Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis

doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00200-9

Review

. 2022 Dec;21(12):1120-1134.

doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00200-9. Epub 2022 Sep 27.

Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis

Axel Petzold¹, Clare L Fraser², Mathias Abegg³, Raed Alroughani⁴, Daniah Alshowaeir⁵, Regina Alvarenga⁶, Cécile Andris⁷, Nasrin Asgari⁸, Yael Barnett⁹, Roberto Battistella¹⁰, Raed Behbehani¹¹, Thomas Berger¹², Mukharram M Bikbov¹³, Damien Biotti¹⁴, Valerie Biousse¹⁵, Antonella Boschi¹⁶, Milan Brazdil¹⁷, Andrei Brezhnev¹⁸, Peter A Calabresi¹⁹, Monique Cordonnier²⁰, Fiona Costello²¹, Franz M Cruz²², Leonardo Provetti Cunha²³, Smail Daoudi²⁴, Romain Deschamps²⁵, Jerome de Seze²⁶, Ricarda Diem²⁷, Masoud Etemadifar²⁸, Jose Flores-Rivera²⁹, Pedro Fonseca³⁰, Jette Frederiksen³¹, Elliot Frohman³², Teresa Frohman³², Caroline Froment Tilikete³³, Kazuo Fujihara³⁴, Alberto Gálvez³⁵, Riadh Gouider³⁶, Fernando Gracia³⁷, Nikolaos Grigoriadis³⁸, José M Guajardo³⁹, Mario Habek⁴⁰, Marko Hawlina⁴¹, Elena H Martínez-Lapiscina⁴², Juzar Hooker⁴³, Jyh Yung Hor⁴⁴, William Howlett⁴⁵, Yumin Huang-Link⁴⁶, Zhannat Idrissova⁴⁷, Zsolt Illes⁴⁸, Jasna Jancic⁴⁹, Panitha Jindahra⁵⁰, Dimitrios Karussis⁵¹, Emilia Kerty⁵², Ho Jin Kim⁵³, Wolf Lagrèze⁵⁴, Letizia Leocani⁵⁵, Netta Levin⁵⁶, Petra Liskova⁵⁷, Yaou Liu⁵⁸, Youssoufa Maiga⁵⁹, Romain Marignier⁶⁰, Chris McGuigan⁶¹, Dália Meira⁶², Harold Merle⁶³, Mário L R Monteiro⁶⁴, Anand Moodley⁶⁵, Frederico Moura⁶⁶, Silvia Muñoz⁶⁷, Sharik Mustafa⁶⁸, Ichiro Nakashima⁶⁹, Susana Noval⁷⁰, Carlos Oehninger⁷¹, Olufunmilola Ogun⁷², Afekhide Omoti⁷³, Lekha Pandit⁷⁴, Friedemann Paul⁷⁵, Gema Rebolleda⁷⁶, Stephen Reddel⁷⁷, Konrad Rejdak⁷⁸, Robert Rejdak⁷⁹, Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales⁸⁰, Marie-Bénédicte Rougier⁸¹, Maria Jose Sa⁸², Bernardo Sanchez-Dalmau⁸³, Deanna Saylor⁸⁴, Ismail Shatriah⁸⁵, Aksel Siva⁸⁶, Hadas Stiebel-Kalish⁸⁷, Gabriella Szatmary⁸⁸, Linh Ta⁸⁹, Silvia Tenembaum⁹⁰, Huy Tran⁹¹, Yevgen Trufanov⁹², Vincent van Pesch⁹³, An-Guor Wang⁹⁴, Mike P Wattjes⁹⁵, Ernest Willoughby⁹⁶, Magd Zakaria⁹⁷, Jasmin Zvornicanin⁹⁸, Laura Balcer⁹⁹, Gordon T Plant¹⁰⁰

