strength low alloy steels is greatly
enhanced by the use of low carbon content :
Mn Cr + Mo + V Cu + Ni
CE = C +
+
+
5
6
15
The higher value of Carbon equivalent (CE), the less
weldable the steel
This formula was originally developed for higher carbon
steel (i.e. above 0.12 %) which achieved strength mainly by
carbon & manganese and by heat treatment
Linepipe Material Selection
20
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
z
Low Alloy Steels
The quantitative statements given using this formula to
calculate weld hardenability cant really be considered
accurate for modern large diameter pipe steel with low
carbon, vanadium, and nickel addition.
Equation should be considered for determining if
preheating is necessary:
Si Cr + Cu + Cr Mo Ni V
Pcm = C + +
+
+ + + 5B
20
30
15 60 10
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
Linepipe Material Selection
21
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
Linepipe Material Selection
22
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
Linepipe Material Selection
23
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
z
High Alloy Steels
a)
b)
c)
High alloy steels are weldable using:
Gas tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
Shielding Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
Thermal conductivity of high alloy steels (e.g. duplex
stainless steel) = 1.5 carbon steel
Problem of carbide precipitation & sigma phase formation
caused by heat retention, can lead to enhanced
susceptibility to corrosion & embrittlement
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
z
High Alloy Steels
a)
b)
c)
A number of problems have emerged with the use of these
steel :
High construction cost associated with low productivity and
the GTAW process often used.
Very high girth weld repair rates when using the SMAW
process
Obtaining girth weld with mechanical & corrosion
properties ( particularly in the root & HAZ) which approach
those of base pipe.
Linepipe Material Selection
24
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
z
High Alloy Steels
Duplex stainless steel has been used in a number
of offshore pipeline application
Difficulty
: Controlling the austenite & Ferrite
volume fractions in the weld metal & HAZ
Solution
: Careful selection of welding
consumable is required.
Defect tolerance is also a problem with regard to
specifying existing codes.
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
3. Philosophy of Materials Selection
(cont)
z
High Alloy Steels
Microalloying with V and Nb to achieve a more
fine grained structure is used for strength classes
up to X60.
Thermomechanically treated low-carbon steel is
used for strength classes X60 X70 and above
For strength above X70, quenched & tempered,
or in certain cases, TMCP steel may be used to
obtain necessary toughness while maintaining
weldability
Linepipe Material Selection
25
EDCEDC- ITB
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
Linepipe Material Selection
26
Non Metallic Pipe
Non Metallic Pipe
Thermoplastic (PVC) :
Corrosion resistance
Limited pressure and temperature
Shall be buried or supported
Resistance to UV
Composite (Fiber Reinforced Plastic)
:
Higher pressure resistance than PVC
Resistance to vibration
Resistance to ultraviolet
Fitting methods ?
NDT methods ?
27
LIMITATION OF THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
Limited P and T
PVC : T < 65 C, Stress < 4 ksi
PE : T < 40 C, Stress < 625 psi
Shall be buried (to protect from sunlight, fire, mechanical
damage)
Low resistance to vibration
28
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Pipe
Excellent corrosion resistance properties
Ease of installation
Low maintenance cost
Applications : Freshwater, potable water, chilled water,
seawater, chlorinated seawater
Higher tensile strength than HDPE pipe
T < 95 oC. P < 20 bar
Not recommended for depressurized systems
Shall be buried (to protect from sunlight, fire, mechanical
damage)
Low resistance to vibration
Carbon Steel Pipe repair
1. Unidirectional composite structure
2. Two-part adhesive systems
3. Load transferring component
29
Linepipe Material Selection
Case Study
30
Pipeline Design
Bab I Introduction
Parameter Design
Route
Survey
Enviromental Data
Thermal
Expansion
Wall Thickness
Buckling
PIPELINE DESIGN
Fatigue
Route
Selection
Burial & Crossing
Protection
Material
Selection
Spanning
Pipe Stress Analysis & Design
EDCEDC- ITB
Linepipe Material Selection
31
EDCEDC- ITB
Philosophy of Materials Selection
z
9
9
9
9
9
9
The fundamental criteria for the selection of
material :
Mechanical properties
Corrosion resistance
Ease to fabrication & Construction
Maintainability/repairability
Cost
Availability
Linepipe Material Selection
EDCEDC- ITB
Mechanical Properties of Linepipe
9
9
9
9
Strength
Toughness
Ductility
Constructability
Linepipe Material Selection
32
Methodology
Preliminary study & Data Collection
Establish Material Criteria
Choose Material Alternatives
Generate material typeproperties-operational
criteria matrix
Material
Accepted?
