INTRODUCTIO

N
TO
COMPUTER
WHAT IS
A computer is an electronic
COMPUTER?
Definitio
machine,
n
devised for performing calculations
and
controlling operations that can be
expressed either in logical or
numerical
The applications domain of a computer
terms.
depends totally on human creativity
Application
and
imagination. It covers a huge area of
applications including education,
industries,
government, medicine, scientific
research,
low and even music and arts.
CHARACTERISTICS
Computer process data at of a
an extremely fast rateComputer
millions of instructions
–

per second in few

seconds, a computer can
perform a huge task that
a normal human being
may take days or even
years to complete.
SPEED
CHARACTERISTICS of a
Besides efficiency,
Computer
computer are accurate
as well. The level of
accuracy depends an
the instructions and
the type of machine
ACCURAC
being used.

Y
CHARACTERISTICS of a
Computer
Computer being a
machine does not
suffer form the human
traits of tiredness and
lack of concentration.
DILIGENC
E
CHARACTERISTICS
Reliability is the of a
measurement ofComputer
performance of a
computer, which is
measured against
some predetermined
standard for operation
without any failure.
RELIABILITY
CHARACTERISTICS of a
The main memory of the
computer is relatively
Computer
small and it can hold only
a certain amount of
information, therefore,
the data is stored on
secondary storage
devices such as magnetic
STORAGE
tape or disks.
CAPACITY
It can perform multiple
CHARACTERISTICS of a
tasks simultaneously
Computer
with great ease. For
example, at one
moment it can be used
to draft a letter,
another moment it can
be used to play music

VERSATILIT
and in between, one
can print a document
Y as well.
CHARACTERISTICS of a
Computer
It made the sharing of
costly resources like
printer possible.

RESOURCE
SHARING
Evolution of
computers
ABACUS

The abacus is a beaded device used

for mathematical computations, and
was used in ancient Rome, East Asia
and Russia. Client Satisfaction

In Japan, it is called soroban.

Napier’s
Bones

Slide Rule Client Satisfaction

Pascalin
e
Stepped
Reckoner Client Satisfaction
Differenc
e
Engine
Jacquard
Loom
Client Satisfaction
Mark I

ENIAC
Client Satisfaction
EDVAC
Electronic Discrete Variable

Automatic Computer

Client Satisfaction
EDSAC
Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Computer

Client Satisfaction
UNIVAC
Universal Automatic

Computer

Client Satisfaction
Computer
GENERATIONS
First
generation
1940 – ’56: Vacuum
Tube
ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC,
UNIVAC
CHARACTERISTICS of the First
Generation
These computersComputers
were based on vacuum tube
technology.
These were the fastest computing devices of their
time.

These computers were very large, and required a lot

of space for installation.

These were non-portable and very slow equipments.

second generation
1956 – ’63:
Transistors
PDP – 8, IBM 1401, IBM
7090
CHARACTERISTICS of the First
Generation Computers
These machines were based on transistor technology.

These were smaller as compared to the first

generation computers.

These were more portable and generated less amount

of heat.
THIRD generation
1964 – Early 1970: Integrated

Circuits
NCR 395, B6500
CHARACTERISTICS of the First
Generation Computers
These computers were based on integrated circuit (ic)
technology.

They were able to reduce computational time from

micro seconds to nano seconds.
Extensive use of high – level language became
possible
FOURTH
generation
Early 1970 - Till date:

apple ii, attair 8800, CRAY-

Microprocessors

1
CHARACTERISTICS of the First
Generation Computers
Fourth generation computers are microprocessor
based systems.

These computers are very small.

GUI an d pointing devices enable users to learn to use

the computer quickly

Interconnection of computers leads to better

communication and resource sharing
Fifth generation
Present and Beyond: Artificial

Intelligence
Mega chips, Parallel Processing, Artificial

Intelligence (AI)
CLASSIFICATIO
N
Of COMPUTERS
MAINFRA
MICRO MINI SUPER
A micro computer is a small,
MICRO low cost digital computer,
Computer which usually consists of a
microprocessor, a storage unit,
an input channel and an output
channel, all of which may be on
one chip inserted into are on
several PC boards.

MAINFRA
MINI SUPER
MICRO
Desktop Computer also known
Computer as Personal Computer (PC) is
principally intended per stand
alone use by an individual. Micro
computer typically consist of a
system unit, a display monitor, a
keyboard, internal hard disk
storage and other peripheral
devices.

MAINFRA
MINI SUPER
MICRO
Computer
A laptop is a portable computer
that a user can carry around.
Laptops are small computer
enclosing all the basic features
of a normal desktop computer.