Affiliations

¹ The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK; Neuro-ophthalmology Expert Centre, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Electronic address: [email protected].
² Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁴ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Al-Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁷ Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Liege, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
⁸ Department of Neurology, Slagelse and Institute of Regional Health Research, and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
⁹ Department of Neuroradiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁰ Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹¹ Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
¹² Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹³ Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russia.
¹⁴ Unité de Neurologie Inflammatoire B4, CHU Pierre-Paul Riquet/Purpan, Toulouse, France.
¹⁵ Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Emory Eye Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Head and Neck, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Ophthalmology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brusseles, Belgium.
¹⁷ Department of Neurology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; St Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
¹⁸ Department of Ophthalmology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia.
¹⁹ The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
²⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.
²¹ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
²² College of Medicine, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.
²³ Surgery Department of Juiz de Fora Medical School, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
²⁴ Department of Neurology, University Mouloud Mammeri de Ttizi Ouzou, Ttizi Ouzou, Algeria.
²⁵ Department of Neurology, Hospital Foundation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France.
²⁶ Department of Neurology, Hopitaux Universitaires Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
²⁷ Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
²⁸ Department of Neurosurgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
²⁹ Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Centro Médico ABC, Mexico City, Mexico.
³⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
³¹ Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³² Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
³³ Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon I University, Lyon France; Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
³⁴ Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Koriyama, Japan.
³⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, AB, Canada.
³⁶ Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
³⁷ Department of Neurology, Hospital Santo Tomás, Panama City, Panama; Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Interamericana de Panama, Panama City, Panama.
³⁸ Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
³⁹ Servicio de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
⁴⁰ Department of Neurology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
⁴¹ Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁴² Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
⁴³ Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
⁴⁴ Department of Neurology, Penang General Hospital, Penang, Malaysia.
⁴⁵ Department of Neurology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC), Moshi, Tanzania.
⁴⁶ Department of Neurology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
⁴⁷ Department of Neurology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
⁴⁸ Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
⁴⁹ Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁵⁰ Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁵¹ Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
⁵² Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
⁵³ Department of Neurology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea.
⁵⁴ Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany.
⁵⁵ Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology-INSPE, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
⁵⁶ Department of Neurology, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
⁵⁷ Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, and Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁵⁸ Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
⁵⁹ Department of Neurology, Gabriel Touré University Hospital, Bamako, Mali.
⁶⁰ Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et NeuroInflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France.
⁶¹ School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Neurology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
⁶² Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal.
⁶³ Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Martinique, Martinique, French West Indies, France.
⁶⁴ Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁶⁵ Department of Neurology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
⁶⁶ Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Instituto Paulista Da Visão, Higienópolis, Brazil.
⁶⁷ Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
⁶⁸ Department of Neurology, Prime Healthcare Group, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
⁷⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
⁷¹ Department of Neurology, School of Medicine UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
⁷² Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁷³ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
⁷⁴ Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Karnataka, India.
⁷⁵ Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité- Universiätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁷⁶ Department of Ophthalmology of Ramon y Cajal Hospital, and Alcala University Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
⁷⁷ Sydney Neurology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁷⁸ Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
⁷⁹ Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
⁸⁰ Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Risaralda, Colombia.
⁸¹ Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
⁸² Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João and Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.
⁸³ Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁸⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁸⁵ Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
⁸⁶ Department of Neurology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye.
⁸⁷ Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit at Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
⁸⁸ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
⁸⁹ Department of General Planning, Ho Chi Minh City Eye Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁹⁰ Department of Neurology, National Paediatric Hospital Dr Juan P Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁹¹ Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy, and Hai Yen Vision Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁹² Department of Neurology and Reflexology, The Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
⁹³ Department of Neurology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels, Belgium; Neurochemistry Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
⁹⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁹⁵ Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
⁹⁶ Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁹⁷ Department of Neurology, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt.
⁹⁸ Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
⁹⁹ Department of Neurology, Department of Population Health, and Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, London, UK.

PMID: 36179757
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00200-9

Review

Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis

Axel Petzold et al. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Dec.

. 2022 Dec;21(12):1120-1134.

doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00200-9. Epub 2022 Sep 27.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK; Neuro-ophthalmology Expert Centre, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Electronic address: [email protected].
² Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁴ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Al-Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁷ Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Liege, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
⁸ Department of Neurology, Slagelse and Institute of Regional Health Research, and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
⁹ Department of Neuroradiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁰ Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹¹ Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Ibn Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
¹² Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹³ Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russia.
¹⁴ Unité de Neurologie Inflammatoire B4, CHU Pierre-Paul Riquet/Purpan, Toulouse, France.
¹⁵ Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Emory Eye Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Head and Neck, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Ophthalmology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brusseles, Belgium.
¹⁷ Department of Neurology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; St Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
¹⁸ Department of Ophthalmology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia.
¹⁹ The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
²⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.
²¹ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
²² College of Medicine, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.
²³ Surgery Department of Juiz de Fora Medical School, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
²⁴ Department of Neurology, University Mouloud Mammeri de Ttizi Ouzou, Ttizi Ouzou, Algeria.
²⁵ Department of Neurology, Hospital Foundation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France.
²⁶ Department of Neurology, Hopitaux Universitaires Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
²⁷ Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
²⁸ Department of Neurosurgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
²⁹ Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Centro Médico ABC, Mexico City, Mexico.
³⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
³¹ Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³² Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
³³ Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Lyon I University, Lyon France; Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
³⁴ Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Koriyama, Japan.
³⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, AB, Canada.
³⁶ Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
³⁷ Department of Neurology, Hospital Santo Tomás, Panama City, Panama; Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Interamericana de Panama, Panama City, Panama.
³⁸ Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
³⁹ Servicio de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
⁴⁰ Department of Neurology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
⁴¹ Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁴² Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
⁴³ Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
⁴⁴ Department of Neurology, Penang General Hospital, Penang, Malaysia.
⁴⁵ Department of Neurology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC), Moshi, Tanzania.
⁴⁶ Department of Neurology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
⁴⁷ Department of Neurology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
⁴⁸ Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
⁴⁹ Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth, Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁵⁰ Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁵¹ Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
⁵² Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
⁵³ Department of Neurology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea.
⁵⁴ Eye Center, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany.
⁵⁵ Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology-INSPE, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
⁵⁶ Department of Neurology, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
⁵⁷ Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, and Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁵⁸ Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
⁵⁹ Department of Neurology, Gabriel Touré University Hospital, Bamako, Mali.
⁶⁰ Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et NeuroInflammation, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France.
⁶¹ School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Neurology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
⁶² Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal.
⁶³ Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Martinique, Martinique, French West Indies, France.
⁶⁴ Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁶⁵ Department of Neurology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
⁶⁶ Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Instituto Paulista Da Visão, Higienópolis, Brazil.
⁶⁷ Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
⁶⁸ Department of Neurology, Prime Healthcare Group, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
⁷⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
⁷¹ Department of Neurology, School of Medicine UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
⁷² Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁷³ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
⁷⁴ Center for Advanced Neurological Research, Nitte University, Karnataka, India.
⁷⁵ Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité- Universiätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁷⁶ Department of Ophthalmology of Ramon y Cajal Hospital, and Alcala University Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
⁷⁷ Sydney Neurology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁷⁸ Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
⁷⁹ Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
⁸⁰ Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Risaralda, Colombia.
⁸¹ Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
⁸² Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João and Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.
⁸³ Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁸⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁸⁵ Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
⁸⁶ Department of Neurology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye.
⁸⁷ Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit at Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
⁸⁸ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
⁸⁹ Department of General Planning, Ho Chi Minh City Eye Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁹⁰ Department of Neurology, National Paediatric Hospital Dr Juan P Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁹¹ Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy, and Hai Yen Vision Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁹² Department of Neurology and Reflexology, The Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
⁹³ Department of Neurology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels, Belgium; Neurochemistry Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
⁹⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁹⁵ Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
⁹⁶ Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁹⁷ Department of Neurology, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt.
⁹⁸ Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
⁹⁹ Department of Neurology, Department of Population Health, and Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, London, UK.