NO
YES
Material Recommendation
Unrecommended
Material
Back
Fluid Composition
z
Fluid system flow inside the line pipe consist of :
Hydrocarbon
Water
Gas
Impurities
Wax..
etc
33
Linepipe Material Alternatives
Stainless Steel
Duplex Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel 304
304L SS - Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
Stainless Steel 316
316L SS - Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
Duplex SS - Carbon Steel Clad
Pipe
Nonferrous Alloy
Cu - Ni Alloy
CuNi Alloy - Carbon Steel Clad
Pipe
Ni Alloy
Aluminum - Magnesium Alloy
Internally Clad Pipe, Carbon Steel
Outer Material
Composite Pipe
Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE)
Coating
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics
(GFRP)
Coal Tar Epoxy Coating
Carbon / Epoxy Composite
High Density Polyethylene
(HDPE)
Internally Coated Carbon Steel
Ceramic Epoxy Coating
Carbon Steel
Stainless Steel
Stainless steel type:
Duplex Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel 304
Stainless Steel 316
Material Type
Advantages
Duplex Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel 304
Excelent Corrosion Resistance
Excellent in a wide range of
High Strength
atmospheric environments
Weldable by all standard methods and many corrosive media.
Better stress-corrosion cracking
resistance
Excellent forming
Stainless Steel 316
Excellent in a range of
atmospheric environments and
many corrosive media generally more resistant than
304.
Susceptible to stress cracking Susceptible to stress cracking
Disadvantages Expensive
Susceptible to sensitisation
Has lower stiffness compared (grain boundary carbide
to Polypropylene
precipitation) when heated
until 425-860 0C
High mould shrinkage and
Cannot be hardened by
poor UV resistance
thermal treatment.
34
Nonferrous Alloy
Cu Ni alloy type:
90Cu - 10Ni
80Cu - 20Ni
70Cu - 30Ni
Material
Type
90Cu - 10Ni
80Cu - 20Ni
Ni alloy type:
70Ni 30Cu
Inconel
Aluminum - Magnesium
Alloy
70Cu - 30Ni
excellent electrical and thermal conductivities,
outstanding resistance to corrosion, ease of
fabrication, and good strength and fatigue
resistance . Can be readily soldered and
Advantag
brazed. Can be welded by various gas, arc,
es
and resistance methods. Can be plated,
coated with organic substances, or chemically
colored to further extend the variety of
available finishes.
70Ni - 30Cu
Inconel
excellent corrosion
resistance in
reducing chemical
environments and in
sea water
excellent ductility and
can be readily
fabricated and
formed into a variety
of shapes.
excellent
mechanical
properties and
presents the
desirable
combination of high
strength and good
workability.
Good resistance to
corrosion and heat
Disadvan sometimes have limited usefulness in certain environments because
tages of hydrogen embrittlement or stress-corrosion cracking (SCC).
Very expensive
Aluminum Magnesium
Alloy
typically
displays
excellent
electrical and
thermal
conductivity,
Low density
Expensive
Lower strength
than
ferousbased
Metal
Composite Pipe
Composite type:
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP)
Carbon / Epoxy Composite
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
GFRP
Material
Aliphatic
Anhydiride
Aromatic
Type Amine Cured
Cured
Amine Cured
Epoxy
Epoxy
Epoxy
Corrosion Control - Resists corrosion
caused by CO2, H2S and salt water
Advantag Reduced cost of the piping and reduced
es
maintenance costs
Reduced weight on the platform deck
Disadvan
Low performance in high temperature
tages
Carbon / Epoxy
Composite
Good mechanical
properties
Good chemical
resistance
Lowest shrinkage
(highest stability).
