Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological finds (7th-11th c.)

Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense 6 „CASTELLUM, CIVITAS, URBS“ ZENTREN UND ELITEN IN FRÜHMITTELALTERLICHEN OSTMITTELEUROPA CENTRES AND ELITES IN EARLY MEDIEVAL EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE Herausgegeben von Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska, Hajnalka Herold, Péter Straub und Tivadar Vida QVERENS INVENTI PVLANS H[I]C CAVDET AperTO „CASTELLUM, CIVITAS, URBS“ CASTELLUM PANNONICUM PELSONENSE Vol. 6 Redigunt A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpontjának Régészeti Intézete (Archäologisches Institut des Geisteswissenschaftlichen Forschungszentrums der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V. Balatoni Múzeum (Balatoni-Museum) Budapest • Leipzig • Keszthely • Rahden/Westf. 2015 „CASTELLUM, CIVITAS, URBS“ ZENTREN UND ELITEN IM FRÜHMITTELALTERLICHEN OSTMITTELEUROPA CENTRES AND ELITES IN EARLY MEDIEVAL EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE Herausgegeben von Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska, Hajnalka Herold, Péter Straub und Tivadar Vida 400 Seiten mit 174 Abbildungen und 7 Tabellen Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung und des Geisteswissenschaftlichen Zentrums Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V., gefördert durch das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska, Hajnalka Herold, Péter Straub und Tivadar Vida (Hrsg.), „Castellum, civitas, urbs“ – Zentren und Eliten im frühmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa – Centres and Elites in Early Medieval East-Central Europe (Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense, Bd. 6, hrsg. v. Archäologischen Institut des Geisteswissenschaftlichen Forschungszentrums der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, dem Geisteswissenschaftlichen Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V., dem Balatoni-Museum). ISBN 978-3-89646-156-8 © 2015 Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH Geschäftsführer: Dr. Bert Wiegel Stellerloh 65, D-32369 Rahden/Westf. Tel: +49/(0)5771/9510-74 Fax: +49/(0)5771/9510-75 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.vml.de ISBN 978-3-89646-156-8 ISSN 1869-9901 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Nachdruck, fotomechanische Wiedergabe, Aufnahme in Online-Dienste und Internet sowie Vervielfältigung auf Datenträgern wie CD-ROM etc. nur nach schriftlicher Zustimmung des Verlags. Wissenschaftliche Begutachtung: Prof. Dr. Róbert Müller und Prof. Dr. Michael Schmauder Umschlagentwurf: Anita Mezei, Zalaegerszeg Umschlagvignette: Vorne: Reste einer Türrahmung aus Zalapáti bzw. Zalavár-Burginsel, Ungarn, 9.–11. Jh. (Balatoni-Museum, Keszthely, Inv.-Nr. 2011.4.2.16). Hinten: Rekonstruktion des Südtors der Festung !"#$ Satz und Layout: Anita Mezei, Zalaegerszeg Scans und Bildbearbeitung: Krisztián Kolozsvári, Budapest Redaktion: Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska, Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V. – Internet: www.uni-leipzig/gwzo Übersetzung/Sprachredaktion: Madeleine Hummler (englisch), Linda Bartus, Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska, Evamaria Tepest (deutsch) Druck und Produktion: druckhaus köthen GmbH & Co. KG, Friedrichstr. 11-12, D-06366 Köthen Vorwort Mit dem Titel „Castellum, civitas, urbs“ setzt der vorliegende Band den Themenschwerpunkt der Reihe Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense fort, in der, von Keszthely-Fenékpuszta ausgehend, Forschungsergebnisse zur römischen Kontinuität, zur Zentralörtlichkeit und zu frühmittelalterlichen Eliten im mittleren Donauraum und in seinen Grenzregionen präsentiert werden sollen. „Civitates“ im frühmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa stehen seit langem im Fokus archäologischer und historischer Forschung. Sie gelten als politische, religiöse und wirtschaftliche Zentren, und als solche ermöglichen sie einen wichtigen Einblick in die Gesellschafts- und Machtstrukturen ihrer Zeit. Bei ihrer Untersuchung geht es um die Rekonstruktion und Bestimmung der infrastrukturellen, wirtschaftlichen und topographischen Voraussetzungen und um die Erarbeitung der regionalen und überregionalen Netzwerke der einzelnen Orte. Zugleich versucht man die einstigen Einwohner dieser Siedlungen zu erfassen, wofür häug Gräber und Gräberfelder herangezogen werden. Die Analyse der Bestattungssitten und der Beigaben soll helfen, einstige soziale Hierarchien zu entschlüsseln. Bei den Autoren dieses Bandes handelt es sich um ehemalige Alexandervon-Humboldt-Stipendiaten, sowie ihre Gastgeber und Kooperationspartner in Deutschland und in Ostmitteleuropa. Dem Jubilar Dr. Béla Miklós Sz%ke, dem langjährigen Ausgräber und Erforscher des karolingischen Herrschaftsmittelpunkts Mosaburg/Zalavár und früheren Humboldt-Stipendiaten, zu Ehre wurden in diesem Band Studien zusammengestellt, die eine Auswahl an aktuellen Forschungen über Zentren und Eliten im frühmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa bieten. Die Aufsätze lassen sich in zwei große Themenbereiche unterteilen. Einerseits geht es um siedlungshistorische Aspekte, um Zentren, ihre Formen und Aufgaben und andererseits um sozialgeschichtliche Deutungsmuster anhand von Bestattungssitten und Grabbeigaben. In beiden Kontexten tritt das frühe Christentum als ein wichtiger Faktor hervor, dessen Entwicklung im Rahmen eines laufenden Forschungsprojektes am Geisteswissenschaftlichen Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V. untersucht wird. Unter dem Titel „Kontinuität und Diskontinuität des Christentums an der mittleren und unteren Donau zwischen Spätantike und hohem Mittelalter“ werden hier noch bis 2019 die komplexen Prozesse untersucht, die mit der Ausbreitung, Mission und Institutionalisierung des Christentums zwischen dem 4. und 11. Jahrhundert einhergingen. Die Herausgeber möchten an erster Stelle allen Autoren für ihre Beiträge und Prof. Dr. Róbert Müller sowie Prof. Dr. Michael Schmauder für die wissenschaftliche Begutachtung der Ausätze danken. Ebenso gilt unser Dank der Alexander-von-Humboldt-Stiftung, die sich anteilig an den Druckkosten dieses Bandes beteiligte und somit die Veröffentlichung neuer Forschungsergebnisse ermöglichte. Wir danken auch dem Geisteswissenschaftlichen Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V., besonders Prof. Dr. 6 Vorwort Christian Lübke und Prof. Dr. Matthias Hardt, dafür, dass sie das Erscheinen der Studien im Rahmen des oben erwähnten Forschungsprojektes unterstützt haben, und dem Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, das !' ' * ; '# #!<=>?Q XY![' ' \' #Y ]'['^!'$ "! '_##`"'q ='! !' '{ {'X;!'! ' * ; !['^' " 'X;!'#; ^[' # Satz bedanken. |# # ^ XX ]' '} ' ! ]' # $ "' ~ %#' !# '!$!^ X;';X ' 'XY\ ' '` = !$! Januar 2015 Die Herausgeber Der vorliegende Band ist The present volume is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Béla Miklós Sz%ke zu seinem 65. Geburtstag gewidmet on his 65th birthday Béla Miklós Sz%ke hat mit seinen langjährigen Ausgrabungen am karolingerzeitlichen Zentralort von Mosaburg/Zalavár derartig neue Erkenntnisse erzielen können, dass sie das bisherige Bild über das Pannonien des 9. Jahrhunderts komplett veränderten. Er hat nicht nur veraltete Ansichten und forschungsgeschichtliche Vorurteile revidiert, sondern vor allem die Bedeutung von Zalavár mit seinen weit gefächerten historischen und kulturellen Beziehungen zwischen dem Karolingerreich und dem frühmittelalterlichen Mediterraneum herausarbeiten können. Damit hat er sowohl der ungarischen als auch der europäischen Archäologie große Dienste erwiesen. Er hat in Zalavár und in seiner Umgebung mehrere aus den Schriftquellen bekannte Kirchen archäologisch identiziert und große Teile der karolingerzeitlichen „Pfalz“ sowie mehr als 2000 Bestattungen freigelegt. Béla Miklós Sz%kes Veröffentlichungen behandeln ebenso Fragen der sozialen Hierarchien, überregionalen Kontakte und präurbanen Entwicklung des frühmittelalterlichen Zalavár, wie die Bestattungssitten und Typologie im spätawarenzeitlichen Karpatenbecken. Die internationale Anerkennung von Béla Miklós Sz%kes Forschungen lässt sich an den regelmäßigen Einladungen zu Konferenzen und Workshops sowie an seiner Mitarbeit an mehreren Ausstellungsprojekten ablesen. Als ehemaliger Alexander-von-Humboldt-Stipendiat ist er ein aktives Mitglied der archäologisch-wissenschaftlichen Community. Seit 2002 ist er Chefredakteur des Jahrbuchs des Archäologischen Instituts der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Anteus). Seit 1984 lehrt er am Archäologischen Institut der Loránd-Eötvös-Universität und betreut dort auch Master- und Doktorarbeiten. Inhalt 5 Vorwort 11 FRANZ GLASER Teurnia – civitas Tiburnia 27 MICHAEL HUBER Tiburnia – Liburnia – Lurn: Philologische Beobachtungen zu einem alten Namensproblem 35 NEVEN BUDAK Early medieval boundaries in Dalmatia/Croatia (8th–11th centuries) 45 ORSOLYA HEINRICH-TAMÁSKA Civitates et castra im Lichte der Kontinuitätsforschung: zwei Beispiele aus Pannonien (5.