PMID: 36179757
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00200-9

Abstract

There is no consensus regarding the classification of optic neuritis, and precise diagnostic criteria are not available. This reality means that the diagnosis of disorders that have optic neuritis as the first manifestation can be challenging. Accurate diagnosis of optic neuritis at presentation can facilitate the timely treatment of individuals with multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Epidemiological data show that, cumulatively, optic neuritis is most frequently caused by many conditions other than multiple sclerosis. Worldwide, the cause and management of optic neuritis varies with geographical location, treatment availability, and ethnic background. We have developed diagnostic criteria for optic neuritis and a classification of optic neuritis subgroups. Our diagnostic criteria are based on clinical features that permit a diagnosis of possible optic neuritis; further paraclinical tests, utilising brain, orbital, and retinal imaging, together with antibody and other protein biomarker data, can lead to a diagnosis of definite optic neuritis. Paraclinical tests can also be applied retrospectively on stored samples and historical brain or retinal scans, which will be useful for future validation studies. Our criteria have the potential to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis, provide information on optic neuritis disease course that can guide future treatment trial design, and enable physicians to judge the likelihood of a need for long-term pharmacological management, which might differ according to optic neuritis subgroups.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests AP received grant support for remyelination trials in multiple sclerosis to the Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, MS Centre (RESTORE trial), and UCL, London RECOVER trial; received grant fees from Fight for Sight (nimodipine in optic neuritis trial); received royalties or licenses from Up-to-Date (Wolters Kluwer) for a book chapter; received speaker fees for the Heidelberg Academy; participates on advisory board for SC Zeiss OCTA Angi-Network, and the SC Novartis OCTiMS study; holds leadership roles for governing board IMSVISUAL; was chairman of ERN-EYE Neuro-ophthalmology (until Oct, 2020); is board member of National Dutch Neuro-ophthalmology Association; received equipment from OCTA from Zeiss (Plex Elite); and received medical writing support from Novartis for a manuscript (https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51473). CF received consulting fees from Invex Therapeutics; received speaker honoraria from University of Dunedin; and holds leadership as Director of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists. VB received personal fees as consultant for Gensight and Neurophoenix. PC obtained grants from Annexon, Biogen, Genentech; received royalties from Cambridge Press for an OCT book; received consulting fees from Disarm Therapeutics, Nervgen, Biogen, Avidea; received honoraria from NY Academy of Sciences; and received equipment from Myelin Repair Foundation, Academic CME, Neuraly, and Landos. FC received speaker honoraria from Alexion, Accure Therapeutics, and the Sumiara Foundation. RDe obtained consulting fees from Alexion. JdS received consulting fees from Biogen, Teva, BMS Celegen, Roche, Novartis, Janssen, Merck, Alexion, CSL Behring; and honoraria from Biogen, Teva, BMS Celegen, Roche, Novartis, Janssen, Merck, Alexion, and CSL Behring. JFR received consulting fees from Roche, and Sanofi. EF holds honoraria from Alexion, Genzyme, Biogen, Novartis, and Janssen. TF holds honoraria from Alexion. CFT received honoraria from Novartis; and received support for attending meetings and travel from Novartis and Teva. KF obtained grants from Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Japan as well as the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Labor of Japan; received consulting fees from Alexion Chugai-Roche Mitsubishi Tanabe, Novartis, Biogen, Eisai, Takeda, Teijin, Viela Bio, UCB, Merck, Japan Tobacco Pharma, and Abbvie; received honoraria from Alexion, Chugai-Roche, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Novartis, Biogen, Eisai, Takeda, Asahi Kasei Medical, Teijin, and Bayer; participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board from Alexion, Chugai, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Novartis, Biogen, Eisai, Takeda, Asahi Kasei Medical, Teijin, UCB, and Viela Bio; and received medical writing support from Oxford PharmaGenesis and Apothecom. RG acquired personal fees for participation on data safety monitoring boards, and served on the advisory boards for Biogen, Hikma, Merck, Roche, and Sanofi as well as receiving a grant from Roche. FG received grants or contracts from Roche (NMO epidemiologic studies) and Novartis (MS epidemiologic studies); received honoraria from for lectures from Roche, Novartis, Stendhal, and Merck; received support for attending meetings from the European Charcot Foundation, and ECTRIMS; and reports leadership of FOCEM (Foro Centroamericano y del Caribe de la Esclerosis Múltiple y otras enfermedades desmielinizantes del Sistema Nervioso Central) and Academia Panameña de Medicina y Cirugía (both unpaid). MHab obtained honoraria from Biogen, Sanofi Genzyme, Merck, Bayer, Novartis, Pliva-Teva, Roche, and Zentiva; received support for attending meetings from Biogen, Sanofi Genzyme, Merck, Bayer, Novartis, Pliva-Teva, and Roche; and participated on advisory board for Biogen, Sanofi Genzyme, Merck, Bayer, Novartis, Pliva-Teva, and Roche. ZIl obtained grants or contracts from Biogen and Alexion; received honoraria from Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Merck, and Alexion; received payment for expert testimony from Roche; received support for attending meetings and travel from Biogen and Sanofi; and participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board from Biogen, Novartis, Merck, Sanofi, Roche, and Alexion. HJK received grants or contracts from National Research Foundation of Korea, Aprilbio, and Eisai; received consulting fees from Aprilbio, Daewoong, HanAll BioPharma, MDimune, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva-Handok, UCB, and Viela Bio; and received honoraria from Alexion, Biogen, Celltrion, Eisai, GC Pharma, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva-Handok. RM received consulting fees from UCB, Alexion, Merck, Viela Bio, Novartis, and Roche; and participated on an advisory board for Viela Bio and Roche. FP obtained research support from Alexion; received grants or contracts from German Ministry for Research Support Recipient Charité Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Einstein Foundation, Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, EU FP7 Framework Program, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck, Serono, Novartis, Bayer, Roche, Parexel, and Almirall; received honoraria from the Guthy Jackson Foundation, Bayer, Biogen, Merck Serono, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis, Viela Bio, Roche, UCB, Mitsubishi Tanabe, and Celgene; received support for attending meetings from Guthy Jackson Foundation, Bayer, Biogen, Merck Serono, Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis, Alexion, Viela Bio, Roche, UCB, Mitsubishi Tanabe, and Celgene; participated on an advisory board for Celgene, Roche, UCB, Merck; and reports leadership as academic editor for Plos One, and associate editor for Neurology, Neuroimmunology, and Neuroinflammation. MBR received support for attending meeting from Novartis. BSD received consulting fees from Chiesi; received honoraria from Chiesi and Sanofi; received support for attending meetings from Bausch + Lomb; participated on an advisory board for Chiesi; and has stock options from Accure Therapeutics. DS received grants or contracts from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), National Institute of Aging (NIA), National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS), and United States Department of State; and was a committee member for Multiple Sclerosis International Federation (MSIF) and American Neurological Association (ANA). AS received grants or contracts from the Turkish MS society, and Istanbul University Research Support Grants; received consulting fees from Roche, Merck Serono, Biogen, Gen Pharma of Türkiye, Sanofi Genzyme, and Novartis; received honoraria from Sanofi Genzyme, Novartis, Roche, and Teva; and received support for attending meetings from Sanofi Genzyme. VvP obtained grants or contracts from Biogen; received consulting fees from Biogen, Merck, Sanofi, BMS, Novartis, Janssen, Almirall, and Roche; received honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Sanofi, BMS, Novartis, Roche; and received support for attending meetings from Biogen, Roche, and Almirall. MPW received royalties from Springer Healthcare and Elsevier; received consulting fees from Biogen, Roche, Biologix, Novartis, BMS-Celgene, Imcyse, Merck Serono, Sanofi Aventis, IXICO, and Icometrix; received honoraria from Bayer, Biogen, Biologix, Genilac, Novartis, Medison, Merck Serono, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, and BMS-Celgene; and participated on a data safety monitoring board for VU University Medical Center. LB received consulting fees as editor for the Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. GTP is an Emeritus editor for Neuro-ophthalmology. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Comment in

