Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery

Heery’s Zen Notes

Physics KSSM F5
2021

Chapter 7:
FIZIK KUANTUM
(QUANTUM PHYSICS)
By: Cikgu Heery
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Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery
A. TEORI KUANTUM CAHAYA (THEORY OF
LIGHT QUANTUM)

1. Semua objek berpotensi menjadi jasad hitam – jasad unggul yg

menyerap semua sinaran elektromagnet yg jatuh ke atasnya
(All object are potential to become a black body – an idealised object
that can absorb all electromagnetic radiations that fall on it)

2. Objek juga boleh menjadi pemancar jasad hitam – objek dpt

memancarkan SEMUA sinar elektromagnet
(Object also can become a black body radiator – object which radiates
ALL electromagnetic radiations)

3. Ini bergantung kpd suhu objek:

- semakin suhu tinggi  keamatan sinaran meningkat (makin cerah)

- semakin suhu tinggi  keamatan sinaran maksimum mempunyai

frekuensi makin tinggi

- semakin suhu tinggi  keamatan sinaran maksimum mempunyai

panjang gelombang paling pendek

(This depends on the temperature of object:)

- higher temperature  radiation intensity increases (brighter)
- higher temp.  max radiation intensity has higher frequency
- higher temp.  max radiation intensity has shorter wavelength

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Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery

4. Perkembangan teori kuantum cahaya (Development of light quantum

theory)
a. Teori klasik (Classical theory)
I. Newton T. Young J. Dalton JJ Thomson

Cahaya sbg Cahaya bersifat Jirim terdiri drpd Menemui

aliran zarah gelombang atom elektron

Light as a Light is a wave Matter consists Discover

particle beam of atoms electron

b. Teori kuantum (Quantum theory)

M. Planck A. Einstein N. Bohr L d Broglie

Memperkenalkan Memperkenalkan Jelaskan Kedualan

idea kuantum konsep foton spektrum garis gelombang - zarah

Introduce idea Introduce photon Explain line Wave-particle

about quantum concept spectrum duality

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Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery
5. 2 jenis spektrum elektromagnet (2 types of electromagnetic spectrum)

a. Spektrum selanjar (continuous spectrum)

Dihasilkan melalui penyerakan cahaya putih

(produced by dispersion of white light)

Tiada jurang pemisahan warna

(no separation gap of colours

b. Spektrum garis (line spectrum)

Dihasilkan oleh objek sebagai pemancar jasad hitam

(produced by object as black body radiator)

Unsur berbeza menghasilkan spektrum garis berbeza

(Different element produces different line spectrum)

Berguna utk mengenalpasti unsur dlm sesuatu objek

(Useful to identify elements in an object)

6. Kuantum tenaga/ Energy quantum

a. Kuantum tenaga = tenaga wujud dlm bentuk paket diskrit & bukan
selanjar
Energy quantum = energy exists as discrete packet & not continuous

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Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery
b. Formula terlibat (Formula involved):
Tenaga cahaya Kedualan gelombang-zarah
Light energy formula Wave-particle duality

E = hf Λ=h
mv
expanded into

E = hc
Λ
E = tenaga foton (photon energy) Λ = panjang gelombang
(wavelength)
h = pemalar Planck
(Planck constant) h = pemalar Planck
(Planck constant)
f = frekuensi gelombang cahaya
(light wave frequency) m = jisim zarah (particle mass)

c = laju cahaya (light speed) v = halaju zarah (particle velocity)

Kuasa foton (Photon power):

P = nhf

P = kuasa foton (photon power)

n = bilangan foton dipancarkan sesaat (number of photon released per

second)

h = pemalar Planck (Planck constant)

f = frekuensi gelombang cahaya (light wave frequency)

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Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery
B. KESAN FOTOELEKTRIK (PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT)

1. Definisi = Fenomena permukaan logam (katod) membebaskan

elektron (fotoelektron) apabila disinari cahaya dgn frekuensi tertentu
Definition = phenomenon of metal surface (cathode) releasing electron
(photoelectron) when illuminated with light with certain frequency

2. Empat ciri-ciri kesan fotoelektrik (Four characteristics of photoelectric

effect)
a. 4 syarat perlu dipenuhi sebelum fotoelektron dibebaskan - fungsi
kerja, voltan pengaktifan, frekuensi ambang (paling minimum), &
panjang gelombang maksimum)

(Terms to release the photoelectron - work function, activation

voltage, threshold (minimum) frequency, & maximum wavelength)

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Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery
b. Fotoelektron dibebaskan serta-merta, berbanding dlm pancaran
termion dimana elektron mengambil masa utk dibebaskan

(Immediate release of photoelectron, compared to thermionic emission

in cathode ray which takes its sweet time to do so)

c. Frekuensi cahaya mempengaruhi tenaga kinetik maksimum

fotoelektron

(Frequency of light affects the photoelectron's maximum kinetic

energy)

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Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery
d. Keamatan cahaya mempengaruhi kadar pembebasan fotoelektron,
tetapi tidak mempengaruhi tenaga kinetik maksimum fotoelektron).