–7. Jh. n. Chr.) 71 PERICA ŠPEHAR Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds (7th–11th c.) 95 PÉTER PROHÁSZKA Aus der Forschungsgeschichte der Ruinen von Zalavár: Der Bericht des k. k. Ingenieur-Assistenten Wenzel Schäffer aus dem Jahr 1854 102 ÁGNES RITOÓK The decline of a central place in the Middle Ages: Zalavár 112 IOAN STANCIU The wells of the early medieval settlement of Lazuri-Lubi-tag (north-western Romania, Upper Tisza Basin) 131 ANDRÁS GRYNAEUS, BOGLÁRKA TÓTH AND ISTVÁN BOTÁR Dendrochronological dating of wooden nds from Transylvania: new results from the early medieval sites of Lazuri-Lubi-tag and Kakasbarozda-Csúzlik 135 PETER ETTEL Befestigungen, Burgen und ihre Rolle im Rahmen der Erschließung des Wasserverkehrsweges zwischen Rhein und Donau im Frühmittelalter 155 FELIX BIERMANN Mittelzentrum im frühgeschichtlichen Wegenetz – eine slawenzeitliche Siedlung bei Melzow (Uckermark) 177 MARCIN WO†OSZYN, ANDRZEJ JANECZEK, RADOS†AW DOBROWOLSKI, JAN RODZIK, PRZEMYS†AW MROCZEK, PIOTR ZAGÓRSKI, KRYSTYNA BA†AGA, IRENA AGNIESZKA PIDEK, IRKA HAJDAS Beyond boundaries ... of medieval principalities, cultures and scientic disciplines. Cherven Towns – insights from archaeology, cartography and paleogeography 10 Inhalt 197 SEBASTIAN BRATHER Bestattungen und Grabbeigaben. Religiöse Vorstellungen und soziale Praktiken in Spätantike und Frühmittelalter 209 RADU HARHOIU Ein Gräberfeld des östlichen Reihengräberkreises in Sighi‡oara Dealul Viilor (Gräberfeld 3) 249 NAD`A PROFANTOVÁ Bronzefunde des 7. Jahrhunderts aus M‰stec Králové (Bez. Nymburk, Böhmen) 265 JIŠÍ MACHÁ‹EK Ein Gegenstand unbekannter Funktion im Kontext der großmährischen und karolingisch-pannonischen Elitengräber 277 JOSEF ZÁBOJNÍK Zum Verhältnis zwischen Archäologie und Anthropologie am Beispiel frühmittelalterlicher Gräberfelder aus dem Mitteldonauraum (7.–10. Jahrhundert) 293 GERGELY SZENTHE Über die Aussagekraft der Hinterlassenschaft einer Heidenelite: Spätawarenzeitliche Funde auf dem Prüfstand 313 TIVADAR VIDA Zur Frage des gelben Tafelgeschirrs der frühmittelalterlichen Eliten im mittleren Donauraum 329 HAJNALKA HEROLD Technological traditions in early medieval eastern Austria 345 ÁDÁM BOLLÓK A late Carolingian gilded copper plate from Rétközberencs-Parom-domb 367 PÉTER LANGÓ AND ANDRÁS PATAY-HORVÁTH Moravian continuity and the conquering Hungarians – a case study based on grape-bunch pendants 381 GÁBOR LŽRINCZY, PÉTER STRAUB UND ATTILA TÜRK Die Umstrukturierung der Herrschaftsverhältnisse an der Marosmündung zu Beginn des 10. Jahrhunderts anhand der archäologischen Quellen 397 Bildnachweis 399 Autoren Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds (7th-11th c.) 1 Perica Špehar At the beginning of the 7th century AD, Byzantine rule over the northern territories of the Empire collapsed as a consequence of the Avaro-Slavic breakthrough, which resulted in permanent settlement by Slavs and Bulgarians. It marked the beginning of the Early Middle Ages, during which Slavic realms were formed in the Balkans. In this contribution attention will be focused on the archaeological nds of this period recovered from the central part of the peninsula. The end of the military campaigns of Basil II the Bulgar-slayer (976–1025) is taken as the historical event that marks the end of the early medieval period. It was followed by a reorganisation of the Church, although the enduring and longterm rule over the central Balkans was only reestablished when Alexius I Komnenos ascended the Byzantine throne in AD 1081. 1 Historical background Contantinus VII Porphyrogenitus (913–959) referred that during the reign of Heraclius (610– 641) and with his permission, Serbs and Croats settled in the Balkans, which was followed by their christening conducted by presbyters from Rome2. Several decades later, during the reign of Constantinus IV (668–685), Bulgarians settled near the mouth of the Danube. They successfully confronted the Byzantines in AD 680, managing to retain their independence. The newly-arrived people soon started to create their own states. The Byzantines again confronted the Bulgarians who formed a strong country during the 9th and 10th centuries3. The rise of the Bulgarian state coincided with the religious schism in the Empire (iconoclasm), as well as the war between Byzantium and the Arabs. These were the reasons why Byzantine inuence over the Balkans decreased, as the creation of new states went without interference from Constantinople4. The incomers could not have been repressed by weapons only, so the Byzantines initiated a process of Christianisation in order to pacify them. The rst Slavic (Glagolitic) alphabet was created to that purpose and the Bible translated into Slavic, so that the liturgy could be conducted in that language 5. The Byzantine Empire forced the Bulgarians to accept Christianity in AD 864, under the threat of arms6. It appears that the Serbs were converted twice, although the written sources do not refer to the exact moment of the new christening conducted by the priests from Constantinople. It can be assumed that it occurred not long after the baptism of the Bulgarian aristocracy. Constantinople gave the Bulgarian Church its own head in AD 869/8707. The further rise of Bulgaria is owed to Simeon (893–927), who rst proclaimed himself emperor in AD 917 and then founded the Bulgarian Patriarchate, which was recognised as canonical by the emperor Romanus Lacapenus (920–944). The conict between the Bulgarians and the Byzantines was felt in Serbia too, since rival parties alternately 3 1 2 This paper is the result of the work on the project “Processes of Urbanisation and Development of Medieval Society”, supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia (No. 177021). Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio 31, 32; AKSIMOVI 1996, 156. 4 5 6 7 STROGORSKI 1996, 139 f., 163, 200. . FERLUGA, (Byzancio e la formazione dei primi stati degli Slavi del sud). Zbornik radova Vizantološkog Inst. 11, 1968, 55–65. STROGORSKI 1996, 225–227; KSIMOVI 1996, 156. POPOVI 1978, 33 f.; STROGORSKI 1996, 227–229. POPOVI 1978, 33; STROGORSKI 1996, 227–231. 72 Perica Špehar ¿ 0 150 km Fig. 1 Early medieval sites (with present names) from the Central Balkans mentioned in the text: 1 Beograd (District of Belgrade); 2 Boljetin (District of Bor); 3 Branievo (District of Branievo); 4 Gamzigrad (District of Zajear); 5 Gradina na Jelici (District of Moravica); 6 Grocka (District of Belgrade); 7 Cariin Grad (District of Jablanica); 8 Kobiljka (District of Zlatibor); 9 Kostol (District of Bor); 10 Lipljan (District of Priština); 11 Ljubievac-Obala (District of Bor); 12 Mavanska Mitrovica (District of Srem); 13 Mihajlovac-Kula (District of Bor); 14 Morava (District of Branievo); 15 Niš (District of Nišava); 16 Panjevaki rit (District of Pomoravlje); 17 Pesaa (District of Branievo); 18 Prilipac (District of Zlatibor); 19 Prizren (District of Prizren); 20 Ram (District of Branievo); 21 Ras-Pazarište (District of Raška); 22 Ras-Postenje (District of Raška); 23 Ravna-Slog (District of Zajear); 24 Sremska Mitrovica (District of Srem); 25 Uše Slatinske reke (District of Bor); 26 Velesnica (District of Bor); 27 Veliko Gradište (District of Branievo); 28 Veliki Gradac (District of Bor); 29 Vrsenice (District of Zlatibor). 73 Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds Danube ¿ Early byzantine fortication Fig. 2.1 Uše Slatinske reke: Ground plan of the site. secured the throne for their protégés8. Byzantine control after Simeon’s death was also accepted by the Serbs; thus the Serbian prince aslav Klonimirovi (927/928 to c. 950) escaped from Bulgaria, asking for help from Romanus Lacapenus who supported his rule9. After several decades of relative peace, Nicephorus II Phocas (963–969) attacked Bulgaria with the help of the Russian prince Svyatoslav (964–972). Although the Russians defeated the Bulgarians, the Byzantines did not benet from this, as Phocas was killed in a plot. During the reign of John Tzimisces (969–976) the Bulgarian capital of Preslav was conquered in AD 971, and the Bulgarian Patriarchate was demoted to a Metropolitanate under the authority of Constantinople10. In the early years of his reign, Tzimisces, the heir of Basil II, confronted Samuel (976–1014); the latter had enlarged his territories very quickly and re-established the Bulgarian Pa8 9 10 STROGORSKI 1996, 248–260. Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio 32. Ioannis Scylitzae, 434/20–438/2; POPOVI 1978, 35 f.; STROGORSKI 1996, 272–282. triarchate, with its seat in Ohrid. The military campaign against the Bulgarians started only in 1001, after the situation on the eastern borders of the Byzantine Empire had stabilised, and ended in 1014 with the complete annihilation of Samuel’s army11. Four years later Basil II entered Ohrid and turned the Patriarchate into an Archbishopric with an archbishop of Slav origin. The territory occupied by Samuel’s state was than divided into themes, while written sources refer to Serbia (!"#$%&) and Sirmium as administrative entities instead of Ras and Morava12. Archaeological evidence The remains of early medieval material culture in the central Balkans are relatively scarce (Fig. 1), given that the sites were mostly only partially excavated, and systematically investigated and adequately published sites are very rare. 11 12 Ioannis Scylitzae, 461/5–464/22; STROGORSKI 1996, 283–295; PIRIVATRI 1998, 122–124. Ioannis Scylitzae, 457/9–476/24; GELZER 1983; STROGORSKI 1996, 295–298; KSIMOVI 1997, 38 f.; ŽIVKOVI 2004, 173 f. 74 Perica Špehar 0 Fig. 2.2 Uše Slatinske reke: Pottery. 