State intermediate appellate court elections, 2024

2024 State Judicial Elections
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Thirty states held intermediate appellate court elections in 2024. There were 223 seats on intermediate appellate courts up for election.

In addition, in the U.S. Territories, three intermediate appellate court judges were on the ballot in retention elections in 2024. Two judges on the Guam Superior Court and one on the Northern Mariana Islands Superior Court stood for retention to remain on the bench.

Intermediate appellate courts serve as an intermediate step between the trial courts and the courts of last resort in a state. Their jurisdiction varies from state to state.

Click here for information on state supreme court elections. Click here for information on local trial court elections.

Offices up for election in 2024

The following states held elections for intermediate appellate court seats in 2024.

2024 state intermediate appellate court elections

State	Seats up for election	Election method
Alabama	6	Partisan
Alaska	2	Retention
Arizona	4	Retention
Arkansas	2	Nonpartisan
Colorado	5	Retention
Florida	23	Retention
Georgia	7	Nonpartisan
Idaho	2	Nonpartisan
Illinois	14	Partisan and retention
Indiana	2	Retention
Iowa	4	Retention
Kansas	7	Retention
Kentucky	1	Nonpartisan
Louisiana	10	Partisan
Maryland	6	Retention
Michigan	9	Nonpartisan
Minnesota	7	Nonpartisan
Mississippi	3	Nonpartisan
Missouri	10	Retention
New Mexico	3	Retention
North Carolina	3	Partisan
Ohio	24	Partisan
Oklahoma	6	Retention
Oregon	4	Nonpartisan
Tennessee	1	Retention
Texas	46	Partisan
Utah	1	Retention
Washington	8	Nonpartisan
West Virginia	1	Nonpartisan
Wisconsin	2	Nonpartisan

List of candidates

The table below contains a list of all candidates who are running for state intermediate appellate courts in 2024. The table is fully searchable by candidate, party and candidacy status. Depending on the size of your screen, you'll either see a menu to the left of the table or an arrow at the top right corner, which you can use to select a state.

STATESelect Tab

• Alabama
• Arkansas
• Georgia
• Idaho
• Michigan
• Minnesota
• Mississippi
• North Carolina
• Ohio
• Oregon
• Texas
• Washington
• West Virginia
• Wisconsin

Alabama Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Chad Hanson Incumbent	Republican	Alabama Court of Civil Appeals	Won General
Stephen Davis Parker	Republican	Alabama Court of Civil Appeals	Lost Primary
Christy Olinger Edwards Incumbent	Republican	Alabama Court of Civil Appeals	Won General
Terry A. Moore Incumbent	Republican	Alabama Court of Civil Appeals	Won General
J. William Cole Incumbent	Republican	Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals	Won General
Rich Anderson	Republican	Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals	Won General
Thomas Govan	Republican	Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals	Lost Primary
Richard Minor Incumbent	Republican	Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals	Won General

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Arkansas Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Casey Tucker	Nonpartisan	Arkansas Court of Appeals District 6 Position 1	Won General Runoff
Pam Hathaway	Nonpartisan	Arkansas Court of Appeals District 6 Position 1	Lost General
Molly McNulty	Nonpartisan	Arkansas Court of Appeals District 6 Position 1	Lost General Runoff
Waymond Brown Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Arkansas Court of Appeals District 7	Won General

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Georgia Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Jeffrey A. Watkins Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Georgia Court of Appeals	Won General
Ken Hodges Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Georgia Court of Appeals	Won General
Ben Land Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Georgia Court of Appeals	Won General
Jeff Davis	Nonpartisan	Georgia Court of Appeals	Won General
Tabitha Ponder	Nonpartisan	Georgia Court of Appeals	Lost General
Stephen Dillard Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Georgia Court of Appeals	Won General
Brian Rickman Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Georgia Court of Appeals	Won General
Amanda Mercier Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Georgia Court of Appeals	Won General

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Idaho Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Jessica Lorello Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Idaho Court of Appeals	Won General
David Gratton Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Idaho Court of Appeals	Won General

