Magnesium Chromate

Hydrate: Mg₂CrO₄• 7H₂O
CAS 16569-85-0
Anhydrous: Mg₂CrO₄
CAS 13423-61-5

Product	Product Code	Order or Specifications
(2N) 99% Magnesium Chromate	MG-CRAT-02
(3N) 99.9% Magnesium Chromate	MG-CRAT-03
(4N) 99.99% Magnesium Chromate	MG-CRAT-04
(5N) 99.999% Magnesium Chromate	MG-CRAT-05

Magnesium Chromate is generally immediately available in most volumes. Hydrate or anhydrous forms may be purchased. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.

Magnesium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Magnesium's shells is 2, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s². In its elemental form magnesium's CAS number is 7439-95-4. The magnesium atom has a radius of 159.9.pm and its Van der Waals radius is 173.pm. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is one-third lighter than aluminum, and because of this is used in alloys that are essential for aerospace, satellite and missile construction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Uses also include flares and pyrotechnics due to its pyrophoric properties. Magnesium compounds, primarily magnesium oxide, are used mainly as refractory material in furnace linings for producing iron and steel, nonferrous metals, glass, and cement; the global industrial demand for Magnesium Oxide Nanopowder in particular is predicted to grow by 8.7% from 2013 to 2018, according to a December 2012 report from Transparency Market Research. High purity magnesium is found in dietary supplements. Magnesium is commercially produced from brucite, carnallite, dolomite, magnesite, olivine and talc. Magnesium was first discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. The name Magnesium originates from a Greek district in Thessaly called Magnesia. See Magnesium research below.

Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose. Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic to humans, and neutralizing its effects as an environmental pollutant has become a critical issue for researchers and green energy advocates; in January 2013, a team of Chinese scientists found that multi-walled carbon nanotubes effectively removed Chromium(IV) from polluted water samples with certain pH levels, indicating the importance of nanotechnology research for the future of environmental science. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. The most common source of Chromium is chromite ore (FeCr₂O₄). Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.

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Recent Research & Development for Magnesium