10 cm Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds a Fig. 2.3 b a–b – Uše Slatinske reke: Reconstruction of the house. The settlements dated to the 7th/8th–9th century are mostly small in size and sited near rivers, often in locations with traces of earlier Roman or late antique settlement. Only at Uše Slatinske reke (Fig. 1: site no. 25) was a larger settlement discovered (Fig. 2.1). It even occupied the interior of an Early Byzantine fortication, with excavated structures destroying the extant ramparts13. Such settlements have been recorded on the right bank of the Danube, at Mihajlovac-Kula (Fig. 1: site no. 13)14, Uše Slatinske reke15, as well as in the interior of the central Balkans at Prilipac near Požega (Fig. 1: site no. 18)16 and Panjevaki rit near Jagodina (Fig. 1: site no. 16)17. Houses in all these settlements were part dug-in with walls made of wattle and daub (Fig. 2.3a). They are rectangular, with dimensions of 2.00–4.50 m x 1.60–4.00 m, mostly with kilns made of clay, but some stone hearths have also been recovered. Apart from house remains, pits18 and kilns with different purposes have also been recorded. At Ljubievac-Obala (Fig. 1: site no. 11) nine dome-shaped kilns were excavated, of which only two were complete. All were positioned around a large pit of irregular shape, their openings facing towards this pit (Fig. 4)19. At Uše Slatinske reke, three kilns with slag were found outside the settlement, attesting to the presence of metalworking20. The nds from these settlements consist predominantly of pottery sherds. Pottery dated to the 7th–8th/9th century is generally not wheel-turned, although slow hand-turned wheels were also employed. The clay is of poor quality, and the colour of the thick-walled pottery varies. The forms consist mostly of ‘bread’ casseroles or pots of different sizes, which constitute the larger part of the assemblage. The most common forms are egg-shaped pots, 15–30 cm in height and with differently-shaped rims. Vessels can be plain or decorated with multiple curves or horizontal lines. Except for the early Slavic pottery, lids and amphorae of Early Byzantine origin also occur, together with amphora-shaped jugs characteristic of the Bulgarians (Fig. 2.2)21. Other nds dated to the 7th/8th–9th century, like the bronze bula from Velesnica (Fig. 1: site no. 26), are very rare. The bula has a trapezoidal foot with a mask in the shape of a human face on its terminal (Fig. 3a)22. Fibulae of this type were identied as primarily Slavic by Joachim Werner, who dated them to the 7th century23. Two similar specimens (Fig. 3b) were found at Cariin Grad/Iustiniana Prima (Fig. 1: site no. 7)24. It should be stressed that this type 21 22 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 75 JANKOVI 1984, 197 f.; JOVANOVI/KORA/JANKOVI 1986, 385–387. JANKOVI 1986, 444 f., Fig. 1. JOVANOVI/KORA/JANKOVI 1986, 385, Fig. 18. RADIEVI 2005, 332. 'RIFUNOVI 1993, 207, T. I. RADIEVI 2005, 332. POPOVI/MRKOBRAD 1986, 310 f., Fig. 3. JOVANOVI/KORA/JANKOVI 1986, 385. 23 24 ERCEGOVI-PAVLOVI/MINI 1986, 289 f., Fig. 1; JANKOVI 1986, 443–445, Fig. 2; JOVANOVI/KORA/ JANKOVI 1986, 385–387, Fig. 19; POPOVI/MRKOBRAD 1986, 312 f., gs. 10–13; RADIEVI 2005; 'RIFUNOVI 1993, 207–210. ERCEGOVI-PAVLOVI/MINI 1986, 289, Sl. 1,1–2; ŠPEHAR 2012, 337. WERNER 1950, 151 f., Abb. 2. V. IVANIŠEVI, Barbarian settlements in the interior of Illyricum: The case of Cariin Grad. In: Idem/M. Kazanski (eds), The Pontic-Danubian Realm in the period of the Great Migration. Collège de France – CNRS, Centre de recherche d’histoire et civilisation de Byzance, Monogr. 36 (Paris, Belgrade 2012) 57–69 here 60, Fig. 1,1–2. 76 Perica Špehar 0 3 cm a Fig. 3 0 26 27 b a – Velesnica, bula; b – Cariin Grad, bulae. of nd can also be tied to Germanic groups, Kutrigurs or Sarmatians25. Several bronze earrings (Fig. 5) were also found by chance in the area between Morava/Margum (Fig. 1: site no. 14), and Branievo (Fig. 1: site no. 3)26, like the lunula earrings with appendage shaped as a three- or ve-pointed star, decorated with pseudo-granulation and dated to the 8th–9th century. Fully cast earrings with one spherical appendage are similarly dated. On these specimens the link between the loop and the appendage is often decorated with a row of grains. Two late Avar bronze belt-tongues (Fig. 6) found at Veliko Gradište/Pincum (Fig. 1: site no. 27), and dated to the end of the 8th or beginning of the 9th century27, should also be mentioned. Insights into the material culture of the 8th–9th century are further provided by bone items, iron chisels 25 3 cm WERNER 1950; L. VAGALINSKI, Zur Frage der ethnischen Herkunft der späten Strahlenbeln (Finger- oder Bügelbeln) aus dem Donau-Karpaten-Becken (6.*7. Jh.). Zeitschr. für Arch. 28, 1994, 261*305 here 264 f., 293 f.; T. VIDA/T. VÖLLING, Das slawische Brandgräberfeld von Olympia. Deutsches Arch. Inst. – Eurasien Abt., Arch. in Eurasien 9 (Rahden/Westf. 2000) 26–31. P. ŠPEHAR, +< = > ? (Mediaeval Finds from the Branievo area). Glasnik Srpskog Arch. društva 23, 2007, 363– 390 here 366 f., C. 2. BUGARSKI 2008, 87, gs. 2–3. and ceramic spindle whorls recovered at Uše Slatinske reke28. The circulation of coins attests to the renewal of life in the central Balkans from the middle of the 7th to the middle of the 9th century. The earliest specimens, although found only sporadically, were found in the wider area of Niš (Fig. 1: site no. 15): those are coins of Constance II (661–663)29. More intensive circulation of coins is linked to the time of Theophilus (828–842), with nds spots at Mavanska Mitrovica (Fig. 1: site no. 24), Grocka (Fig. 1: site no. 6), as well as around Morava30. On the site of Kostol/Pontes (Fig. 1: site no. 9), the remains of an unfortied medieval settlement and cemetery were found. They consist of rectangular houses dug into the Early Byzantine horizon, with timber walls, dirt oors and stone kilns in one corner (Fig. 9). Small nds are mostly pottery sherds, as well as hones, querns and spindle whorls. A new stratum was formed during the 11th century, which consisted of kilns of different shapes, while coins of Manuel I Komnenos (1143–1180) suggest that this settlement was in use up to 12th century31. 28 29 30 31 JOVANOVI/KORA/JANKOVI 1986, Fig. 20. CRNOGLAVAC 2005, 65. POPOVI 1978, 185–188; RADI/IVANIŠEVI 2006, 31 f. GARAŠANIN/VASI 1980, 23, sl. 27–28; GARAŠANIN/ VASI/ARJANOVI-VUJOVI 1984, 44–46, sl. 28; G. AR- 77 Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds ¿ Kiln 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Kiln 2 Kiln 9 Kiln 3 Kiln 4 7 Kiln 7 0 Kiln 5 Kiln 6 Danube Fig. 4 0 Fig. 5 2m Ljubievac-Obala, ground plan. Several caches were also found on this site. The rst consists of an iron stirrup, sickles and buckles, while the second was deposited in a pithos and consists of a censer and fragments of bronze book covers (Fig. 7)32. The third hoard contained iron tools and a bronze jug (Fig. 8), and was buried most probably at the time of John Tzimisces’ conquests in the 10th century33. The 20.5 cm high bronze jug (Fig. 8.6) has an inscription in Greek34, JANOVI-VUJOVI, 32 33 34 + @ IX–X Q – ' Y [ . Glasnik Srpskog Arch. društva 2, 1985, 192–196; ILOŠEVI 1997, 28 f., sl. 39–40. . GARAŠANIN/M. VASI, Castrum Pontes. \ ] < Y 1981. 1982. ^ (Castrum Pontes. Compte-rendu des fouilles en 1981-1982). In: V. Kondi (ed.), _erdapske sveske IV (Belgrade 1987) 71–116 here 81, sl. 12–16, Plan 1. ARJANOVI-VUJOVI 1987, 118, sl. 3. G. MARJANOVI-VUJOVI, +< . In: . Jevtovi (ed.), ] = ^ += Y = (Archaeological Treasury of Serbia from Museum Collections). National Mus. (Belgrade 1983) 105–150, here 117, Fig. 99; G. ARJANOVI-VUJOVI, Pontes – ' Y , < (Pontes - Pont de Trajan. Le depôt medieval B). In: 1 cm Jewellery from the area between Morava and Branievo. `{|}|[PIO]Y|„†}|‡{N|ˆ‰‡{||‰|‰ C‡‰CŠ{|N‹T35. A similar jug with a similar inscription was found in a hoard at Vrap in Albania; there are reasonable grounds to date it to the end of 7th century36. The chronological difference could be explained by the fact that the Kostol jug remained in use longer, since the shape of the iron tools found in the same deposit resemble the tools from agricultural deposits in southern Dobruja dated to the 10th or beginning of the 11th century37. At the site of Ravna-Slog near ancient Timacum Minus (Fig. 1: site no. 23), a cemetery with 65 graves was excavated. It had burials in rows, most often in simple pits (Fig. 10)38. Inside several graves (34, 46 and 63) the small nds date to the beginning of the cemetery’s sequence, i.e. to the end of 9th century39. One of the amphora35 36 37 38 39 KONDI 1987, 135 f. here 136, sl. 4–5. The inscription, which refers to the Ps. 29:3, is translated as “the voice of the Lord is upon the waters of resurrection”. J. WERNER, Der Schatzfund von Vrap in Albanien. Denkschr. Österr. Akadem. Wiss., Phil-Hist. Kl. 184. Stud. zur Arch. der Awaren 2 (Wien 1986). G. TANASOV, [ Œ Y‘? ’ “ ’ ”= (X– ? XI ). Stratum 5, 2000, 183–208. JOVANOVI/VUKSAN 2005, 233–235, 238–241, plan 7. JOVANOVI/VUKSAN 2005, 184-189, pl. III,34; IV,46; VI,63. 