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Michigan Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Kirsten Frank Kelly Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Michigan 1st District Court of Appeals 2 seats	Won General
Michael Riordan Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Michigan 1st District Court of Appeals 2 seats	Won General
Matthew Ackerman	Nonpartisan	Michigan 2nd District Court of Appeals	Won General
Latoya Willis	Nonpartisan	Michigan 2nd District Court of Appeals	Lost General
Lisa Marie Neilson	Nonpartisan	Michigan 2nd District Court of Appeals	Disqualified Primary
Randy Wallace Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Michigan 2nd District Court of Appeals 2 seats	Won General
Adrienne Young Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Michigan 2nd District Court of Appeals 2 seats	Won General
Philip Mariani Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Michigan 3rd District Court of Appeals 2 seats	Won General
Christopher P. Yates Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Michigan 3rd District Court of Appeals 2 seats	Won General
Stephen L. Borrello Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Michigan 4th District Court of Appeals	Won General

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Minnesota Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Keala Ede Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Minnesota Court of Appeals	Won General
Elise Larson Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Minnesota Court of Appeals	Won General
Diane Bratvold Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Minnesota Court of Appeals	Won General
Jonathan Woolsey	Nonpartisan	Minnesota Court of Appeals	Lost General
Tracy M. Smith Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Minnesota Court of Appeals	Won General
Jon Schmidt Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Minnesota Court of Appeals	Won General
Renee L. Worke Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Minnesota Court of Appeals	Won General
Sarah Wheelock Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Minnesota Court of Appeals	Won General

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Mississippi Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Latrice Westbrooks Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Mississippi Court of Appeals District 2 Position 2	Won General
Jack Wilson Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Mississippi Court of Appeals District 3 Position 1	Won General
Amy St. Pe	Nonpartisan	Mississippi Court of Appeals District 5 Position 2	Won General Runoff
Ian Baker	Nonpartisan	Mississippi Court of Appeals District 5 Position 2	Lost General
Jennifer Schloegel	Nonpartisan	Mississippi Court of Appeals District 5 Position 2	Lost General Runoff
Chad Smith	Nonpartisan	Mississippi Court of Appeals District 5 Position 2	Withdrew General

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

North Carolina Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Valerie Johnson Zachary Incumbent	Republican	North Carolina Court of Appeals	Won General
Ed Eldred	Democratic	North Carolina Court of Appeals	Lost General
Thomas Murry	Republican	North Carolina Court of Appeals	Won General
Carolyn J. Thompson Incumbent	Democratic	North Carolina Court of Appeals	Lost General
Christopher A. Freeman	Republican	North Carolina Court of Appeals	Won General
Hunter Murphy Incumbent	Republican	North Carolina Court of Appeals	Lost Primary
Martin Moore	Democratic	North Carolina Court of Appeals	Lost General

