روم

See also: زوم

Arabic

Etymology

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬 (Hrom), from Byzantine Greek Ῥωμανία (Rhōmanía, “Byzantine Empire”), from Latin Romani (“Romans”), from Roma (“Rome”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ruːm/

Noun

رُوم • (rūm) m (collective, singulative رُومِيّ m (rūmiyy), plural أَرْوَام (ʔarwām))

1. (collective) the Byzantines
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 30:2-3:

     غُلِبَتِ ٱلرُّومُ فِي أَدْنَىٰ ٱلْأَرْضِ وَهُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ غَلَبِهِم سَيَغْلِبُونَ

     ḡulibati r-rūmu fī ʔadnā l-ʔarḍi wahum min baʕdi ḡalabihim sayaḡlibūna

     The Byzantines have been overcome in the land nearby, but after the overcoming of them they soon shall overcome.

2. (collective) Greek Orthodox Christians

Declension

Declension of noun رُوم (rūm)

collective	basic collective triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	رُوم rūm	الرُّوم ar-rūm	رُوم rūm
nominative	رُومٌ rūmun	الرُّومُ ar-rūmu	رُومُ rūmu
accusative	رُومًا rūman	الرُّومَ ar-rūma	رُومَ rūma
genitive	رُومٍ rūmin	الرُّومِ ar-rūmi	رُومِ rūmi
singulative	basic singulative triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	رُومِي rūmī	الرُّومِي ar-rūmī	رُومِي rūmī
nominative	رُومِيٌّ rūmiyyun	الرُّومِيُّ ar-rūmiyyu	رُومِيُّ rūmiyyu
accusative	رُومِيًّا rūmiyyan	الرُّومِيَّ ar-rūmiyya	رُومِيَّ rūmiyya
genitive	رُومِيٍّ rūmiyyin	الرُّومِيِّ ar-rūmiyyi	رُومِيِّ rūmiyyi
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	رُومِيَّيْن rūmiyyayn	الرُّومِيَّيْن ar-rūmiyyayn	رُومِيَّيْ rūmiyyay
nominative	رُومِيَّانِ rūmiyyāni	الرُّومِيَّانِ ar-rūmiyyāni	رُومِيَّا rūmiyyā
accusative	رُومِيَّيْنِ rūmiyyayni	الرُّومِيَّيْنِ ar-rūmiyyayni	رُومِيَّيْ rūmiyyay
genitive	رُومِيَّيْنِ rūmiyyayni	الرُّومِيَّيْنِ ar-rūmiyyayni	رُومِيَّيْ rūmiyyay
paucal (3-10)	basic broken paucal triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	رُوم rūm	الرُّوم ar-rūm	رُوم rūm
nominative	رُومٌ rūmun	الرُّومُ ar-rūmu	رُومُ rūmu
accusative	رُومًا rūman	الرُّومَ ar-rūma	رُومَ rūma
genitive	رُومٍ rūmin	الرُّومِ ar-rūmi	رُومِ rūmi
plural of variety	basic broken plural triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	أَرْوَام ʔarwām	الْأَرْوَام al-ʔarwām	أَرْوَام ʔarwām
nominative	أَرْوَامٌ ʔarwāmun	الْأَرْوَامُ al-ʔarwāmu	أَرْوَامُ ʔarwāmu
accusative	أَرْوَامًا ʔarwāman	الْأَرْوَامَ al-ʔarwāma	أَرْوَامَ ʔarwāma
genitive	أَرْوَامٍ ʔarwāmin	الْأَرْوَامِ al-ʔarwāmi	أَرْوَامِ ʔarwāmi

References

• Wehr, Hans (1979) “روم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic رُوم (rūm), الرُّوم (ar-rūm), from Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬 (Hrom), from Byzantine Greek Ῥωμανία (Rhōmanía), from Latin Romani, from Roma (“Rome”). In particular application to central Anatolia, from such use in Seljuk Old Anatolian Turkish.