78 Perica Špehar 1 2 0 Fig. 6 1 cm Veliko Gradište: 1–2 – Late Avar bronze belt-tongues. shaped jugs was dated to the last third of the 9th and rst half of the 10th century, on the basis of analogies with the Lower Danube40. The cemetery was used from the end of the 9th to the rst half of the 11th century, when the process of Christianisation was only just beginning in the central Balkans. The presence of (sometimes broken) pottery in 22% of the graves, as well as tools, weapons and bone items suggests that a Christian population with a still strong pagan tradition – attested especially by the ritual involving the breaking of pottery – was buried at Ravna-Slog41. During the 9th–10th century the rst fortied settlements were built in the south-western part of the central Balkans, on the sites of Early Byzantine hillforts; their ramparts were obviously not completely destroyed at the beginning of the 7th century. These sites were reoccupied, but their defended area was reduced. For example, at Vrsenice (Fig. 1: site no. 29) an Early Byzantine tower was rebuilt and existing ramparts were part re-used, while a new 80 m-long rampart was built in the south; the gate was in the east. This circuit thus enclosed an area of 0.85 ha. 40 41 FIEDLER 1992, 146, G VII,1–2. JOVANOVI/VUKSAN 2005, 238–241. The new 3 m-wide rampart had dry-stone walls with large stones used as facing; it was simply laid on the bedrock, was preserved to a height of 1.20–2.50 m and was most probably originally 3.50–4.00 m high. The remains of a wooden armature were found within the rampart. Above the stone base of the rampart there was a wooden gallery or délé with a palisade (Fig. 11), suggested by analogies to sites mostly dated to the 11th century42. A similar situation was observed at Ras-Pazarište (Fig. 1: site no. 21), where the refurbishment of the Early Byzantine ramparts was in dry-stone walling, a technique which was also used for the newly-built rampart erected there; the latter is 2.75 m wide and 2.10 m high, and the fortied area was reduced43. At the same time the fortication of the nearby site of Ras-Postenje (Fig. 1: site no. 22) started to be used again, along with the restored church44. The traces of a fortied settlement at Gradina on Jelica (Fig. 1: site no. 5) in western Serbia could also belong to the same period45. Besides the remains of military architecture, traces of houses were also discovered on these sites; their dimensions are 5.00x3.00 m, and they contain hearths, some of them part dug-in. The houses built of wood above ground had dry-stone foundations and could measure up to 16 m2. Larger houses measuring 12.00x12.00 m, with dry-stone walls and with two rooms, are a novelty46. Pottery sherds were found inside the structures, primarily belonging to non-wheelturned ‘bread’ casseroles and lids, as well as pots and dishes manufactured on a slow handturned wheel. These are decorated with curves and different motifs consisting of stabs and incisions (Figs. 13; 14,1). Besides local pottery, polished Bulgarian amphora-shaped jugs were also found at Ras-Pazarište and Ras-Postenje, and dated to the 9th–10th century (Fig. 15,A). In some cases Bulgarian runes were noticed on the handles47. 42 43 44 45 46 47 POPOVI/BIKI 2009, 97–101, sl. 78–81, 106. POPOVI 1999, 139–142, sl. 85–87. RKOBRAD 1997, 212–214. . ILINKOVI, – ˜ . š ^ < @ (Die Gradina auf der Jelica. Frühbyzantinische Stadt und mittelalterliche Siedlung). (Belgrade 2010) 206 f. POPOVI 1999, 149–153, sl. 88, 91, 95, 101 f.; EADEM/ BIKI 2009, 100–107, sl. 83. RKOBRAD 1997, 214; POPOVI 1999, 153–159; POPOVI/ BIKI 2009, 107–115. Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds 79 1 2 4 3 Fig. 7 2 3 Kostol: 1–3 – Sickles; 4 – Stirrup; 5 – Pottery. 4 5 1 The fortied settlements at sites Ras-Pazarište and Vrsenice produced, among other small nds, spears and arrowheads, int (Fig. 12.1), spindle whorls (Fig. 12.3), a whetstone (Fig. 14.8) and iron construction elements, all dated to the 10th century. Moreover, a lunula earring (Fig. 12.2) and a bronze heart-shaped applique (Fig. 14.4), one damaged bronze encolpion and a bronze cross pendant were found (Fig. 14.2–3), also dated to the 10th century48. Fortied settlements have also been documented for the very end of the 10th and beginning of the 11th century, such as at Veliki Gradac/Taliata (Fig. 1: site no. 28), where a semi-circular tower was added to Early Byzantine ramparts (Fig. 17). Besides the architectural remains of dwelling places, the remains of a large rebuilt Early Byzantine church with baptistery were recovered, as well as a smaller, newly-built church with a single nave, made of stone and mortar with a brick oor. It is possible that both churches were in concurrent use49. At Mavanska Mitrovica (Fig. 1: site no. 12), on the right bank of the river Sava across from 48 6 Fig. 8 5 Kostol: 1–5 – Iron tools; 6 – Jug. 49 POPOVI 1999, 153–161; POPOVI/BIKI 2009, 115–122. . JANKOVI, +< @ Y – ˜ X–XI @ (Les sites d`habitation de Veliki Gradac aux Xe–XIe siècles). (Belgrade 1981) 17–23, 41–46, sl. 9–13. 80 Perica Špehar 0 1m 1 Fig. 9 2 Kostol: 1–2 – Ground plan of the houses. Sremska Mitrovica/Sirmium, small square semi dug-in houses were found, with kilns made of clay or bricks with clay and with the oors made of mud or pottery sherds50. The remains of a church building were also uncovered, over an Early Christian sacred space dated to the 4th century; a new church with a single apse at the east was built in the 10th century, and it burnt down soon after completion. Its founding can be tied to the missionary work of priests from western Europe, who arrived after the fall of Bulgaria in AD 971. Around AD 1000 (at the time of Samuel’s conquests) or after AD 1018 (after the restoration of Byzantine rule over the Balkans), the church was once again restored, this time with three horseshoe-shaped apses51. Pottery dated to the same period has been examined most thoroughly at the Fortress of Belgrade (Fig. 1: site no. 1). There, pots appear to have been mostly made of local clay with the admixture of sand. Pottery was produced on a slow hand-turned wheel and was decora- ted mechanically by using different tools that created at or curved lines (Fig. 16A–D). The pottery could also be decorated with ngernail impressions, and relief signs on the bottom of the vessels constitute a novelty which does not represent workshop stamps52. Besides pottery, more metal items appear in this period, documented by several 10th–11thcentury hoards buried at the time when the central Balkans faced danger. At Boljetin (Fig. 1: site no. 2) a hoard of 11 earrings (Fig. 18)53 was found, while at Veliko Gradište (Fig. 19) a deposit of eight gold coins and a hoard of different jewellery items, with some specimens made of gold, were discovered54. At Gamzigrad/Felix Romuliana (Fig. 1: site no. 4), a hoard of blacksmith tools was recovered (Fig. 20,A), as well as a hoard consisting of agricultural tools and parts of horse equipment (Fig. 20,B)55. 52 53 50 51 D. MINI, Le site d’habitation de Mavanska Mitrovica. Institut archéologique de Beograd. Sirmium XI, Recherches Arch. en Syrmie (Belgrade 1980) 9–16, 66 f., gs. 4–7. V. POPOVI, „ “ ^= ˜ ? ˜ (Le tombeau et l`église cathédrale de „Méthode“ á Mavanska Mitrovica). Starinar XXIV–XXV, 1975, 265–268 here 267–268; IDEM, Préface. In: S. ERCEGOVI-PAVLOVI, Les nécropoles romaines et médiévales de Mavanska Mitrovica. In: Sirmium XII, Recherches achéologiques en Syrmie (Belgrade 1980); ERCEGOVI-PAVLOVI, Les nécropoles romaines et médiévales de Mavanska Mitrovica. In: Ibid. here 64–67. 54 55 V. BIKI, +< Y > (Medieval pottery from Belgrade). Arh. Inst., Posebna izdanja 25 (Belgrade 1994) 13, 31, 40–43, sl. 12–15. S. ERCEGOVI-PAVLOVI, ] ˜ Y ^ >@ ” (Le dépôt de boucles d`oreille du fort romano-byzantine de Boljetin sur le Danube). Starinar XX, 1970, 83–95 here 83; EADEM, +< @ >@ Ÿ ? ˜ (Les sites d`habitation et les nécropoles médiévaux de Boljetin et de Hajduka vodenica). Arch. Inst. _erdapske sveske, Posebna izdanja 1 (Belgrade 1986), 9, T. II–III. D. INI/D. 'MI, < ^ ^ – ] (Dépôt d`objects de parure médiévaux de Veliko Gradište). Starinar XXIII, 1974, 126–129 here 125, T. I–II. _. ANKOVI, + ^ . In: D. Srejovi/. Lalovi/_. Jankovi (eds), – Y ^ – ? 81 Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds ¿ ¿ Shreds of pottery vessel Grave 21 Grave 46 ¿ 1 ¿ Grave 63 ¿ Shreds of pottery vessel Grave 34 Grave 73 0 Fig. 10 Ravna-Slog, graves 21, 34, 46, 63 and 73. – Graves without scale. 5 cm 82 Perica Špehar 1 0 0 Fig. 11 3 cm 3m Vrsenice: Reconstruction of the early medieval rampart. 2 The coins dating from the second half of the 9th to the 11th century give additional insights into the restoration of life in the central Balkans. The renewed ow of Byzantine coinage is linked to the reign of Basil I (867–886) and reached its maximum at the time of Basil II. The coin evidence consists mostly of individual nds, but hoards such as the hoard of Veliko Gradište and those found in the broader area of Sremska Mitrovica/Sirmium or Ram/Lederata (Fig. 1: site No. 20)56 – have also been found. The restoration 56 ˜ ˜. – Y Y . [ ^ = 45 (Belgrade 1984) 142–160 here 155–156, sl. 125–126. V. POPOVI, Catalogue des monnaies byzantines du Musée de Srem. In: V. Kondi (ed.), Etudes de numismatique danubienne. Trésors, lingots, imitations, monnaies de fouilles IVe au XIIe siècle. Sirmium VIII. Collection de l’Ecole française de Rome (Rom, Belgrade 1978) 181–195; V. IVANIŠEVI, ˜ >^ (Byzantine coins from the Belgrade Fortress). Numizmatiar 10, 1987, 88– 110; IDEM, ˜ (491–1092) = ¡ ^ Y Q ˜ (Byzantine Coins from the National Museum Collection in Požarevac). Numizmatiar 11, 1988, 87–97 here 87; IDEM/V. RADI, ¢ ^ ˜ = ¡ ^ Y >^ (Four hoards of Byzantine Coins from the National Museum Collection in Belgrade). Numizmatiar 20, 1997, 131–144 here 132–134; CRNOGLAVAC 2005, 65; RADI/IVANIŠEVI 2006, 31 f., 158; . CRNOBRNJA, ¡ ˜ < ] ( ^Y) 2004. ^ (Coin nds on the site of Orašje [Margum] 0 3 cm 3 Fig. 12 Vrsenice: 1 – Flint; 2 – Earring; 3 – Ceramic spindle whorls. of Byzantine supremacy in the central Balkans is also attested by the nds of lead seals at Sremska Mitrovica, around Morava, at Ram and at Ras-Pazarište57. 