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Ohio Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Michelle Sheehan Incumbent	Democratic	Ohio Eighth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Mary Boyle Incumbent	Democratic	Ohio Eighth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Deena R. Calabrese	Democratic	Ohio Eighth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Eileen T. Gallagher Incumbent	Democratic	Ohio Eighth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Scott Lynch	Republican	Ohio Eleventh District Court of Appeals	Won General
Colleen O'Toole	Republican	Ohio Eleventh District Court of Appeals	Lost Primary
John Eklund Incumbent	Republican	Ohio Eleventh District Court of Appeals	Won General
Shelley Pratt	Republican	Ohio Eleventh District Court of Appeals	Lost Primary
David Gormley	Republican	Ohio Fifth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Patricia Delaney Incumbent	Republican	Ohio Fifth District Court of Appeals	Lost Primary
Robert G. Montgomery	Republican	Ohio Fifth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Aletha Carver	Republican	Ohio Fifth District Court of Appeals	Lost Primary
Jeff Furr	Republican	Ohio Fifth District Court of Appeals	Lost Primary
Kevin Popham	Republican	Ohio Fifth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Dixie Park	Republican	Ohio Fifth District Court of Appeals	Lost Primary
Terry Nestor	Democratic	Ohio First District Court of Appeals	Won General
Sean Donovan	Republican	Ohio First District Court of Appeals	Lost General
Candace Crouse Incumbent	Democratic	Ohio First District Court of Appeals	Won General
M. Elizabeth Polston	Republican	Ohio First District Court of Appeals	Lost General
Rich Moore	Democratic	Ohio First District Court of Appeals	Won General
Robert Goering	Republican	Ohio First District Court of Appeals	Lost General
Marilyn Zayas Incumbent	Democratic	Ohio First District Court of Appeals	Won General
Stacy Lefton	Republican	Ohio First District Court of Appeals	Lost General
Mike Hess Incumbent	Republican	Ohio Fourth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Jason Smith Incumbent	Republican	Ohio Fourth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Jennifer Lee Hensal Incumbent	Republican	Ohio Ninth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Steve Elliott	Democratic	Ohio Ninth District Court of Appeals	Lost General
Robert Hanseman	Republican	Ohio Second District Court of Appeals	Won General
Chris Epley Incumbent	Republican	Ohio Second District Court of Appeals	Lost Primary
Katelyn Dickey Incumbent	Republican	Ohio Seventh District Court of Appeals	Won General
Mary DeGenaro	Republican	Ohio Seventh District Court of Appeals	Lost Primary
Gene A. Zmuda Incumbent	Republican	Ohio Sixth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Laurel Beatty Blunt Incumbent	Democratic	Ohio Tenth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Shawn Dingus	Democratic	Ohio Tenth District Court of Appeals	Won General
John Willamowski Incumbent	Republican	Ohio Third District Court of Appeals	Won General
Melena Siebert	Republican	Ohio Twelfth District Court of Appeals	Won General
Barbara Schneider Carter	Republican	Ohio Twelfth District Court of Appeals	Lost Primary

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Oregon Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Megan Harris-Jacquot Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Oregon Court of Appeals Position 2	Won Primary
Robyn Ridler Aoyagi Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Oregon Court of Appeals Position 4	Won Primary
Daniel Zene Crowe	Nonpartisan	Oregon Court of Appeals Position 4	Withdrew Primary
James C. Egan Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Oregon Court of Appeals Position 6	Won Primary
Steven Powers Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Oregon Court of Appeals Position 7	Won Primary