Expensive
HDPE
Good low temperature impact
resistance
Excellent chemical resistance
Exceptional resistance to rapidcrack propagation
May react with oxygen and strong
oxidizing agents, such as chlorates,
nitrates, peroxides, etc.
35
Internally Clad Pipe, Carbon Steel Outer Material
Internally Clad type:
304L SS - Carbon Steel Clad
Pipe
316L SS - Carbon Steel Clad
Pipe
Duplex SS - Carbon Steel Clad
Pipe
304L SS 316L SS - Duplex SS -
CuNi Alloy Carbon
Steel
Carbon
Steel
Carbon
Steel
Carbon
Steel
CuNi Alloy - Carbon Steel Clad
Advantages
Combining the features of metallurgical & mechanical
Pipe
Expensive
Disadvantages
Need High Level on joining
Material Type
Internally Coated Carbon
Steel
Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) Coating
Coal Tar Epoxy Coating
Ceramic Epoxy Coating
Material Type
Advantages
FBE Coating
Coal Tar Epoxy Coating
Ceramic Epoxy Coating
ease of application,
Suitable for intermittent exposure to
300F
Holiday (pinhole) testing per applicable ASTM, NACE, And
SSPC Industry standards
less waste of
material,
Excellent chemical resistance
Can be applied to the bell and spigot of ductile iron pipe for
total "Wet Area" protection
rapid application,
Excellent adhesion
Field repairs are completed with the same product as is
applied at the factory, not coal tar epoxy or "Pipe Joint
Compound
cure schedules,
which means faster
production rates.
Convenient 2A to 3B mix ratio by
volume
Can be stored outside indefinitely without disbondment from
the substrate (some chalking will occur)
High build to 40 mils per coat
Excellent abrasion resistance (Alpha Phase alumina ceramics Hardness just below s diamond)
Finished coated
pieces can be moved
to the storage area
within minutes after
the application
100% solids, 0.0 lbs. VOC
Sprayable, Tough and flexible
Superior bonding to the substrate (three times that of any other
ceramic epoxy or polyethylene product)
Moisture insensitive and Low
temperature curing
Do not use below 40F
Disadvantages
Store material under dry conditions
For best results, applied condition
material to 70F or higher.
36
Carbon Steel
Material Type Carbon Steel
Serviceable under a wide variety of conditions and especially
adaptable to low-cost techniques of mass production.
Ease of fabrication
adequate strength
Advantages
excellent finishing characteristics to provide attractive
appearance after fabrication
compatibility with other materials and with various coatings and
processes.
Not expensive
Susceptible to Chemical reaction
Disadvantages
Low corrosion resistance
Back
General Matrix
Degradation
Resistance
Construction/
Joinability
Chemical/corrosion
Resistance
Material
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
X10
Availability
Selected
Material
Mechanical
Strength
No
Maintainability
Cost
External
Damage
Resistance
Final
Corrosion/ Stren
Pressure Tough Construction Expansion Due To Maintaina Life Availabil
Cost
to injection
bility
time
ity
Score
Degradation gth Containment ness / Joinability / Flexibility Accidental
Fluid
Load
Resistance
20%
B
C
B
A
A
A
A
A
E
B
5%
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
C
C
10%
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
A
C
E
5%
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
A
C
E
5%
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
A
C
E
10%
C
B
B
C
C
B
C
E
C
B
5%
C
A
A
A
A
A
C
A
B
A
3%
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
A
C
E
7%
A
A
A
C
C
C
C
A
C
A
5%
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
A
C
D
10%
D
B
B
D
D
D
D
E
C
B
15% 100%
E
72
C
82
D
83
B
74
B
74
B
76
B
76.6
E
72
C
53
A
68.6
Note: A: Very good; B: Good; C: Fair; D: Bad; E: Very bad
37