57 from the 2004 excavation). rchaika 1, 2007, 197–206 here 205. J. NESBITT/N. OIKONOMIDES (eds), Catalogue of Byzantine seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art I, Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea (Washington 1991) 103, 195 f.; PIRIVATRI 1997, 173; LJ. MAKSIMOVI, ? ^ += II. In: T. Živkovi (ed.), += . Hist. Inst. Stud. Hist. Coll. 6 (Beograd 2008) 473–501 here 473–488, 500 f.; EADEM/. POPOVI, ? ^ += . In: Ibid., 455– 472 here 457–458; V. IVANIŠEVI, Q? ˜ Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds 0 Fig. 13 20 cm Vrsenice: Pottery. Conclusion The few historical and archaeological testimonies available provide only a partial insight into what was happening in the central Balkans before the Christianisation of the Bulgarians and Serbs in the third quarter of the 9th century. The presence of small semi dug-in houses58 and the scarce remains of material culture suggest a social organisation of relatively low level and a population of low economic status. No cemetery of this period has been discovered to date; one can only assume that the main type of burial 58 83 š . In: KRSMANOVI/MAKSIMOVI/RADI 2012, 57–62 here 58. ILOŠEVI 1997, 150–160. was rst cremation, and then biritual burial, as documented on the territory of present-day Croatia59 and Bulgaria60. Historical data referring to the central Balkans become more numerous after the second quarter of the 9th century. There are some sources about the conict between the Serbs and Bulgarians which occurred sometime between 836 and 852 as a result of the political moves of the emperor Theophilus. According to some historians he rst encouraged the Serbian prince Vlastimir against the Bulgarian prince Presiam (836–852). 59 60 M. PETRINEC, Groblja od 8. do 11. stoljea na podruju ranosrednjovjekovne hrvatske države. Ministarstvo kulture Republike Hrvatske/Muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika Split. Mon. Medii Aevii Croatiae 3 (Split 2009) 13 f. FIEDLER 1992. 84 Perica Špehar 1 0 20 cm 5 2 3 7 4 0 Fig. 14 6 3 cm 8 0 30 cm Ras-Pazarište: 1 – Pottery; 2 – Encolpion; 3 – Cross pendant; 4 – Heart-shaped appliqué; 5 – Earring; 6–7 – Belt appliqué; 8 – Whetstone. 85 Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds 0 0 20 cm 10 cm A 1 0 2 10 cm Fig. 15 B A – Ras-Pazarište, Bulgarian amphora-shaped jugs; B – Pesaa: 1–2 Grave markers. 86 Perica Špehar 0 0 20 cm 0 0 C 62 20 cm D A–D – Belgrade, pottery. Not long afterwards another conict erupted and both encounters ended in Serbian victory. Peace was soon established and the Serbs led the Bulgarian captives to Ras; it is however not clear whether the written sources allude to a fortication or to a larger area61. Nevertheless, the Bulgarians managed to impose themselves as an important military and political force in the Balkans until the beginning of the 11th century62, 61 B A 10 cm Fig. 16 20 cm Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio, 32; P. KOMATINA, The Slavs of the Mid-Danube Basin and the Bulgarian expansion in the rst half of the 9th century. Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta 41, 2010, 55–80. Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio, 32; Ioannis Scylitzae, 434/20–438/2, 457/9–476/24; GELZER 1983; POPOVI 1978, 33, 35 f.; STROGORSKI 1996, 227–231, 248–260, 272–282, 295– 298; AKSIMOVI 1997, 38 f.; ŽIVKOVI 2004, 173 f. when the Byzantine Empire once again restored its territorial domination. Small nds, primarily by the amphorashaped jugs, can also be seen to document the expansion of the Bulgarians over a wider territory: examples exist at Kostol, Gamzigrad, as well as at the cemetery of Ravna-Slog. A heartshaped pendant from Veliko Gradište may perhaps also be of Bulgarian origin, although it has been identied as Hungarian63. However, since the items thought to belong to a Bulgarian cultural sphere are not dominant in the archaeological material, it remains possible that the sites mentioned are linked to the groups of the Branievci (Moravians) or Timoani. The writ- 63 BUGARSKI 2008, 92 f., Fig. 7. Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds 87 ¿ 0 Fig. 17 Veliki Gradac, ground plan. ten sources tell us that these groups possessed some sort of state64. The presence of Bulgarians can also be detected in the south-west of present-day Serbia, as indicated by the amphora-shaped jugs and heart-shaped pendant found in the fortications of Ras-Postenje and Ras-Pazarište65. The written sources referred that the territory of Ras constitutes a border area between the Serbs and the Bulgarians. This information was used by historians in an attempt to dene the exact border between these two ethnic groups66. In the absence 64 65 66 30 m Annales Einhardi a. 741–829. In: MGH, SS I, ed. by G. H. Pertz (Hannover 1819) 124–218; . LJUBINKOVI, [ =Y ˜ >^ += (Zur Besiedlung Belgrads und Nordserbiens durch die Slawen). Godišnjak grada Beograda XXV, 1978, 17–24 here 20 f. POPOVI 1999, 155–161. Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio, 32; B. FERJANI, ” += Ÿ > ( Y ?< ) (L`arrivée des Croates et des Serbes dans la péninsu- of more precise written testimony, archaeological nds may prove useful. In this context, the site of Vrsenice, located to the west of Ras, is particularly interesting. There, nds of Bulgarian origin are almost completely absent, which may suggest that a putative borderline between the Serbs and the Bulgarians was on the Pešter Plato67. It would follow that both Ras-Postenje and Ras-Pazarište were in fact Bulgarian fortications which fullled the same role during the 9th and 10th centuries, i.e. the prevention of Serbian expansion from the territories they originally occupied in the 7th century. The fact that 67 le balkanique [observation des nouvelles interprétations]). Zbornik radova Vizantološkog Inst. 35, 1996, 117–150. A possible borderline further north could be suggested by the absence of Bulgarian nds in the area arround present-day aak in western Serbia: D. RADIEVI, ] ] ¢ ? (Archaeological sites from 10th–11th century in aak and the Surrounding). Glasnik Srpskog Arch. društva 19, 2003, 223–245. 88 Perica Špehar Fig. 18 Jewellery hoard (earrings) from Boljetin. – Without scale. Vrsenice may have been one of the six Serbian forts mentioned by Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, most probably Destinicon, emphasises its importance. Sources mention that the Serbian prince Klonimir rst came to this fortication after his escape from Bulgarian captivity in the last decade of the 9th century68. The Christianisation of the Serbs and Bulgarians was followed by the establishment of an organised Church, with one of its episcopal seats in Belgrade, occupied in AD 878 by a bishop of Slav origin. According to the written sources, other important religious centres, within diverse Church organisations, existed in Niš, Morava-Branievo, Lipljan (Fig. 1: site no. 10), Prizren (Fig. 1: site no. 19), Ras and Sremska Mitrovica69. Several nds from Kladovo (bronze censer, parts of book covers and a jug with the mentioned inscription in Greek, i.e. liturgical items70, as well as the remains of church 68 69 70 Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio 32; D. PREMOVI-ALEKSI, ¡ ^ + ˜ (The founding of the city of Sjenica). Novopazarski zbornik 19, 1995, 89–102 here 90; POPOVI/ BIKI 2009, 131–134. POPOVI 1978, 33 f.: PIRIVATRI 1997, 179–181. ŠPEHAR 2012, 342. architecture at Mavanska Mitrovica and Veliki Gradac, attest to the spread of Christianity. A new group of small nds representing items of personal piety also makes its appearance, for example at Ras-Pazarište (Fig. 14,2–3), although they are much more characteristic of the period between the 11th and 13th century71. The acceptance of Christianity was followed by the abandonment of pagan beliefs and gradual adherence to inhumation according to the Christian tradition. In some cases brick grave markers (Fig. 15,B) with a Glagolitic or Cyrillic inscription were found, for example at Pesaa (Fig. 1: site no. 17)72. 71 72 P. ŠPEHAR, £ ? = ? ] XI XII (Personal religiosity in the area of the Archbishopric of Ohrid in the light of archaeological evidence from the 11th to the 13th century). In: KRSMANOVI/MAKSIMOVI/RADI 2012, 205–219. ”. \¡\¤, Q ? , ? < < (Pesaa - fortication antique et nécropole médiévale). Starinar XXXIII– XXXIV, 1984, 171–175. 