(Light intensity affects the rate of photoelectron being released, but it

does not affect the photoelectron's maximum kinetic energy)

3. 2 siri eksperimen melibatkan kesan fotoelektrik (2 series of

experiments involving photoelectric effect)

EXP 1 Mengkaji hubungan antara voltan & arus

(Investigate relationship between voltage & current)

EXP 2 Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang gelombang & voltan

pengaktifan
(Investigate relationship between wavelength & activation
voltage)

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Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery
EXP 1:
Mengkaji hubungan antara voltan & arus
(Investigate relationship between voltage & current)

MV :
Selaraskan
potensiometer
utk mengubah
nilai voltan RV : Perhatikan
bacaan
(Adjust miliammeter
potentiometer utk nilai arus
to change the
voltage) (Observe
miliammeter
reading for
current value)

Keputusan/ result:
Arus meningkat secara linear dgn voltan
(Current increases linearly with the voltage)

Drpd pintasan-V:

kita boleh cari voltan

pengaktifan, Va
(voltan minimum
diperlukan utk kesan
fotoelektrik berlaku)

From V-intercept:

we can find activation

voltage, Va (minimum
voltage needed for
photoelectric effect to
happen)

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Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery
EXP 2:
Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang gelombang & voltan
pengaktifan
(Investigate relationship between wavelength & activation voltage)

MV: Ulang eksperimen

tadi dgn warna LED
berbeza (panjang
gelombang berbeza)
(Repeat previous
experiment using
different LED colour
(different wave length)

RV: Berdasarkan graf V lawan I yg dibina, cari voltan pengaktifan

Based on V-I graph you built, find activation voltage

Keputusan/ result:
Voltan pengaktifan meningkat secara linear dgn 1/panjang gelombang
Activation voltage increases linearly with 1/wavelength)

Drpd kecerunan m, kita

boleh cari pemalar Planck
(From gradient m, we can
find Planck’s constant)

m = hc/ e

h = pemalar Planck
c = laju cahaya (light speed)
e = cas satu elektron
(charge of one electron)

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Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery
C. TEORI FOTO ELEKTRIK EINSTEIN
(EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC THEORY)

1. Kita telah belajar bahawa frekuensi cahaya mempengaruhi tenaga

kinetik maksimum fotoelektron
(We learnt that frequency of light affects the photoelectron's maximum
kinetic energy)

2. Analisis graf terlibat (graph analysis):

a. Tenaga kinetik maksimum fotoelektron meningkat secara linear dgn

frekuensi cahaya
(Photoelectron's maximum kinetic energy increases linearly with light
frequency)
b. Pintasan-f = frekuensi ambang, f0 = frekuensi minimum diperlukan
utk kesan fotoelektrik berlaku
(f-intercept = threshold frequency, f0 = minimum frequency for
photoelectric effect to happen)
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Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery
3. Logam berbeza mempunyai frekuensi ambang berbeza (different
metals have different threshold frequency)

4. Dgn menggunakan frekuensi ambang, kita boleh cari fungsi kerja, W

= tenaga minimum utk kesan fotoelektrik berlaku
(Using threshold frequency, we can find the work function, W = for
photoelectric effect to happen)

W = hf0
W = fungsi kerja (work function)

h = pemalar Planck
(Planck constant)

f0 = frekuensi ambang (threshold frequency)

5. Hubungan tenaga foton, fungsi kerja, & tenaga kinetik maksimum

(Relationship between photon energy, work function, & max kinetic
energy)

Tenaga foton = Fungsi kerja + Tenaga kinetik maksimum

(Photon energy = Work function + Max kinetic energy)

hf = hf0 + ½ mvmax2

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Physics KSSM F5 Zen Notes by Cikgu Heery

h = pemalar Planck (Planck constant)

f = frekuensi gelombang cahaya (light wave frequency)

f0 = frekuensi ambang (threshold frequency)

m = jisim fotoelektron (mass of photoelectron)

vmax = halaju fotoelektron maksimum (maximum velocity of

photoelectron)

6. Maka, kita boleh buat kesimpulan bahawa dlm fenomena kesan

fotoelektrik:
Tenaga foton bertukar menjadi fungsi kerja & tenaga kinetik fotoelektron

(So, we can deduce that in the phenomenon of photoelectric effect:

Photon energy is converted into work function & maximum kinetic
energy of photoelectron)

--DONE_CHAPTER_7--
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