• Thermodynamic and Kinetic Destabilization of Magnesium Hydride by Using Mg-In Solid Solution Alloys. Zhou C, Fang ZZ, Lu J, Zhang X. J Am Chem Soc. 2013 Jul 15.
• The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Abbasi B, Kimiagar M, Sadeghniiat K, Shirazi MM, Hedayati M, Rashidkhani B. J Res Med Sci. 2012 Dec;17(12):1161-9.
• Poly(L-lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite/collagen composite coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloy for biomedical application. Wang ZL, Yan YH, Wan T, Yang H. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2013 Jul 12.
• Thermal analysis of magnesium reactions with nitrogen/oxygen gas mixtures. Chunmiao Y, Lifu Y, Chang L, Gang L, Shengjun Z. J Hazard Mater. 2013 Jun 27;260C:707-714.
• SLC41A1 is the only magnesium responsive gene significantly overexpressed in placentas of preeclamptic women. Kolisek M, Galaviz-Hern�ndez C, V�zquez-Alaniz F, Sponder G, Javaid S, Kurth K, Nestler A, Rodr�guez-Moran M, Verlohren S, Guerrero-Romero F, Aschenbach JR, Vormann J. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2013 Jul 11.
• Catalytic Turnover Triggers Exchange of Subunits of the Magnesium Chelatase AAA+ Motor Unit. Lundqvist J, Braumann I, Kurowska M, Mueller AH, Hansson M. J Biol Chem. 2013 Jul 8.
• Insight into Magnesium Coordination Environments in Benzoate and Salicylate Complexes through ²⁵Mg Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Burgess KM, Xu Y, Leclerc MC, Bryce DL. J Phys Chem A. 2013 Jul 8.
• Analgesic efficacy of continuous intravenous magnesium infusion as an adjuvant to morphine for postoperative analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Murphy JD, Paskaradevan J, Eisler LL, Ouanes JP, Tomas VA, Freck EA, Wu CL. Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2013 Feb;22(1):11-20.
• Complexity in estimation of esomeprazole and its related impurities' stability in various stress conditions in low-dose aspirin and esomeprazole magnesium capsules. Reddy PS, Hotha KK, Sait S. Sci Pharm. 2013 Jun;81(2):475-92.
• Anode properties of magnesium hydride catalyzed with niobium oxide for an all solid-state lithium-ion battery. Ikeda S, Ichikawa T, Kawahito K, Hirabayashi K, Miyaoka H, Kojima Y. Chem Commun (Camb). 2013 Jul 16;49(64):7174-6.
• NO/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway induces magnesium release mediated by mitoK_ATP channel opening in rat hippocampal neurons. Yamanaka R, Shindo Y, Hotta K, Suzuki K, Oka K. FEBS Lett. 2013 Jul 4.
• Nationwide data on municipal drinking water and hip fracture: Could calcium and magnesium be protective? A NOREPOS study. Dahl C, S�gaard AJ, Tell GS, Flaten TP, Hongve D, Omsland TK, Holvik K, Meyer HE, Aamodt G. Bone. 2013 Jul 2.
• Acute Decrease in Serum Magnesium Level after Ischemic Stroke May Not Predict Decrease in Neurologic Function. Siegler JE, Boehme AK, Albright KC, Bdeir S, Kar AK, Myers L, Beasley TM, Martin-Schild S. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013 Jul 4.
• Solvation Structures and Dynamics of Magnesium Chloride (Mg2+-Cl-) Ion-Pair in Water-Ethanol Mixtures. Chatterjee A, Dixit MK, Tembe BL. J Phys Chem A. 2013 Jul 5.
• Nicotine-magnesium aluminum silicate microparticle surface modified with chitosan for mucosal delivery. Kanjanakawinkul W, Rades T, Puttipipatkhachorn S, Pongjanyakul T. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2013 Apr 1;33(3):1727-36.
• Role of biomineralization on the degradation of fine grained AZ31 magnesium alloy processed by groove pressing. Sunil BR, Kumar AA, Sampath Kumar TS, Chakkingal U. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2013 Apr 1;33(3):1607-15.
• Anesthetic effects of adding intrathecal neostigmine or magnesium sulphate to bupivacaine in patients under lower extremities surgeries. Faiz SH, Rahimzadeh P, Sakhaei M, Imani F, Derakhshan P. J Res Med Sci. 2012 Oct;17(10):918-22.
• Synthesis of Mg₂ C: A Magnesium Methanide. Kurakevych OO, Strobel TA, Kim DY, Cody GD. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013 Jul 3.
• Aggravation by vanadium of magnesium deficiency in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Berm�dez-Pe�a MC, L�pez-Chaves C, Llopis J, Guerrero-Romero F, Montes-Bay�n M, Sanz-Medel A, S�nchez-Gonz�lez C. Magnes Res. 2013 May 1;26(2):74-82.
• Biodegradable magnesium-based screw clinically equivalent to titanium screw in hallux valgus surgery: short term results of the first prospective, randomized, controlled clinical pilot study. Windhagen H, Radtke K, Weizbauer A, Diekmann J, Noll Y, Kreimeyer U, Schavan R, Stukenborg-Colsman C, Waizy H. Biomed Eng Online. 2013 Jul 3;12:62.