Proper noun

روم • (Rum or Rûm)

1. (historical) Byzantine Empire (a former country in Europe, Asia and Africa)
2. (historical) Rum (an eyalet in the Ottoman Empire)
3. (historical) Various other areas of the Ottoman Empire full of "Roman" (i.e. Byzantine Greek) people, particularly central Anatolia
4. Rome (the capital of Italy)
5. (historical) Rome, Ancient Rome (an ancient empire based out of the city of Rome, covering vast territories in Europe, Asia and Africa)

Synonyms

• (Ottoman eyalet): سیواس (Sivas)

Derived terms

• روم‌ایلی (“Rumelia”)

Descendants

• English: Rum
• German: Rum
• → Laz: ურუმი (urumi), რუმი (rumi) — Ortaalan, Lome, Batumi
• Swahili: Rum
• Turkish: Rum

References

• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “Rum”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “روم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[1], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 994

Persian

Etymology 1

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬 (Hrōm), from Byzantine Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē, “Rome”) and Ῥωμανία (Rhōmanía, “Byzantine Empire”), from Latin Romani (“Romans”), from Roma (“Rome”) of uncertain origin. In particular application to central Anatolia, from such use in Seljuk Old Anatolian Turkish.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ɾuːm]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ruːm]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ruːm]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ruːm]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [rum]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ɹuːm]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ɾum]

Readings
Classical reading?	rūm
Dari reading?	rūm
Iranian reading?	rum
Tajik reading?	rum

Proper noun

Dari	روم
Iranian Persian
Tajik	Рум

روم • (Rum)

1. (obsolete or archaic) Synonym of رُم (Rom): Rome (the capital of Italy)
2. (historical) Rome, Ancient Rome (an ancient empire based out of the city of Rome, covering vast territories in Europe, Asia and Africa)

   روم باستان ― rum-e bâstân ― Ancient Rome

   جمهوری روم ― jomhuri-ye rum ― Roman Republic

3. (historical, dated) Synonym of بیزانس (Bizâns), Byzantine Empire (a former country in Europe, Asia and Africa)
4. (archaic) Synonym of آناتولی (Ânâtoli), Anatolia (a region of southwestern Asia)
5. (historical, dated) Synonym of امپراتوری عثمانی (Emperâturi 'Osmâni), Ottoman Empire (a former country in Europe, Asia and Africa)

Usage notes

Medieval Persian sources followed Byzantine usage in referring to their empire as "Rome". This usage was then continued as a conventional name for the Ottoman empire over the same lands.

The term was also sometimes used vaguely for all the lands west of Iran, particularly hostile powers. In the Shahnama epic tradition, "Rome" is one of the three kingdoms into which the world is divided, along with Iran in the center and Turan (the Turks) in the east. Thus Alexander the Great was typically described as "Roman" in Persian poetry. Persian poetry also used the pale-skinned "Romans" and "Turks" as metaphors for light, whiteness, or the day in contrasted with the darkness, blackness, or night of زنگ (Zang, “Abyssinia or Africa”).

Derived terms

• رومی (rumi)
• یا رومی روم، یا زنگی زنگ (yâ rumi-ye rum, yâ zangi-ye zang)
• نه رومی روم، نه زنگی زنگ (na rumi-ye rum, na zangi-ye zang)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English Rome.

Pronunciation

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [roːm]

Readings
Dari reading?	rōm

Noun

Dari	روم
Iranian Persian	رُم
Tajik	Рум

روم • (rôm) (Dari)

1. Rome (A major city, the capital of Italy and the Italian region of Lazio, located on the Tiber River; the ancient capital of the Roman Empire)
2. Rome (a metropolitan city of Lazio, Italy)
3. (historical) Rome, Ancient Rome (an ancient empire based out of the city of Rome, covering vast territories in Europe, Asia and Africa)