89 Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds 2 3 1 5 4 Fig. 19 Veliko Gradište, jewellery hoard: 1 – pottery; 2–4 – earrings; 5–6 – ngerrings. – Without scale. However, the process of Christianisation took a long time73, as indicated by the site of Kobiljka (Fig. 1: site no. 8). It shows that pagan funerary rituals were still practised, with 30 tumuli which could have marked the place of inhumation or cremation of the deceased74. The pits with bones of different animals discovered 73 74 6 P. ŠPEHAR, By their fruit you will recognize them – Christianization of Serbia in the Middle Ages, In: W. Dzieduszyck/J. Wrzesi¥ski (eds), Funeralia Lednickie 12 (Pozna¥ 2010) 203–220. D. PREMOVI-ALE[SI, +< Y [= @ + ˜ (Tumulus Medieval dans la localité Kobiljka prés Sjenica). In: R. Bunardži/Ž. Miki (eds), +Y ˜ [ ? ¦ , + ] ] . Univ. Belgrad, Phil. Fak. (Belgrad 2003) 337–350. at Kladovo, some of them under a house75, could further indicate that pagan beliefs endured. The enlarged circulation of coins is testimony to the renewal of life in the central Balkans in the 9th and 10th century. The specimens found are mostly made of bronze, whereas silver or gold coinage appears more frequently only from the end of the 10th or the beginning of the 11th century. The later appearance of precious metal coinage is connected to trade being mostly conducted in kind and to the fact that the Slavs did not pay their tribute in coins but also in goods. Coin nds are most frequent around Mavanska Mitrovica and Belgrade, where the seats of bishoprics and administrative centres 75 GARAŠANIN/VASI/RJANOVI-VUJOVI 1984, 45 f.; RJANOVI-VUJOVI 1987, 117. 90 Perica Špehar 0 0 15 cm A 5 cm 0 Fig. 20 A–B – Hoards with iron objects from Gamzigrad. 5 cm B Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds were located76, which is also supported by the discovery of lead seals77. At the beginning of the 11th century the Byzantine Empire regained control over the central Balkans. Its establishment on this territory signied a new rise, visible in the organisation of the Church which remained uninterrupted for two centuries, and in the consolidation of central rule. It can be observed in the appearance of greater numbers of nds of Byzantine origin such as jewellery78, in an increase in the circulation of coinage, in the improved technology for producing pottery, etc. It should also be stressed that the Serbian medieval state was founded as a consequence of the important, if not key, role of the Byzantine Empire in this part of the Balkan peninsula. Sources Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio. Ed. by Gy. Moravcsik, english translation by R. J. H. Jenkins (Budapest 1949). Ioannis Scylitzae Georgius Cedrenus Ioannis Scylitzae ope ab I. Bekkero suppletus et emandatus II (Bonnae 1839). References BUGARSKI 2008 I. Bugarski, Early Medieval nds from Veliko Gradište and the appearance of Late Avar belt elements along the southern bank of the Middle Danube. Arch. Bulgarica XII, 2008, 87–95. CRNOGLAVAC 2005 . § ^ ˜, ˜ (491–1078) = ¡ ^ Y ¡ ] (Byzantine 76 77 78 V. IVANIŠEVI, ˜ ¨ XI § ^ > (La circulation des folles du XIe siécle sur le territoire central des Balkans). Numizmatiar 16, 1993, 79–90 here 79 f.; V. RADI, The circulation of Byzantine gold and silver coinage in the central Balkans at the end of the 10th and during the 11th century. Numizmatiar 28, 2010, 201–213 here 201–203. ŠPEHAR 2012, 353 f. V. BIKI, Vizantijski nakit u Srbiji. Modeli i nasle©a. rh. Inst., Posebna izdanja 48 (Belgrad 2010). 91 Coins [491-1078] from the Collection of the National Museum in Niš). Zbornik Narodnog muzeja u Nišu 13–14, 2005, 61–66. ERCEGOVI-PAVLOVI/MINI 1986 S. Ercegovi-Pavlovi/D. Mini, Site d’habitation médiéval à Velesnica. Fouilles de 1981. In: KONDI 1986, 289–301. FIEDLER 1992 U. Fiedler, Studien zu Gräberfeldern des 6. bis 9. Jahrhunderts an der unteren Donau. Universitätsforsch. zur prähist. Arch. 11 (Bonn 1992) Bd. 1-2). GARAŠANIN/VASI 1980 . – ] /. ¦, ' Y – Q . Q ] 1979. ^ (Le pont de Trajan et le castellum Pontes. Rapport preliminaire pour l`année 1979). In: V. Kondi (ed.), _erdapske sveske I (Belgrade 1980) 7–25. GARAŠANIN/VASI/ARJANOVI-VUJOVI 1984 . – ] /. ¦/–. ¦ ¦, T Y – castrum Pontes. \ ]- ] Y < Y 1980 ^ (Pontes - camp et pont de Trajan. Fouilles de 1980). In: KONDI 1984, 25–54. GELZER 1893 H. Gelzer, Ungedruckte und wenig bekannte Bistümerverzeichnisse der orientalischen Kirche II. Byzantinische Zeitschrift II, 1893, 22–72. JANKOVI 1984 ª. ¦, +< @ «]¦ + . \ ] ] Y < Y 1980. ^ (Le site médiéval à l`embouchure de la rivière Slatinska. Fouilles de 1980). In: KONDI 1984, 197–198. JANKOVI 1986 _. Jankovi, Le site d’habitation médiéval. Kula près du village de Mihajlovac. In: KONDI 1986, 443–446. JOVANOVI/KORA/JANKOVI 1986 A. Jovanovi/M. Kora/_. Jankovi, L’embouchure de la rivière Slatinska reka. In: KONDI 1986, 378–400. JOVANOVI/VUKSAN 2005 S. Jovanovi/M. Vuksan, Medieval necropolis. In: M. Vasi (ed.), Roman and Medieval necropolis in Ravna near Knjaževac. Arch. Inst. Monogr. 42 (Belgrade 2005) 175–275. KONDI 1984 . [ ¦ (ed.), _erdapske sveske II (Belgrade 1984). KONDI 1986 . [ ¦ (ed.), _erdapske sveske III (Belgrade 1986). 92 Perica Špehar KRSMANOVI/MAKSIMOVI/RADI 2012 >. [Y ¦/¬. M Y ¦/š. š ¦ (eds), > I (Byzantine world in the Balkans I). Byz. Inst. Serbian Akad. Scien., Posebna Izdanja 42,1 (Belgrade 2012). MAKSIMOVI 1996 ¬. Y ¦, Q] < += Ÿ (La conversion des Serbes et des Croates). Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta 35, 1996, 155–173. MAKSIMOVI 1997 ¬. Y ¤, ^ ˜ Y = Y 1018. ^ (L`organisation du pouvoir byzantin après 1018 dans les contrées reconquises). Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta 36, 1997, 31–42. MARJANOVI-VUJOVI 1983 –. š¡\¤-«\¤, +< . In: . Jevtovi (ed.) ] = ^ += Y = (Archaeological Treasury of Serbia from Museum Collections). National Mus. (Belgrade 1983) 105–150. ARJANOVI-VUJOVI 1987 –. ¦- ¦, Q ^ ? < ^ ¨ < ?^ Q (Une contribution á l´étude stratigraphique des couches du haut Moyen-Age á l`interieur de la forteresse antique de Pontes). In: V. Kondi (ed.), _erdapske sveske IV (Belgrade 1987) 117–119. MILOŠEVI 1997 –. ] ¦, + < < += (Housing in Medieval Serbia). Arh. Inst., Posebna izdanja 33 (Belgrade 1997). MRKOBRAD 1996 ”. = , š –Q <: ¨ < (Ras-Postenje: Phases in the Development of the Fortress). Zbornik radova Vizantološkog Inst. 36, 1997, 203–217. STROGORSKI 1996 –. ^ , \ (Byzantine history). (Belgrade 1996). PIRIVATRI 1997 +. Q ¦, Y „ “ [ VII Q¨ ^ (La théme byzantin de Morava et la “Moravie” de Constantin VII Porphyrogénète). Zbornik radova Vizantološkog Inst. 36, 1997, 173–199. POPOVI 1978 . Q ¦, ­ ] += IX XI (Les évêches médiévaux sur le territoire de la Serbie [IXe-XIe siècles]). Godišnjak grada Beograda XXV, 1978, 33–40. POPOVI 1999 M. Popovi, Tvr©ava Ras. Arh. Inst., Posebna izdanja 34 (Belgrade 1999). POPOVI/BIKI 2009 M. Popovi/V. Biki, Vrsenice - Kasnoantiko i srpsko ranosrednjovekovno utvr©enje (Vrsenice - Late Roman and Serbian early medieval fortress). Arh. Inst. Monogr. (Belgrade 2009). POPOVI/MRKOBRAD 1986 P. Popovi/D. Mrkobrad, Prospection par sondage de la localité Ljubievac-Obala. In: KONDI 1986, 308–328. RADI/IVANIŠEVI 2006 . P”\¤/. \¡\®­\¤, ˜ ¡ ^ Y >^ (Byzantine Coins from the National Museum in Belgrade). National Mus. Belgrade (Belgrade 2006). RADIEVI 2005 ”. š ? ¦, š < Q ˜ Q^ (Early Medieval nds from Prilipac near Požega). Glasnik Srpskog Arch. društva 21, 2005, 327–342. ŠPEHAR 2012 P. Špehar, Srpsko Podunavlje u ranom srednjem vijeku (Serbian Podunavlje in early Middle Ages). In: T. Šeparovi (ed.), Dani Stjepana Gunjae 2. Ministarstvo kulture Republike Hrvatske/Muz. Hrvatskih Arh. spomenika Split (Split 2012) 335–358. 'RIFUNOVI 1993 +. ' ¨ ¦, ^ , Q < ? , @ VII–X (Jagodina, Panjevaki rit. A Slavic Settlement of 7th–10th century). Glasnik srpskog Arch. društva 9, 1993, 327–342. WERNER 1950 J. Werner, Slawische Bügelbeln des 7. Jahrhunderts. In: G. Behrens/J. Werner (eds), Reinecke Festschr. (Mainz 1950) 150*172. ŽIVKOVI 2004 '. ¯ ¦, § ^ ˜ Y Y@ Y ( < ). (Organization of the church in Serbian lands [early middle ages]). Hist. Inst., Posebna Izdanja 45 (Belgrade 2004). Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of archaeological nds 93 Summary The collapse of centralised Byzantine rule over the Balkans in the early 7th century marks the beginning of the Early Middle Ages, a period in which numerous changes occurred in the northern territories of the former Empire, above all their occupation by the Slavs and Bulgarians. The following centuries saw the central Balkans engaged in a power struggle between the Byzantine Empire and the newly-settlers. Scarce written sources document military conicts but also other methods were employed, e.g. Christianisation, used by Byzantium to impose its rule. The Christianity did not lead to the desired result, since a Bulgarian realm with an independent Church soon came into being. The main conict between Byzantium and the Bulgarians took place from the end of the 9th to the end of the 10th century, while Serbia played only a minor role in that confrontation. The archaeological material, such as amphora-shaped jugs supports and complements the Bulgarian inuence over the entire territory of the Balkans. The demise of Bulgaria and the permanent establishment of Byzantine supremacy over the Balkans during the 11th century opened a new chapter, during which a stable Byzantine state and ecclesiastical organisation were set up. Zusammenfassung Bemerkungen zur Christianisierung und Herrschaft im zentralen Balkanraum aufgrund des archäologischen Fundmaterials (7.