=head1 NAME perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl =head1 DESCRIPTION =head2 Important Caveat WARNING: The implementation of Unicode support in Perl is incomplete. The following areas need further work. =over =item Input and Output Disciplines There is currently no easy way to mark data read from a file or other external source as being utf8. This will be one of the major areas of focus in the near future. =item Regular Expressions The existing regular expression compiler does not produce polymorphic opcodes. This means that the determination on whether to match Unicode characters is made when the pattern is compiled, based on whether the pattern contains Unicode characters, and not when the matching happens at run time. This needs to be changed to adaptively match Unicode if the string to be matched is Unicode. =item C still needed to enable a few features The C pragma implements the tables used for Unicode support. These tables are automatically loaded on demand, so the C pragma need not normally be used. However, as a compatibility measure, this pragma must be explicitly used to enable recognition of UTF-8 encoded literals and identifiers in the source text. =back =head2 Byte and Character semantics Beginning with version 5.6, Perl uses logically wide characters to represent strings internally. This internal representation of strings uses the UTF-8 encoding. In future, Perl-level operations can be expected to work with characters rather than bytes, in general. However, as strictly an interim compatibility measure, Perl v5.6 aims to provide a safe migration path from byte semantics to character semantics for programs. For operations where Perl can unambiguously decide that the input data is characters, Perl now switches to character semantics. For operations where this determination cannot be made without additional information from the user, Perl decides in favor of compatibility, and chooses to use byte semantics. This behavior preserves compatibility with earlier versions of Perl, which allowed byte semantics in Perl operations, but only as long as none of the program's inputs are marked as being as source of Unicode character data. Such data may come from filehandles, from calls to external programs, from information provided by the system (such as %ENV), or from literals and constants in the source text. If the C command line switch is used, (or the ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS} global flag is set to C), all system calls will use the corresponding wide character APIs. This is currently only implemented on Windows. Regardless of the above, the C pragma can always be used to force byte semantics in a particular lexical scope. See L. The C pragma is primarily a compatibility device that enables recognition of UTF-8 in literals encountered by the parser. It may also be used for enabling some of the more experimental Unicode support features. Note that this pragma is only required until a future version of Perl in which character semantics will become the default. This pragma may then become a no-op. See L. Unless mentioned otherwise, Perl operators will use character semantics when they are dealing with Unicode data, and byte semantics otherwise. Thus, character semantics for these operations apply transparently; if the input data came from a Unicode source (for example, by adding a character encoding discipline to the filehandle whence it came, or a literal UTF-8 string constant in the program), character semantics apply; otherwise, byte semantics are in effect. To force byte semantics on Unicode data, the C pragma should be used. Under character semantics, many operations that formerly operated on bytes change to operating on characters. For ASCII data this makes no difference, because UTF-8 stores ASCII in single bytes, but for any character greater than C, the character may be stored in a sequence of two or more bytes, all of which have the high bit set. But by and large, the user need not worry about this, because Perl hides it from the user. A character in Perl is logically just a number ranging from 0 to 2**32 or so. Larger characters encode to longer sequences of bytes internally, but again, this is just an internal detail which is hidden at the Perl level. =head2 Effects of character semantics Character semantics have the following effects: =over 4 =item * Strings and patterns may contain characters that have an ordinal value larger than 255. Presuming you use a Unicode editor to edit your program, such characters will typically occur directly within the literal strings as UTF-8 characters, but you can also specify a particular character with an extension of the C notation. UTF-8 characters are specified by putting the hexadecimal code within curlies after the C. For instance, a Unicode smiley face is C. A character in the Latin-1 range (128..255) should be written C rather than C, since the former will turn into a two-byte UTF-8 code, while the latter will continue to be interpreted as generating a 8-bit byte rather than a character. In fact, if the C pragma of the C switch is turned on, it will produce a warning that you might be generating invalid UTF-8. =item * Identifiers within the Perl script may contain Unicode alphanumeric characters, including ideographs. (You are currently on your own when it comes to using the canonical forms of characters--Perl doesn't (yet) attempt to canonicalize variable names for you.) =item * Regular expressions match characters instead of bytes. For instance, "." matches a character instead of a byte. (However, the C pattern is provided to force a match a single byte ("C" in C, hence C).) =item * Character classes in regular expressions match characters instead of bytes, and match against the character properties specified in the Unicode properties database. So C can be used to match an ideograph, for instance. =item * Named Unicode properties and block ranges make be used as character classes via the new C (matches property) and C (doesn't match property) constructs. For instance, C matches any character with the Unicode uppercase property, while C matches any mark character. Single letter properties may omit the brackets, so that can be written C also. Many predefined character classes are available, such as C and C. =item * The special pattern C match matches any extended Unicode sequence (a "combining character sequence" in Standardese), where the first character is a base character and subsequent characters are mark characters that apply to the base character. It is equivalent to C. =item * The C operator translates characters instead of bytes. It can also be forced to translate between 8-bit codes and UTF-8. For instance, if you know your input in Latin-1, you can say: while () { tr/\0-\xff//CU; # latin1 char to utf8 ... } Similarly you could translate your output with tr/\0-\x{ff}//UC; # utf8 to latin1 char No, C doesn't take /U or /C (yet?). =item * Case translation operators use the Unicode case translation tables when provided character input. Note that C translates to uppercase, while C translates to titlecase (for languages that make the distinction). Naturally the corresponding backslash sequences have the same semantics. =item * Most operators that deal with positions or lengths in the string will automatically switch to using character positions, including C, C, C, C, C, C, C, and C. Operators that specifically don't switch include C, C, and C. Operators that really don't care include C, as well as any other operator that treats a string as a bucket of bits, such as C, and the operators dealing with filenames. =item * The C/C letters "C" and "C" do I change, since they're often used for byte-oriented formats. (Again, think "C" in the C language.) However, there is a new "C" specifier that will convert between UTF-8 characters and integers. (It works outside of the utf8 pragma too.) =item * The C and C functions work on characters. This is like C and C, not like C and C. In fact, the latter are how you now emulate byte-oriented C and C under utf8. =item * And finally, C reverses by character rather than by byte. =back =head2 Character encodings for input and output [XXX: This feature is not yet implemented.] =head1 CAVEATS As of yet, there is no method for automatically coercing input and output to some encoding other than UTF-8. This is planned in the near future, however. Whether an arbitrary piece of data will be treated as "characters" or "bytes" by internal operations cannot be divined at the current time. Use of locales with utf8 may lead to odd results. Currently there is some attempt to apply 8-bit locale info to characters in the range 0..255, but this is demonstrably incorrect for locales that use characters above that range (when mapped into Unicode). It will also tend to run slower. Avoidance of locales is strongly encouraged. =head1 SEE ALSO L, L, L =cut