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Texas Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
David Schenck	Republican	Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Presiding Judge	Won General
Sharon Keller Incumbent	Republican	Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Presiding Judge	Lost Primary
Holly Taylor	Democratic	Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Presiding Judge	Lost General
Gina Parker	Republican	Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Place 7	Won General
Barbara Hervey Incumbent	Republican	Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Place 7	Lost Primary
Nancy Mulder	Democratic	Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Place 7	Lost General
Mark Ash	Libertarian	Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Place 7	Disqualified General
Lee Finley	Republican	Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Place 8	Won General
Michelle Slaughter Incumbent	Republican	Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Place 8	Lost Primary
Chika Anyiam	Democratic	Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Place 8	Lost General
Stephan Kinsella	Libertarian	Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Place 8	Disqualified General
Lisa Soto Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Eighth District Court of Appeals Place 2	Won General
Gina Palafox Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Eighth District Court of Appeals Place 3	Won General
John Bailey Incumbent	Republican	Texas Eleventh District Court of Appeals Chief Justice	Won General
J.J. Koch	Republican	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Chief Justice	Won General
Dennise Garcia	Democratic	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Chief Justice	Lost Primary
Staci Williams	Democratic	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Chief Justice	Lost General
Jessica Voyce Lewis	Republican	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 2	Won General
Robbie Partida-Kipness Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 2	Lost General
Cynthia Barbare	Republican	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 5	Won General
Erin Nowell Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 5	Lost General
Tina Yoo Clinton	Democratic	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 9	Won General
Matthew Kolodoski	Republican	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 9	Lost General
Theresa Bui Creevy	Democratic	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 9	Disqualified Primary
Earl Jackson	Republican	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 10	Won General
Amanda Reichek Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 10	Lost General
Gino Rossini	Republican	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 11	Won General
Cory Carlyle Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 11	Lost Primary
Kim Cooks	Democratic	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 11	Lost General
Mike Lee	Republican	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 12	Won General
Ken Molberg Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 12	Lost General
Emily Miskel Incumbent	Republican	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 13	Won General
Tonya Parker	Democratic	Texas Fifth District Court of Appeals Place 13	Lost General
Jennifer Caughey	Republican	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 2	Won General
Gordon Goodman Incumbent	Democratic	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 2	Lost Primary
Brendetta Scott	Democratic	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 2	Lost General
Andrew Johnson	Republican	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 6	Won General
Sarah Beth Landau Incumbent	Democratic	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 6	Lost General
Clint Morgan	Republican	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 7	Won General
Julie Countiss Incumbent	Democratic	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 7	Lost General
Kristin Guiney	Republican	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 8	Won General
Richard Hightower Incumbent	Democratic	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 8	Lost General
Ysidra Kyles	Democratic	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 8	Lost Primary
Susanna Dokupil	Republican	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 9	Won General
Amber Boyd-Cora	Democratic	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 9	Lost General
Peter M. Kelly Incumbent	Democratic	Texas First District Court of Appeals Place 9	Lost Primary
Chad Bridges	Republican	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 3	Won General
Velda Faulkner	Democratic	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 3	Lost General
Mark Ritchie	Democratic	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 3	Lost Primary
Chuck Silverman	Democratic	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 3	Lost Primary
Jerry Zimmerer Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 3	Lost Primary Runoff
Tonya Rolland McLaughlin	Republican	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 4	Won General
Steve Rogers	Republican	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 4	Lost Primary
Derek Obialo	Democratic	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 4	Lost Primary
Charles Spain Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 4	Lost General
Maritza Antu	Republican	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 5	Won General
Frances Bourliot Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 5	Lost General
Katy Boatman	Republican	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 6	Won General
Meagan Hassan Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 6	Lost General
Sara Padua Cordúa	Democratic	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 6	Lost Primary
Brad Hart	Republican	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 8	Won General
Margaret Poissant Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fourteenth District Court of Appeals Place 8	Lost General
Velia Meza	Democratic	Texas Fourth District Court of Appeals Place 2	Won General
Beth Watkins Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fourth District Court of Appeals Place 2	Lost Primary
Todd McCray	Republican	Texas Fourth District Court of Appeals Place 3	Won General
Michael Ritter	Republican	Texas Fourth District Court of Appeals Place 3	Lost Primary
Cynthia Marie Chapa	Democratic	Texas Fourth District Court of Appeals Place 3	Lost General
Lori Brissette	Republican	Texas Fourth District Court of Appeals Place 4	Won General
Luz Elena Chapa Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fourth District Court of Appeals Place 4	Lost General
Adrian Spears	Republican	Texas Fourth District Court of Appeals Place 5	Won General
Liza Rodriguez Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Fourth District Court of Appeals Place 5	Lost General
Lori I. Valenzuela Incumbent	Republican	Texas Fourth District Court of Appeals Place 7	Won General
Leanne Johnson Incumbent	Republican	Texas Ninth District Court of Appeals Place 3	Won General
Kent Chambers	Republican	Texas Ninth District Court of Appeals Place 4	Won General
Kenna Seiler	Republican	Texas Ninth District Court of Appeals Place 4	Lost Primary
Bonnie Sudderth Incumbent	Republican	Texas Second District Court of Appeals Chief Justice	Won General
Wade Birdwell Incumbent	Republican	Texas Second District Court of Appeals Place 4	Won General
Dabney Bassel Incumbent	Republican	Texas Second District Court of Appeals Place 5	Won General
Mike Wallach Incumbent	Republican	Texas Second District Court of Appeals Place 6	Won General
Judy Parker Incumbent	Republican	Texas Seventh District Court of Appeals Place 2	Won General
Alex Yarbrough Incumbent	Republican	Texas Seventh District Court of Appeals Place 3	Won General
Jeff Rambin Incumbent	Republican	Texas Sixth District Court of Appeals Place 2	Won General
Matt Johnson	Republican	Texas Tenth District Court of Appeals Chief Justice	Won General
Maggie Ellis	Democratic	Texas Third District Court of Appeals Place 2	Won General
John Messinger	Republican	Texas Third District Court of Appeals Place 2	Lost General
Melissa Lorber	Democratic	Texas Third District Court of Appeals Place 2	Lost Primary
Edward Smith Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Third District Court of Appeals Place 2	Lost Primary Runoff
Chari Kelly Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Third District Court of Appeals Place 3	Won General
Karin Crump	Democratic	Texas Third District Court of Appeals Place 5	Won General
Thomas Baker Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Third District Court of Appeals Place 5	Lost Primary
Gisela Triana Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Third District Court of Appeals Place 6	Won General
Jaime Tijerina	Republican	Texas Thirteenth District Court of Appeals Chief Justice	Won General
Gina Benavides	Democratic	Texas Thirteenth District Court of Appeals Chief Justice	Lost General
Jenny Cron	Republican	Texas Thirteenth District Court of Appeals Place 2	Won General
Nora Longoria Incumbent	Democratic	Texas Thirteenth District Court of Appeals Place 2	Lost General
Ysmael Fonseca	Republican	Texas Thirteenth District Court of Appeals Place 4	Won General
Jose Martinez	Democratic	Texas Thirteenth District Court of Appeals Place 4	Lost General
Jon West	Republican	Texas Thirteenth District Court of Appeals Place 5	Won General
Regina Compian Richardson	Democratic	Texas Thirteenth District Court of Appeals Place 5	Lost General
Greg Neeley Incumbent	Republican	Texas Twelfth District Court of Appeals Place 3	Won General
Maria Ramirez Incumbent	Nonpartisan	El Paso Municipal Court of Appeals	Won General
Luis Yanez	Nonpartisan	El Paso Municipal Court of Appeals	Lost General