–11. Jh.) Der Zusammenbruch der byzantinischen Zentralverwaltung auf dem Balkan am Anfang des 7. Jahrhunderts markiert den Anfang des frühen Mittelalters, eines Zeitraumes in dem, in den ehemaligen nördlichen Territorien des Reichs, zahlreiche Veränderungen stattgefunden haben, vor allem deren Besiedlung durch Slawen und Bulgaren. Die darauf folgenden Jahrhunderte waren durch einen Machtkampf zwischen Byzanz und den Neuankömmlingen geprägt. Die wenigen überlieferten Schriftquellen berichten über militärische Auseinandersetzungen, aber auch über andere Methoden seitens Byzanz, die Macht zu erlangen, nämlich mithilfe der Christianisierung. Die Christianisierung hat allerdings nicht die erhofften Ergebnisse gebracht, da im späten 9. Jahrhundert im bulgarischen Herrschaftsbereich eine selbstständige Kirche entstand. In dem ab dem Ende des 9. und während dem Anfang des 10. Jahrhunderts ausgetragenen Kampf zwischen Bulgaren und Byzanz spielte Serbien keine besondere Rolle. Die archäologischen Funde, wie z. B. amphorenförmige Krüge, bestätigen und vervollständigen den Nachweis des bulgarischen Einusses auf das Territorium des zentralen Balkans. Der Untergang Bulgariens und die erneute Etablierung der byzantinischen Macht auf dem Balkan während des 11. Jahrhunderts signalisieren den Beginn eines neuen Zeitabschnitts, mit stabilen Strukturen und kirchlicher Organisation durch Byzanz. Bildnachweis / Sources of illustrations 11–26 Franz Glaser: Abb. 1 Plan: Verf. unter Verwendung von Luftaufnahmen (S. Tichy) und geophysikalischen Messungen (St. Groh, V. Lindinger). – Abb. 2 Zeichnung: G. Gruber. – Abb. 3 Zeichnung: Verf. und H. Mühlbacher. – Abb. 4 und 6 Zeichnung: Verf. – Abb. 5 Foto: Verf. 55–44 Neven Budak: Figs. 1–2 Prof. Dr. Ivan Jurkovi, Univ. Pula (HR). 45–70 Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska: Abb. 1–4 Verf., technische Bearbeitung K. Kolozsvári und L. Goldmann. – Abb. 5 Grundkarte: Erste militärische Vermessung der Österreich-Ungarischen Monarchie (1780), Syrmien (Kriegsarchiv Wien, B IXa. 883), Pläne nach JEREMI 2009, Abb. 1; POPOVI 2013, Fig. 36. – Abb. 6 verändert nach JEREMI 2006, Abb. 7, und POPOVI 1982, Abb. 3; 12. – Abb. 7,1 verändert nach POPOVI 2012, Fig. 1; 2 verändert nach JEREMI 2009, Abb. 20. 71–94 Perica Špehar: Fig. 1 Author. – Fig. 2,1–2 after JOVANOVI/KORA/JANKOVI 1986, gs. 18–19. – Fig. 2.3a after MILOŠEVI 1997, sl. 157. – Fig. 3a after WERNER 1950, Abb. 2. – Fig. 3b after IVANIŠEVI 2012, Fig. 1. – Fig. 4 after POPOVI/MRKOBRAD 1986, Fig. 3. – Fig. 5 after ŠPEHAR 2007, Pl. 2. – Fig. 6 after BUGARSKI 2008, gs. 2–3. – Fig. 9 after ILOŠEVI 1997, sl. 39–40). – Fig. 7 after GARAŠANIN/VASI 1987, sl. 14. – Fig. 8,1–6 after ARJANOVIVUJOVI, Pl. 3. – Fig. 8,7 after MARJANOVI-VUJOVI 1983, sl. 98. – Fig. 10 after JOVANOVI/ VUKSAN 2005, Pl. II– IV, VI–VII. – Fig. 11–14 after POPOVI/BIKI 2009, sl. 84, 86, 96, 102–103, 106. – Fig. 14,1–8 after POPOVI 1999, sl. 89, 92–93, 99–100. – Fig. 15A after POPOVI 1999, sl. 105–106. – Fig. 15B after MINI 1984, Pl. 2–3. – Fig. 16 after BIKI 1994, sl. 12–15. – Fig. 17 after JANKOVI 1981, sl. 7. – Fig. 18 after ERCEGOVI-PAVLOVI , 1986, T. II-III. – Fig. 19 after INI/MI 1974, Pl. I–II. – Fig. 20 after ANKOVI 1984, Pl. 125–126. 95–101 Péter Prohászka: Abb. 1. Militärmuseum Budapest, Archiv, Nr. XXIV-58. CS. SÓS 1963, Abb. 29. – Abb. 3 nach ENTZ 1964, 18, Abb. 10–11; Abb. 4–5 nach RÉCSEY 1892, 67, Abb. 3–4. 102–111 Ágnes Ritoók: Fig. 1 Author. – Fig. 2 Modied by the author after VÁNDOR 1996 (note 24) 162. 112–130 Ioan Stanciu: Fig. 1 Graphic representation based on a 1938 map that used prior cartographic sources (http://foldepites.wordpress.com/terkepek/). – Figs 2–8 Author. – Fig. 9, 1–1a; 3–3a Author; 2 after LAZIN 1981–1982, g. 2; 4 after MESTERHÁZY 1990, g. 6,2. 135–154 Peter Ettel: Abb. 1 nach Grundkarte KOCH 2008, Abb. 1, ergänzt, Graphik A. Schroeter. – Abb. 2,1 Verf.; 2a nach KOCH 2008, Abb. 12 ergänzt; 2b nach R. KOCH, Fossa Carolina. In: W. Jahn u. a. (Hrsg.), Edel und Frei. Franken im Mittelalter (Forchheim 2004) 144, Abb. 33; 2c Foto: O. Braasch, Archivnr. 7130/027. – Abb. 3,1 nach KORTÜM 2005, 155, Abb. 166; 2a n. L. WAMSER, Befestigte Anlagen des frühen bis späten Mittelalters in den Ruinen des Römerkastells Miltenberg - Altstadt. In: BÖHME 1991, 243, Abb. 5,3; b Ebd. 237, Abb. 1. – Abb. 4,1–3 nach SCHULZE-DÖRRLAMM 2013, Abb. 63 (1), Abb. 81 (2), Abb. 80 (3). – Abb. 5,1 nach E. WINTERGERST/S. CODREANU-WINDAUER, Regensburg - eine mittelalterliche Großstadt an der Donau. In: WIECZOREK/HINZ 2000, Bd. 1, 181; 2 nach S. CODREANU-WINDAUER, Neue Ergebnisse zur frühen Stadtbefestigung Regensburgs. In: ERICSSON/LOSERT 2003, 93, Abb. 1A. – Abb. 6,1–3 Verf. – Abb. 7,1 ROSENSTOCK 2001, 57, Karte 2; 2a nach K. H. RIEDER, Eichstätt. In: Führer zu Arch. Denkmälern in Deutschland 15,2: Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen (Stuttgart 1987) 44, Abb. 18; 2b RIEDER 2010, Abb. 6. – Abb. 8,1–2 nach W. JANSSEN/L. WAMSER, Neue Ausgrabungen auf dem Michelsberg und in der Klosterkirche St. Peter und Paul in Neustadt am Main, Landkreis Main-Spessart, Unterfranken. Arch. Jahr Bayern 1982, 136, Abb. 117,2 (1), 138, Abb. 120,1 (2). – Abb. 9 – Kartengrundlage Digitales Geländemodell (DGM1) Geobasisdaten © Bayerische Vermessungsverwaltung, kartiert von Verf./ R. Obst/L. Werther/A. Wunschel. – Abb. 10,1 erstellt v. M. Kirmair u. U. Wittki im Jahre 1975, Änderungen u. Ergänzungen durch R. Obst 2008; 2 LiDAR-Scan, Bayer. Landesamt f. Vermessung u. Geoinformation; 3–5 Verf.; 6 R. Obst aus Ausstellung „Eine Welt in Bewegung“ in Paderborn u. Würzburg 2008. 155–176 Felix Biermann: Abb. 1 Kartierung Verf. – Abb. 2 Landesvermessung und Geobasisinformation Brandenburg, Kartierung S. Schwarzländer. – Abb. 3 Landesvermessung und Geobasisinformation Brandenburg, Bearbeitung Verf. – Abb. 4 Foto: Verf. – Abb. 5–9 Zeichnung O. Blum. – Abb. 10 Fotos: 1 Verf; 3–11 D. und K. Sommer (teils vor Restaurierung). – Abb. 11–12 Fotos: K. Sommer. 177–196 Marcin Wo oszyn et al.: Fig. 1 drawn by I. Jordan. – Fig. 2,1 photograph: S. Or owski; 2 after KU NIERZ 2011, g. 2, redrawn by J. O óg. – Fig. 3,1 photograph: S. Or owski; 2 after FLOREK 2012, g. 1, redrawn by J. O óg. – Fig. 4 Kriegsarchiv Wien, B IXa. 390, sheets nos. 228 and 254, computer design: P. Zagórski. – Fig. 5 drawn by P. Zagórski. – Fig. 6 map based on geoportal.gov.pl (2.12.2014). – Figs. 7,1–2 drawn by P. Zagórski. 197–208 Sebastian Brather: Abb. 1 verändert nach WILLIAMS 2006, 21 Abb. 1.3. – Abb. 2 verändert nach P. JEZLER, Jenseitsmodelle und Jenseitsvorsorge. Eine Einführung. In: Ders. (Hrsg.), Himmel, Hölle, Fegefeuer. Das Jenseits im Mittelalter (Zürich 1994) 13–26 hier 14 Abb. 2–3. – Abb. 3 nach P. de PALOL/G. RIPOLL, Die Goten. Geschichte und Kunst in Westeuropa (Stuttgart 1990) Taf. 12. – Abb. 4 nach WAMERS/PÉRIN 2012, 100. – Abb. 5 Verf. – Tab. 1 verändert nach BRATHER-WALTER/BRATHER 2012, 140 Tab. 2. 398 Bildnachweis / Sources of illustrations 209–248 Radu Harhoiu: Tab. 1–2 Verf. – Abb. 1a nach Army Map Service. Sheets 3887 II – III, Ausgabe 1-AMS, 1960: b Kartengrundlage: Erste militärische Vermessung der Österreich-Ungarischen Monarchie. – Abb. 2 Grak: Daniel Spânu. – Abb. 3–6 Verf., Bearbeitung: Daniel Spânu. Abb. 7A–C und 8–14 Zeichnung: Daniel Spânu. – Abb. 15 nach BÂRZU/HARHOIU 2001, Abb. 1. – Abb. 16 Verf., bearb. von Daniel Spânu. – Abb. 17a–c Grak. Daniel Spânu. – Abb. 18 nach KOVÁCS 1913, Abb. 1. – Abb. 19a nach HARHOIU u. a. 2011, Abb. 36A; b umgezeichnet nach HOREDT 1986, 35 Abb. 15. – Abb. 20a nach HARHOIU/ SPÂNU/GÁLL 2011, Abb. 37. 249–264 Na a Profantová: Tab. 1 erstellt von D. Perlík. – Abb. 1 Zeichnung: Helena Minar íková. – Abb. 2,2 nach PRICHODNJUK 2005, Abb. 36,1; 3 nach CURTA 2009, Abb. 8,23. – Abb. 2,1; 3; 6 Zeichnung Lucie Raslová. – Abb. 4,1–3 nach PROFANTOVÁ 2008a, Abb. 13; 4 nach N. PROFANTOVÁ 2013, Abb. 3,2; 5 nach BICHÁEK im Druck (vgl. Anm. 74). – Abb. 5 Foto: D. Perlík. 265–276 Jií Machá ek: Abb. 1 Karte: Verf. – Abb. 2 Plan: Petr Dresler. – Abb. 3 Foto: Archiv des Inst. für Arch. und Museologie, Phil. Fak. der Masaryk Univ. Brno. – Abb. 4A–B Zeichnung: Soa Plchová. – Abb. 5 Foto: Josef Špa ek. – Abb. 6,1–4 Zeichnung: Soa Plchová. Umgezeichnet nach GALUŠKA 1996, Abb. 85; PROFANTOVÁ 2003, Abb. 36; SZKE 2010, Abb. 19. – Abb. 7 nach POULÍK 1963, Abb. 14. – Abb. 8 Plan: Šimon Ungerman, nachbearbeitet von Verf. – Abb. 9 nach GALUŠKA 1996, Abb. 34. 277–292 Jozef Zábojník: Abb. 1–2; 4 Zeichnung: Helena Vanglová (unveröff. Ausgrabungen des Verf.). – Abb. 3 nach TOÍK 1992, Abb. 71,6. – Abb. 5 nach ILINSKÁ 1982, Abb. 1,2. – Abb. 6 nach NEVIZÁNSKY, 2006, Taf. IV,1. 293–312 Gergely Szenthe: Abb. 1–2; 3,1; 4,2; 5,1; 6,2–3; 9 Ungarisches Nationalmuseum, Budapest, Fotos: Verf., Dabasi und Kardos. –Abb. 3,1 nach GSCHWANTLER 2002, 22; 3 Zeichnung nach GARAM 1993, Taf. 98,4; 4 und 7 nach GARAM 2002a, Abb. 31; 5–6 nach LÁSZLÓ/RÁCZ 1977, Abb. 4 und 31. – Abb. 4,1 nach GSCHWANTLER 2002, 17. – Abb. 5,2 GARAM 2001, Taf. XXXV,1. – Abb. 6,1 nach GSCHWANTLER 2002, 41. – Abb. 7–8 Déri József Múz., Debrecen, Foto: Verf., Zeichnung: István Dienes. 313–328 Tivadar Vida: Abb. 1,1, 5 GARAM 1975, 63, Abb. 12; 317, Abb. 2; 2 I. ERDÉLYI, A jánoshidai avar temet (Das awarenzeitliche Gräberfeld von Jánoshida). Rég. Füz. 1, 1958, Abb. 26; 3, 6 Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, Inv.-Nr. 50.1891.79 und 123.1909.5., Fotos: Tibor Kádas; 4 D. DIMITRIEVI/K. KOVAEVI/ ZD. VINSKI, Seoba naroda – arheološki nalazi Jugoslovenskog Podunavlja (Zemun 1962) 58, Mus. Novi Sad (SRB), Inv.-Nr. A 3193. – Abb. 2,1 GARAM 1975, 73, Abb. 22; 2 N. FETTICH, Das awarenzeitliche Gräberfeld von Pilismarót-Basaharc. Stud. Arch. 3 (Budapest 1965) Taf. 24; 3 HORVÁTH 1935, Taf. 17; 4 Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum. Nr. 161 125., Foto: Tibor Kádas. – Abb. 3,1 NORDHEDGE 1992, Fig. 132,2; 2 PICCIRILLO/ALLIATA 1994, 283 f., Fig. 95; 3 DELOUGAZ/HAINES 1960, Pl. 57,24; 4, 6 SMITH/MCNICOLL/ HENESSY 1983, 55 f., Figs. 11,1–2; 5 BUKO 1998, 255, g. 2,2; 7–8 CURTA 2000, 268, Fig. 1. – Abb. 4,1–3 DANNHEIMER 1989, Taf. 27,49; 21,38; 25,46. – Abb. 5 JOTOV/PAVLOVA 2004, 35 f., Nr. 13. – Abb. 6 KÖLT/ SZENTPÉTERI 1996, 115 (Abb. Buchrücken, oben links). – Abb. 7 SZKE 2014, 110 f., Abb. 92–99. 