A new classification for diagnosis of optic neuritis.
Galetta SL. Galetta SL. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Dec;21(12):1066-1068. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00334-9. Epub 2022 Sep 27. Lancet Neurol. 2022. PMID: 36179755 No abstract available.
Application of diagnostic criteria for optic neuritis.
Du Y, Luo W. Du Y, et al. Lancet Neurol. 2023 May;22(5):375. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00111-4. Lancet Neurol. 2023. PMID: 37059500 No abstract available.
Application of diagnostic criteria for optic neuritis.
Gingele S, Jendretzky KF, Bajor A, Meuth SG, Skripuletz T. Gingele S, et al. Lancet Neurol. 2023 May;22(5):375-376. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00112-6. Lancet Neurol. 2023. PMID: 37059501 No abstract available.
Application of diagnostic criteria for optic neuritis - Authors' reply.
Petzold A, Liu Y; International Consortium on Optic Neuritis (ICON). Petzold A, et al. Lancet Neurol. 2023 May;22(5):376-377. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00110-2. Lancet Neurol. 2023. PMID: 37059502 No abstract available.
Optic neuritis and MOGAD.
Htet ZM, Tallantyre E. Htet ZM, et al. J Neurol. 2023 Jun;270(6):3278-3279. doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11738-7. Epub 2023 May 8. J Neurol. 2023. PMID: 37154890 No abstract available.

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Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis

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Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis

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