Recent Research & Development for Chromates

• Alteration of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine profile and humoral immune responses associated with chromate exposure. Qian Q, Li P, Wang T, Zhang J, Yu S, Chen T, Yan L, Song Y, Liu X, Gu Y, Wang Y, Jia G. Occup Environ Med. 2013 Jun 27.
• [Metabolism features of bacteria resistant to high concentrations of chromate]. Mikrobiol Z. 2013 Mar-Apr;75(2):3-9.
• Amino-functionalized MCM-41 and MCM-48 for the removal of chromate and arsenate. Benhamou A, Basly JP, Baudu M, Derriche Z, Hamacha R. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2013 Apr 30. doi:pii: S0021-9797(13)00372-X. 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.04.026.
• Effects of pH on chromate(VI) adsorption by Spirulina platensis biomass: batch tests and FT-IR studies. Solisio C, Lodi A, Finocchio E. Water Sci Technol. 2013;67(9):1916-22. doi: 10.2166/wst.2013.070.
• Comparative evaluations on bio-treatment of hexavalent chromate by resting cells of Pseudochrobactrum sp. and Proteus sp. in wastewater. Ge S, Dong X, Zhou J, Ge S. J Environ Manage. 2013 May 2;126C:7-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.011.
• Protective effect of ginger against toxicity induced by chromate in rats. Krim M, Messaadia A, Maidi I, Aouacheri O, Saka S. Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 2013 Mar-Apr;71(2):165-73. doi: 10.1684/abc.2013.0806.
• Chromate tolerance and accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris L.: Role of antioxidant enzymes and biochemical changes in detoxification of metals. Rai UN, Singh NK, Upadhyay AK, Verma S. Bioresour Technol. 2013 May;136:604-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.043.
• Chromate reduction is expedited by bacteria engineered to produce the compatible solute trehalose. Frederick TM, Taylor EA, Willis JL, Shultz MS, Woodruff PJ. Biotechnol Lett. 2013 Apr 6.
• Cr(VI) trioxide as a starting material for the synthesis of novel zero-, one-, and two-dimensional uranyl dichromates and chromate-dichromates. Siidra OI, Nazarchuk EV, Suknotova AN, Kayukov RA, Krivovichev SV. Inorg Chem. 2013 Apr 15;52(8):4729-35. doi: 10.1021/ic400341q.
• Escherichia coli NemA is an efficient chromate reductase that can be biologically immobilized to provide a cell free system for remediation of hexavalent chromium. Robins KJ, Hooks DO, Rehm BH, Ackerley DF. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59200. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059200.
• In silico Protein Structure Modeling and Conservation Analysis of ChrR, a Class-I Chromate Reducing Flavoenzyme from Pseudomonas putida. Viradia SH, Vala AK. Protein Pept Lett. 2013 Mar 21.
• Draft Genome Sequence of Chromate-Resistant and Biofilm-Producing Strain Pseudomonas alcaliphila 34. Santopolo L, Marchi E, Decorosi F, Galardini M, Brilli M, Giovannetti L, Viti C. Genome Announc. 2013 Jan;1(1). doi:pii: e00125-12. 10.1128/genomeA.00125-12.
• Microbial formation of palladium nanoparticles by Geobacter sulfurreducens for chromate reduction. Tuo Y, Liu G, Zhou J, Wang A, Wang J, Jin R, Lv H. Bioresour Technol. 2013 Apr;133:606-11. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.016.
• Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is more tolerant to chromate as compared to Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Gupta A, Bhagwat SG, Sainis JK. Biometals. 2013 Apr;26(2):309-19. doi: 10.1007/s10534-013-9614-6.
• Dihydro-nium tetra-chromate(VI), (H(3)O)(2)Cr(4)O(13). Kulikov V, Meyer G. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2013 Feb 1;69(Pt 2):i13. doi: 10.1107/S1600536813001608.
• Spectroscopy and photochemistry of sodium chromate ester cluster ions. Kaufman SH, Weber JM. J Phys Chem A. 2013 Mar 14;117(10):2144-51. doi: 10.1021/jp309380v.
• Chromate or titanium allergy -- the role of impurities? Bernard S, Baeck M, Tennstedt D, Haufroid V, Dekeuleneer V. Contact Dermatitis. 2013 Mar;68(3):191-2. doi: 10.1111/cod.12024.
• Functionalized granular activated carbon and surface complexation with chromates and bi-chromates in wastewater. Singha S, Sarkar U, Luharuka P. Sci Total Environ. 2013 Mar 1;447:472-87. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.006.
• Cr(VI) sorption by free and immobilised chromate-reducing bacterial cells in PVA-alginate matrix: equilibrium isotherms and kinetic studies. Rawat M, Rawat AP, Giri K, Rai JP. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013 Jan 30.
• Highly sensitive, highly specific whole-cell bioreporters for the detection of chromate in environmental samples. Branco R, Cristóvão A, Morais PV. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54005. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054005.

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