239–344 Hajnalka Herold: Fig. 1 Author; Figs. 2–5 Photo Laboratory, Dep. of Prehist. and Medieval Arch., Univ. of Vienna; Figs. 6–7 and Tab. 1–2 Author. 345–366 Ádám Bollók: Fig. 1 Photographs: Author/Ádám Bíró. – Fig. 2,1–2 Photographs: Author/Ádám Bíró; 3 Drawing: István Ö. Dienes, after DIENES 1986, 111, g. 54. – Fig. 3,1–2 after WILHELMY 2013, 153, Cat. no. 31; 3 after LENNARTSSON 1997/1998, pl. 5.2. – Fig. 4 after HINTON/KEENE/QUALMANN 1981 (note 51) g. 6. – Fig. 5,1–2 after LENNARTSSON 1997–1998, pl. 15,3; 3 after HAUCK 1974 (note 50), pl. II,2. – Fig. 6,1 after BERTELLI/BROGIOLO 2000, 508, g. 366; 2 after BERTELLI/BROGIOLO 2000, 510, g. 370; 3 after I. BELLI BARSALI, La diocese di Lucca. Corpus della scultura altomedievale I (Spoleto 1959) pl. XIIb. – Fig. 7 after WINTERER 2013, 76, g. 46. – Fig. 8 after STEENBOCK 1965, g. 42. 367–380 Péter Langó and András Patay-Horváth: Fig. 1,1 after REJHOLCOVÁ 1995, Tab. LVII; 2 after FUSEK 2003, Abb. 2. – Fig. 2,1 after REJHOLCOVÁ 1995, Tab. LXVIII; 2 photographs: Á. Bíró; drawing after TOÍK 1971 (note 64), Taf. XXXV. – Fig. 3,1 after GIESLER 1981, Taf. 3; 2 after GRIGOROV 2007, 136; 3 after HANULIAK 2004, Obr. 171a. – Fig. 4,1–7 and Fig. 5 Authors. 381–396 Gábor Lrinczy u. a.: Tab. 1 Autoren. – Abb. 1 Kartengrundlage: Zweite militärische Vermessung der Österreich-Ungarischen Monarchie, Bearbeitung: G. Lrinczy. – Abb. 2 Grasche Bearbeitung: Edit Ambrus. Autoren / Authors Dr. Krystyna Ba aga Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Dep. of Geoecology and Palaeogeography Krasnicka 2cd PL–20-718 Lublin A. o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Franz Glaser Landesmuseum Kärnten Museumgasse 2 A–9020 Klagenfurt [email protected] PD Dr. Felix Biermann Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Seminar für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Nikolausberger Weg 15 D-37073 Göttingen [email protected] Dr. András Grynaeus, PhD Hungarian Dendrochronological Laboratory Széher út 76/A H–1021 Budapest [email protected] Dr. Ádám Bollók, PhD Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Centre for the Humanities Institute of Archaeology Úri u. 49 H–1014 Budapest [email protected] István Botár Csíki Székely Museum Dendrochronological Laboratory of Transylvania Szabadság-tér 10/B/35 RO–530100 Csíkszereda [email protected] [email protected] Prof. Dr. Sebastian Brather Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Archäologie des Mittelalters Belfortstraße 22 D–79085 Freiburg [email protected] Prof. Dr. Neven Budak University of Zagreb Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Ivana Lu ia 3 HR–10000 Zagreb [email protected] Prof. Dr. habil. Rados aw Dobrowolski Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Dep. of Geoecology and Palaeogeography Krasnicka 2cd PL–20-718 Lublin Prof. Dr. Peter Ettel Lehrstuhl für Ur- und Frühgeschichte der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Löbdergraben 24a D–07743 Jena [email protected] Dr. Irka Hajdas ETH Zürich, Institute of Particle Physics (IPP) Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics Schafmattstrasse 20 CH–8093 Zürich Dr. Radu Harhoiu Institut für Archäologie «Vasile Pârvan» der Rumänischen Akademie Str. Henri Coand Nr. 11 RO–71119 Bukarest [email protected] Dr. Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V. an der Universität Leipzig Reichsstraße 4–6 D–04109 Leipzig [email protected] Dr. Hajnalka Herold Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter Laver Building, North Park Road UK–Exeter EX4 4QE [email protected] Dr. Michael Huber Mariahilferstraße 99/23 A–1060 Wien [email protected] Prof. Dr. habil. Andrzej Janeczek Polish Academy of Sciences Institute Archaeology and Ethnology Solidarnoci 105 PL–00-140 Warsaw Dr. Péter Langó, PhD Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Centre for the Humanities Institute of Archaeology Úri u. 49 H–1014 Budapest [email protected] 400 Autoren / Authors Dr. Gábor Lrinczy Móra Ferenc Múzeum Roosevelt tér 1–3 H–6720 Szeged email: [email protected] Dr. Ioan Stanciu Romanian Academy Cluj Branch Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj-Napoca M. Koglniceanu str. 12–14 RO–400084 Cluj-Napoca [email protected] Prof. Mgr. Jií Machá ek, Ph.D. Masaryk Universität Institut für Archäologie und Museologie A. Nováka 1 CZ–602 00 Brno [email protected] Péter Straub Göcseji Múzeum Batthyány u. 2 H–8900 Zalaegerszeg [email protected] Dr. Przemys aw Mroczek Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Dep. of Geoecology and Palaeogeography Krasnicka 2cd PL–20-718 Lublin Dr. András Patay-Horváth, PhD Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Centre for the Humanities Institute of Archaeology Úri u. 49 H–1014 Budapest [email protected] Dr. Irena Agnieszka Pidek Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Dep. of Geoecology and Palaeogeography Krasnicka 2cd PL–20-718 Lublin Dr. Na a Profantová, CSc Akademie der Wissenschaften der Tschechischen Republik, Prag Archäologisches Institut Letenská 4 CZ–Praha 1, 118 01 [email protected] Dr. Péter Prohászka József Attila tér 2 H–2500 Esztergom [email protected] Dr. Ágnes Ritoók, PhD Hungarian National Museum Dep. for Archaeology Múzeum krt. 14–16 H–1088 Budapest [email protected] Dr. habil. Jan Rodzik Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Dep. of Geoecology and Palaeogeography Krasnicka 2cd PL–20-718 Lublin Dr. Perica Špehar University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy, Dep. of Archaeology ika-Ljubina 18–20 SRB–11000 Belgrade [email protected] Dr. Gergely Szenthe, PhD Ungarisches Nationalmuseum Múzeum krt. 14–16 H–1088 Budapest, [email protected] Boglárka Tóth Dendrochronological Laboratory of Transylvania Szabadság-tér 10/B/35 RO–530100 Csíkszereda [email protected] Dr. Attila Türk, PhD Péter Pázmány Katholische Universität Archäologisches Institut Egyetem út 1. H–2087 Piliscsaba [email protected] PD Dr. Tivadar Vida Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Centre for the Humanities Institute of Archaeology Úri u. 49 H–1014 Budapest Institute of Archaeological Sciences at the Eötvös Loránd University Múzeum krt. 6–8 H–1088 Budapest [email protected] [email protected] Dr. habil. Marcin Wo oszyn Polish Academy of Sciences Institute for Archaeology and Ethnology S awkowska 17, PL–31-016 Cracow Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V. an der Universität Leipzig Reichsstraße 4–6 D–04109 Leipzig [email protected] Doc. PhDr. Jozef Zábojník, CSc. Slowakische Akademie der Wissenschaften Archäologisches Institut Akademická 2 SK–94921 Nitra [email protected] Dr. Piotr Zagórski Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Dep. of Geoecology and Palaeogeography Krasnicka 2cd PL–20-718 Lublin Städte und befestigte Siedlungen sind während des frühen Mittelalters aus vielen Regionen Ostmitteleuropas bekannt. In den einstigen römischen Provinzen lässt sich die Weiterbzw. Neunutzung römischer civitates bzw. castra und castella ebenso beobachten, wie die Entstehung neuer Zentren. Die Verlagerung oder Ortskontinuität einzelner Siedlungsagglomerationen kann jedoch auch in den nichtrömischen Territorien nördlich der Donaulinie studiert werden. Die Beiträge des vorliegenden Sammelbandes versuchen, dieses Phänomen aus zwei Blickwinkeln zu beleuchten. Sie untersuchen einerseits siedlungs- und andererseits sozialgeschichtliche Aspekte, um Strukturen und Akteure dieser Prozesse gleichermaßen erfassen zu können. Kontinuität und Wandel von Zentren, Eliten und religiösen sowie gesellschaftlichen Werten werden anhand einzelner Beispiele von der Spätantike bis zum hohen Mittelalter beleuchtet. Der Band ist dem 65. Geburtstag von Béla Miklós Szke gewidmet, der seit Jahren den wichtigsten karolingerzeitlichen Fundort, Zalavár/Mosaburg, erforscht. Dem Jubilar zu Ehren wurde diese Auswahl an Studien über Zentren und Eliten im frühmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa zusammengestellt. Towns and fortications are known from many regions of East-Central Europe in the Early Middle Ages. In the former Roman provinces there is evidence for both the continued or renewed use of Roman civitates, castra or castella and the emergence of new central places. Settlement shift and continuity of occupation at specic sites can, however, also be studied in the non-Roman territories located north of the Danube. The contributions in this volume attempt to throw light on two aspects of this phenomenon – settlements and social aspects – in order to understand in equal measure the structures and actors operating within this process. Continuity and transformations of central places, elites and religious as well as social values are examined on the basis of case studies ranging from the Late Roman period to the High Middle Ages. This volume is dedicated to Béla Miklós Szke who has devoted years of research to Zalavár/ Mosaburg, one of the most important sites of the Carolingian period, on the occasion of his 65th birthday. The selection of studies on central places and elites in Early Medieval EastCentral Europe is offered here to honour him. ISBN 978-3-89646-156-8 ISSN 1869-9901