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Washington Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Leonard Feldman Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Washington Court of Appeals Division I District 1	Won General
Janet Chung Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Washington Court of Appeals Division I District 1	Won General
Cecily Hazelrigg-Hernandez Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Washington Court of Appeals Division I District 3	Won General
Linda C.J. Lee Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Washington Court of Appeals Division II District 1	Won General
Rebecca Glasgow Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Washington Court of Appeals Division II District 2	Won General
Bernard Veljacic Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Washington Court of Appeals Division II District 3	Won General
John Cooney Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Washington Court of Appeals Division III District 1	Won General
Robert Lawrence-Berrey Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Washington Court of Appeals Division III District 3	Won General

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

West Virginia Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Charles S. Trump IV	Nonpartisan	Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia	Won General
Haley Bunn Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia	Won General
Ryan White	Nonpartisan	West Virginia Intermediate Court of Appeals	Won General
Elgine McArdle	Nonpartisan	West Virginia Intermediate Court of Appeals	Lost General
Mychal Schulz	Nonpartisan	West Virginia Intermediate Court of Appeals	Lost General

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Wisconsin Court of Appeals Candidates - 2024

candidate	party	office	status
Pedro A. Colón Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Wisconsin Court of Appeals District I	Won General
Gwen Connolly	Nonpartisan	Wisconsin Court of Appeals District I	Withdrew Primary
JoAnne Kloppenburg Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV	Won General

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Judicial selection methods

See also: Judicial selection in the states

States use a variety of methods to elect intermediate appellate court judges.

• In a partisan election, candidates may be nominated by political parties or declare their party affiliations upon filing to stand in the election. Primaries are typically held to narrow down the candidates to one per party before the general election; some states hold primaries in which candidates of all parties compete with each other and the top vote-getters advance regardless of party.
• In a nonpartisan election, some states require candidates to declare their party affiliations, while some states prohibit them from doing so. If primaries are held, they do not narrow the candidates to one per party; instead, they typically narrow the candidates to two for each seat regardless of party.
• In a retention election, an incumbent judge does not face an opponent. A question is placed on the ballot asking whether each judge shall be retained for another term, and voters choose "yes" or "no." Judges must receive majority "yes" votes in order to remain in their seats.

