ἄρχω
Appearance
See also: άρχω
Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Of disputed origin:
- From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥-sḱe-ti (“to start, rule”), which appears to be an inchoative formation from *h₂er- (“to fit, put together”), thus “to begin to fit together” > “to start, rule”. Compare Old Armenian արքայ (arkʻay, “king”), which Matzinger considered inherited from Indo-European,[1] but which is generally thought to be ultimately a borrowing from Greek.
- Alternatively from a root *h₂ergʰ- (“to begin, rule, command”), perhaps cognate with Lithuanian regė́ti (“to watch, see”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ár.kʰɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈar.kʰo/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈar.xo/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈar.xo/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈar.xo/
Verb
[edit]ἄρχω • (árkhō)
- (transitive) to begin [with genitive ‘something, from something, with something’]
- (transitive) to lead, rule, govern, command [with genitive or dative ‘someone’]
- (intransitive) to be ruler; to hold an archonship
Usage notes
[edit]- The Epic infinitive ἀρχέμεναι (arkhémenai) is attested.
- The Doric future middle form ἀρξεῦμαί (arxeûmaí) is attested. Bailly suggests a Doric imperfect middle form ἀρχόμαν (arkhóman), citing the imperfect form ἄρχετο (árkheto) in Pindar. Liddell and Scott suggest a Doric imperfect form ἆρχον (ârkhon), citing the form ἆρχε (ârkhe), also found in Pindar. Bailly further suggests the Doric aorist ἀρξάμην (arxámēn), noting the form ἄρξατο (árxato), which appears in Theocritus.
- Bailly suggests an Ionic middle imperfect form ἀρχόμην (arkhómēn), noting the form ἄρχετο (árkheto) in Herodotus. Herodotus also uses the form ἤρχετο (ḗrkheto). Bailly suggests an Ionic perfect participle ἀργμένος (argménos), noting the form ἀργμένης (argménēs), which appears in Herodotus.
Inflection
[edit] Present: ᾰ̓́ρχω, ᾰ̓́ρχομαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἦρχον | ἦρχες | ἦρχε(ν) | ἤρχετον | ἠρχέτην | ἤρχομεν | ἤρχετε | ἦρχον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἠρχόμην | ἤρχου | ἤρχετο | ἤρχεσθον | ἠρχέσθην | ἠρχόμεθᾰ | ἤρχεσθε | ἤρχοντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ᾰ̓́ρχον | ᾰ̓́ρχες | ᾰ̓́ρχε(ν) | ᾰ̓́ρχετον | ᾰ̓ρχέτην | ᾰ̓́ρχομεν | ᾰ̓́ρχετε | ᾰ̓́ρχον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ᾰ̓ρχόμην | ᾰ̓́ρχου | ᾰ̓́ρχετο | ᾰ̓́ρχεσθον | ᾰ̓ρχέσθην | ᾰ̓ρχόμε(σ)θᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρχεσθε | ᾰ̓́ρχοντο | ||||
Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Derived terms
[edit]- Ἀγάθαρχος (Agátharkhos)
- Ἀλέξαρχος (Aléxarkhos)
- ἀπάρχομαι (apárkhomai)
- ἀπάρχω (apárkhō)
- Ἀρίσταρχος (Arístarkhos)
- Ἀρχάγαθος (Arkhágathos)
- Ἀρχέδημος (Arkhédēmos)
- Ᾰ̓ρχέδῐκος (Ărkhédĭkos)
- Ἀρχέλᾱος (Arkhélāos)
- Ᾰ̓ρχέστρᾰτος (Ărkhéstrătos)
- Ἀρχίᾱς (Arkhíās)
- Αρχιγένης (Arkhigénēs)
- Ἀρχίλοχος (Arkhílokhos)
- Ἀρχιμήδης (Arkhimḗdēs)
- διάρχω (diárkhō)
- Δικαίαρχος (Dikaíarkhos)
- ἐνάρχομαι (enárkhomai)
- ἐξάρχω (exárkhō)
- ἐπάρχω (epárkhō)
- Ἵππαρχος (Hípparkhos)
- κατάρχω (katárkhō)
- Κλέαρχος (Kléarkhos)
- Κλείταρχος (Kleítarkhos)
- Πλούταρχος (Ploútarkhos)
- προάρχω (proárkhō)
- προσάρχομαι (prosárkhomai)
- συνάρχω (sunárkhō)
- Τίμαρχος (Tímarkhos)
- ὑπάρχω (hupárkhō)
- χῐμᾰ́ρᾰρχος (khĭmắrărkhos)
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- → Greek: άρχω (árcho) (learned)
References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄρχω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 145-6
Further reading
[edit]- “ἄρχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ἄρχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ἄρχω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ἄρχω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- ἄρχω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- ἄρχω in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
- “ἄρχω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G757 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms with unknown etymologies
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- Ancient Greek transitive verbs
- Ancient Greek intransitive verbs