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. 2011 Nov;23(4):1167-86.
doi: 10.1017/S095457941100054X.

Allostasis model facilitates understanding race differences in the diurnal cortisol rhythm

Martie L Skinner  1 , Elizabeth A Shirtcliff, Kevin P Haggerty, Christopher L Coe, Richard F Catalano
Affiliations

Allostasis model facilitates understanding race differences in the diurnal cortisol rhythm

Martie L Skinner et al. Dev Psychopathol. 2011 Nov.

Abstract

The concept of allostasis suggests that greater cumulative stress burden can influence stress-responsive physiology. Dysregulation of allostatic mediators, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is thought to precede many other signs of age-related pathology as the persistent burden of stressors accumulates over the individual's life span. We predicted that even in young adulthood, HPA regulation would differ between Blacks and Whites, reflecting, in part, higher rates of stressor exposure and greater potential for stressors to "get under the skin." We examined whether stressor exposure, including experiences with racism and discrimination, explained race differences in waking cortisol and the diurnal rhythm. We also examined whether HPA functioning was associated with mental health outcomes previously linked to cortisol. Salivary cortisol was assayed in 275 young adults (127 Blacks, 148 Whites, 19 to 22 years old), four times a day across 3 days. Hierarchical linear models revealed flatter slopes for Blacks, reflecting significantly lower waking and higher bedtime cortisol levels compared to Whites. Associations of HPA functioning with stressors were typically more robust for Whites such that more stress exposure created an HPA profile that resembled that of Black young adults. For Blacks, greater stressor exposure did not further impact HPA functioning, or, when significant, was often associated with higher cortisol levels. Across both races, flatter slopes generally indicated greater HPA dysregulation and were associated with poor mental health outcomes. These differential effects were more robust for Whites. These findings support an allostatic model in which social contextual factors influence normal biorhythms, even as early as young adulthood.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Heuristic model linking stress and allostatic mediators to outcomes. Moderation by Race was evident at each level.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Race differences in diurnal cortisol rhythm indicate lower waking and higher evening levels for Blacks compared to Whites.
Figure 3
Figure 3
A. Effect of distressed neighborhood on Cortisol Levels indicated more distressed neighborhood was associated with lower cortisol within Whites, but had a nonlinear curve within Blacks, so that the highest cortisol was observed in Blacks from distressed neighborhoods. B. Distressed Neighborhood further impacted the diurnal rhythm, but only in Whites.
Figure 4
Figure 4
A. Nonlinear association of Frequency of Antisocial Behavior on Cortisol Levels. B. Interaction between Race and Antisocial Self-Description showed lower cortisol was associated with Antisocial Behavior within Whites. The association was nonlinear for Blacks, with the most Antisocial Blacks having the highest cortisol levels.
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