MAINFRA
MINI SUPER
MICRO
A hand-held, also called Personal
Computer Digital Assistant (PDA), is a
computer that can conveniently
be stored in a pocket and used
while the user is holding it. PDAs
are essentially small portable
computers and are slightly
bigger than the common
calculators.

MAINFRA
MINI SUPER
Its speed of processing data is
MINI inThe Mini computers
between
Mini that of are
Computer isusually
a mainframe
a small
Computer digital
multi-user
andcomputersystems,
a micro soprocess
computers.
whose these
andare
Generally,used
storage inused
it is interactive
capacityasisdesktop
lesser
applications
device
than that
that in industries,
ofisa often
mainframe,
connected
but
research
tomore organizations,
a mainframe
than thatinofordercolleges
micro to
andcomputer.
perform universities.
the auxiliary
operations.

MAINFRA
MICRO SUPER
MAINFRA A mainframe is an ultra–high
ME performance computer made
Mainframe allows its user to
for
Computer high–volume, processor–intensive
maintain large information storage
computing. It consists of a high end
at a centralized location and be
computer processor, with related
able to access and process this
peripheral devices, capable of
data from different computers
supporting large volumes of data
located at different locations.
processing systems and extensive
data storage and retrieval.

MICRO MINI SUPER

SUPER purpose machine, which are
specially designed to maximize the
Essentially, it contains a number of
Computer Super Computers
numbers of FLOPS are used toPoint
(Floating
CPU, that operate in parallel to
solve
multivariant
Operation Permathematical
Second). Any
make it faster. Its processing speed
problems
computer of existent
below physical is
one gigaflop/sec
lies in the range of 400 – 10,000
not considered
processes, such a as
super computer. A
aerodynamics,
MFLOP’s (Millions of Floating Point
super computer
metrologies, and has the highest
plasms physics.
Operation Per Second).
processing speed at a given time for
solving scientific and engineering
problems.

MAINFRA
MICRO MINI
Directions: Identify what classification of computers
does the ff. statements describe. Choose
your
Microanswer from the box
Computer below.
Super Computer
Laptop
Mini Computer Desktop Computer
Mainframe Computer Hand-held
Computer
1. This computer is a small, low cost digital
2.
8.
4.
10.
computer,
This
These
It allows
computer
computers
which
user is
to
usually
also
intended
maintain
are usually
called
consists
per
large
amulti-user
Personal
stand
of
information
a alone
Digital
3.
9.
5.
6. It
These
is
isan
small
computers
ultra-high
digital computer
performance
are essentially
the special
whosecomputer
small
purpose
process
7.Assistant,
microprocessor,
systems,
use
storage
It isby
a an
portable
atsoa
individual
a computer
these
centralized
computer
a storage
are micro
used
that
location
unit,
that
computer
conveniently
in interactive
aanand
user
input
typically
be
can
able
becarry
to
and
portable
made
machine
storage
forcomputers
which
high-volume,
capacity
are specifically
andis processor-intensive
lesser
are slightly
than
designed
abigger
to
around.
channel
stored
applications
consist
access in and
of
and
aapocket
process
system
in
anindustries,
output
and
unit,
thisused
channel,
data
aresearch
display
while
fromallthe
monitor,
different
of which
user is
mainframe,
than
computing.
maximize
the common
the
butnumbers
more
calculators.
than
of FLOPS.
a micro computer.
may
holding
organizations,
keyboard,
computers
be it.
onhard
one
located
colleges
chip
disk,atinserted
and
different
and
other
universities.
into
locations.
devices.
one on
several PC boards.
Directions: Identify what classification of computers
does the ff. statements describe. Choose
your
Microanswer from the box
Computer below.
Super Computer
1 Laptop 6 7
3 8 1 4
Mini Computer Desktop Computer
5 Mainframe 2Computer 9Hand-held
Computer 0
1. This computer is a small, low cost digital
2.
8.
4.
10.
computer,
This
These
It allows
computer
computers
which
user is
to
usually
also
intended
maintain
are usually
called
consists
per
large
amulti-user
Personal
stand
of
information
a alone
Digital
3.
9.
5.
6. It
These
is
isan
small
computers
ultra-high
digital computer
performance
are essentially
the special
whosecomputer
small
purpose
process
7.Assistant,
microprocessor,
systems,
use
storage
It isby
a an
portable
atsoa
individual
a computer
these
centralized
computer
a storage
are micro
used
that
location
unit,
that
computer
conveniently
in interactive
aanand
user
input
typically
be
can
able
becarry
to
and
portable
made
machine
storage
forcomputers
which
high-volume,
capacity
are specifically
andis processor-intensive
lesser
are slightly
than
designed
abigger
to
around.
channel
stored
applications
consist
access in and
of
and
aapocket
process
system
in
anindustries,
output
and
unit,
thisused
channel,
data
aresearch
display
while
fromallthe
monitor,
different
of which
user is
mainframe,
than
computing.
maximize
the common
the
butnumbers
more
calculators.
than
of FLOPS.
a micro computer.
may
holding
organizations,
keyboard,
computers
be it.
onhard
one
located
colleges
chip
disk,atinserted
and
different
and
other
universities.
into
locations.
devices.
one on
several PC boards.
BASIC
COMPUTER
ORGANIZA
TION
BASIC COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION
CONTROL
UNIT