To learn more about judicial selection methods, click here.

Analysis of state elections

See also: Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024

State legislative elections

See also: State legislative elections, 2024

In the 50 states, there are 99 state legislative chambers altogether. Across 44 states, 85 of those chambers held regular legislative elections in 2024. These elections were for 5,807 of the country's 7,386 state legislative seats (79%). The general election for state legislative races was held on November 5, 2024.

Two state legislative chambers, the Michigan and Minnesota state Houses, changed party control following the 2024 general election. Republicans won control of the Michigan House from Democrats, and won a tie in the Minnesota House.

To learn more about the state legislative races that were on your ballot, click here to use our Sample Ballot Lookup tool.

States are also holding special state legislative elections in 2024 to fill vacant seats. Click here for more.

In the U.S. Territories, seven legislative chambers held regularly scheduled elections for 169 seats in 2024. Elections were held for the American Samoa House of Representatives, the Guam Legislature, the Puerto Rico Senate and House of Representatives, the Northern Mariana Islands Senate and House of Representatives, and the U.S. Virgin Islands Legislature.

As of May 3rd, 2025, Republicans controlled 55.65% of all state legislative seats nationally, while Democrats held 43.64%. Republicans held a majority in 57 chambers, and Democrats held the majority in 39 chambers. Two chambers (Alaska House and Alaska Senate) were organized under multipartisan, power-sharing coalitions. One chamber (Minnesota House of Representatives) was split evenly between both parties.

Partisan balance of all 7,386 state legislative seats
Legislative chamber			Other	Vacant
State senates	832	1,124	5	12
State houses	2,391	2,986	19	17
Total:	3,223	4,110	24	29

Featured analysis

• State legislative seats that changed party control in 2024: As a result of the Nov. 5, 2024, elections, partisan composition of all 7,386 state legislative seats changed by 0.7 percentage points. Democrats had a net loss of 54 seats, representing 0.7% of all state legislative seats. Republicans had a net gain of 55 seats, representing 0.7% of all state legislative seats. Independents and minor party officeholders had a net loss of one seat, representing 0.01% of all state legislative seats.
• Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report: Vol. 12, 2022: Competitiveness refers to the presence of choice throughout the election cycle. A greater level of competitiveness means voters have the ability to make more decisions. A lower level of competitiveness equals fewer choices. State legislative competitiveness in 2022 reached its highest level compared to all even-year election cycles since 2010. In 2022, the nationwide State Legislative Competitiveness Index is 36.2, beating out 2018 (36.1) and the 2012 post-redistricting cycle (35.2).

More related analysis

Tap the box below to show more analysis articles related to the 2024 state legislative elections.

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• Annual Competitiveness Report
• State legislative special elections
• Primary election competitiveness in state and federal government, 2024
• Impact of term limits
• Open seats
• Contested primaries
• Incumbents in contested primaries
• Data on incumbents defeated in 2024
• Major party competition
• Unconstested incumbents
• Trifecta vulnerability in the 2024 elections
• Candidates with the same last names, 2024
• Rematches in 2024 general elections
• Ballotpedia's Top 15 Elections to Watch, 2024
• Trends in the margins of victory for incumbents of three or more terms, 2018-2024
• Election results, 2024: State legislative veto-proof majorities
• Wave election analysis
• Election results, 2024: Incumbent win rates by state
• Election results, 2024: Uncontested races by state
• Incumbents who won primaries by five percentage points or fewer or with a plurality, 2024
• Margin of victory analysis for the 2024 state legislative elections
• Election results, 2024: State legislative races decided by fewer than 100 votes

State executive elections

See also: State executive official elections, 2024

State executive offices up for election in 2024 included 11 gubernatorial seats, nine lieutenant gubernatorial seats, 10 attorney general seats, and seven secretary of state seats. Including down-ballot races, there were 167 state executive seats up for election across 30 states in 2024.