INPUT MEMORY UNIT OUTPUT

UNIT UNIT
ARITHMETIC
AND LOGICAL
UNIT

SECONDARY
STORAGE
Accept data and instructions from the outside
world.
Convert it to a form that the computer can
understand.
Supply the converted data to the computer system
for further processing.
The input unit is used to send information or
instructions or commands to the computer. The
data received from the Input Unit is immediately

INPU
stored in main memory and then processed.

BASIC COMPUTER
Keyboard
INPU BASIC COMPUTER
Mouse
INPU BASIC COMPUTER
Light Pen
INPU BASIC COMPUTER
Joystick
INPU BASIC COMPUTER
OCR (Optical Character

INPU
Recognizer)
BASIC COMPUTER
MICR (Magnetic Ink Character

INPU
Recognizer)
BASIC COMPUTER
OMR (Optical Mark

INPU
Recognizer)
BASIC COMPUTER
It performs all calculations and all decisions.
It controls and co-ordinates all units of the
computer.
It interprets instructions of a program.
It stores data temporarily and monitors external
requests.
Sub-system: Control, Arithmetic and Logical, and
Memory Unit
1.Primary storage
2.Secondary

CPU
Storage
BASIC COMPUTER
It controls It fetches
It instructs the flow of instructions from
It instructs the Input data and the primary
the Unit where instructions memory,
decodes them to
computer to store the from the
determine the
how to carry data after storage unit operations
out program receiving it to ALU required, and
instructions. from the during then sets up
user. program instructions
execution. execution.
Control Unit

CPU BASIC COMPUTER

All
calculations
It performs are
ALU also
performed in
all the does
the
arithmetic arithmetic
comparisons
and logical and take
and logical
operations. decision.
unit (ALU) of
the
computer.
Arithmetic and Logical Unit

CPU BASIC COMPUTER

A device It is also
that stores used to store
program information
Holds data
instructions temporarily/
for
or data used permanently
processing
by the CPU , a place
and other
when where the
information.
performing a information
given is safely
function. kept.
Memory Unit

CPU BASIC COMPUTER

This storage
also known
Also called as system
as Main memory, Typically Fast access
Memory, internal, comprised – usually in
stores and temporary of ICs the order of
access and/or RAM. (Integrated nano
information It is installed Circuits)
on the main seconds.
very fast.
computer
Memory Unit (Primary
board.

Storage)

CPU BASIC COMPUTER

Also known
the program Floppy
as Auxiliary from the
Storage It is slower diskette, Zip
Primary
that may Memory if and diskette,
store need to save cheaper Hard disk
several the result, it than the and
programs, will be Primary
transferred to
Magnetic
documents, Memory. disk, tape,
the
databases,
Memory Unit
etc.
Secondary
Storage.
(Secondary etc.

Storage)

CPU BASIC COMPUTER

Devices used to get the response or result of a
process from the computer.
It is the communication between the user and the
computer.
It provides the information and results of a
computation to the outside world.
Converts the binary data into a form that users
can understand.

OUTP BASIC COMPUTER

Visual Display Unit (VDU)
OUTP BASIC COMPUTER
Printer
OUTP BASIC COMPUTER
Computer Output Microfilm
OUTP BASIC COMPUTER
Plotter
OUTP BASIC COMPUTER
Directions: Identify what basic organization
of computers does the following parts
belong. Write the corresponding
LETTER of the correct answer.
A – Input Unit B – Central Processing C – Output
Unit Unit
6. Floppy Diskette
a 1. Keyboard b 7. Mouse
C 2. Visual Display Unit a
8. Hard Disk Drive
c 3. Printer b 9. Joystick
b 4. Primary Storage a 10.Optical Mark
c 5. Plotter a Recognizer