In 2022, 307 state executive offices were up for election across 44 states. Twenty offices changed party control, including two previously held Republican lieutenant governorships that changed parties because the governor and lieutenant governor ran on a joint ticket. Of the 18 offices which changed partisan control due to direct election, 10 switched from Democrat to Republican, seven switched from Republican to Democrat, and one nonpartisan official was succeeded by a Republican. A total of 26 incumbents seeking re-election to state executive offices were defeated, with 10 of those losing in the general election and 16 losing in their party's primary or nominating convention.

Featured analysis (from 2022)

• Trifecta vulnerability in the 2022 elections: Thirteen state government trifectas were vulnerable in the 2022 elections, according to Ballotpedia's annual trifecta vulnerability ratings. Democrats defended seven vulnerable trifectas and Republicans defended six. A state government trifecta occurs when one party holds the governorship and majorities in both chambers of the state legislature. At the time of the 2022 elections, there were 37 state government trifectas: 23 Republican trifectas and 14 Democratic trifectas. The remaining 13 states had a divided government where neither party had a trifecta.
• State government triplexes: Heading into the November 8 elections, there were 23 Republican triplexes, 18 Democratic triplexes, and 9 divided governments where neither party held triplex control. A state government triplex is a term to describe when one political party holds the following three positions in a state's government: governor, attorney general, and secretary of state. In states where the attorney general or secretary of state are appointed by the governor, Ballotpedia considers the office to be held by the governor's party for the purposes of defining triplexes.
• Annual State Executive Competitiveness Report: Ballotpedia's 2022 study of competitiveness in state executive official elections found that 37.1% of incumbents did not seek re-election, leaving those offices open. This was higher than in 2020 (35.6%) and 2014 (32.7%) but lower than in 2018 (38.6%) and 2016 (45.2%). The decade average for open offices was 37.8%.

More related analysis

Tap the box below to show more analysis articles related to the 2024 state executive elections.

Click here to view more related articles

• State executive official elections overview
• State executive officials election results
• Primary election competitiveness in state and federal government, 2024
• Gubernatorial elections
• Split-ticket states in the 2024 presidential and gubernatorial elections
• Secretary of State elections
• Attorney General elections
• Historical and potential changes in trifectas
• State government trifectas
• Endorsements of school board members by state executive officeholders and candidates, 2024
• Impact of term limits on state executive elections
• Rematches in 2024 general elections
• Veto-proof state legislatures and opposing party governors
• Trends in the margins of victory for incumbents of three or more terms, 2018-2024
• Ballotpedia's Top 15 Elections to Watch, 2024
• Wave election analysis
• Incumbents who won primaries by five percentage points or fewer or with a plurality, 2024

State judicial elections

See also: State judicial elections, 2024

A total of 306 appellate court seats were up for election in 2024. The seats included:

• 83 supreme court seats.
• 223 intermediate appellate court seats.

Ballotpedia provided coverage of supreme court and intermediate appellate court elections, as well as local trial court elections for judges within the 100 largest cities in the United States as measured by population.

In addition, in the U.S. Territories, four judges were on the ballot in retention elections in 2024. One judge on the Guam Supreme Court, two on the Guam Superior Court, and one on the Northern Mariana Islands Superior Court stood for retention to remain on the bench.

Featured analysis

• Partisanship of state supreme court judges: In June 2020, Ballotpedia conducted a study into the partisanship of state supreme court justices. The study placed each justice into one of five categories indicating confidence in their affiliations with either the Democratic or Republican Parties. These categories were Strong Democratic, Mild Democratic, Indeterminate, Mild Republican, and Strong Republican.

More related analysis

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• State supreme court elections, 2024
• State judicial elections, 2024
• Ballotpedia's Top 15 Elections to Watch, 2024
• Trends in the margins of victory for incumbents of three or more terms, 2018-2024
• Incumbents who won primaries by five percentage points or fewer or with a plurality, 2024

See also

• Judicial selection in the states
• State judicial elections, 2024
• State supreme court elections, 2024

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